Banco Science 8 Unit B Cells and Systems Part B 2024-2025 PDF

Organ Sy stem s  Cells make up tissues and tissues make up organs and organs make up organ systems. There are six major organ systems in the human body. They are the: > Respiratory > Nervous > Muscular > Circulatory > Excretory > Digestive Digestive System...

Organ Sy stem s  Cells make up tissues and tissues make up organs and organs make up organ systems. There are six major organ systems in the human body. They are the: > Respiratory > Nervous > Muscular > Circulatory > Excretory > Digestive Digestive System Organ systems that are involved in breaking down food and then absorbing the food. Digestion starts in the mouth. Your teeth begin to physically digest food. Then in your saliva, there are proteins (called enzymes) that start to chemically breaks own food.  Your Digestive System It Tastes Great!!! Salivary amylase, an enzyme, begins the chemical digestion process by breaking the large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules. Salivary amylase is found in the saliva.  Digestive System Living organisms require energy to survive, they obtain this energy from different sources such as: > Carbohydrates (sugar and starches) > Lipids (fats and Oils) > Proteins However the cells in the human body can not use these sources of energy until they are broken down. This is accomplished by the digestive system. Digestion goal is to break down macronutrients (carbs, fat, protein) to the building blocks Carbohydrates →building block is glucose Fats →building block is lipids Protein →building blocks are called amino acids You have enzymes (a kind of protein) for breaking down carbs, proteins, and fats.  Types of Digestion There are two types of digestion: > Mechanical/physical digestion, which is the physical breakdown of food. > Chemical digestion, which is the break down of large particles by using enzymes. > An enzyme is a protein that breaks up a substance into smaller I hope you a ren't h ungry  Human Systems Food's Path Through The Digestive System The Digestive System is actually a long tube. The average male's digestive track is 9 meters long that starts at your mouth and finishes at the rectum. The Mouth and Esophagus Digestion begins at the mouth, with the mechanical breakdown of your food. > The teeth mechanically digest the food by grinding it and mixing it with salvia. > Three glands that surround the mouth produce salvia, which contains water and enzymes that help you swallow food.  The enzymes that are contained in the saliva are called salivary amylase. This enzyme chemically digests large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules  Once the food is thoroughly chewed, your tongue pushes it to the back of your throat. As you swallow, a flap of skin called the epiglottis moves across your windpipe (trachea) and food is funneled into the esophagus. stomach  The food moves toward your stomach in a wave like motion known as peristalsis. Peristalsis is caused by contractions of muscles tissue that line the esophagus. Bands of muscle tissue line the remainder of the digestive system to push the food along toward the rectum. Human Systems The stomach Once food is in the stomach it churns the food back and forth that mechanically breaks it up. While this is done gastric juice are released into the stomach. > Gastric juice is composed of mucus, hydrochloric acid and enzymes. The Hydrochloric acid and the enzymes chemically digests the food into smaller particles. The mucus prevents the acid from eating away at the stomach. Infection with H. pylori bacteria can lead to mucus layer damage. This can cause the acid to damage the stomach wall → stomach ulcers. Also, the long term use of NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, advil, motrin, aspirin, etc) can also damage the mucus layer Liver job #1 : makes bile. Bile is stored in the gallbladder. The gallbladder secretes it into the small intestine. Bile helps digest/breakdown (emulsify) fat Liver job #2 (talked about later in notes), but basically, to detoxify chemicals in your blood. Pancreas Job #1: makes digestive enzymes and secretes them into small intestines Job #2 makes insulin. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels (type 1 diabetes: no insulin production. Need insulin injections often) (type 2 diabetes: insulin not used well in body. Condition can often be improved (lifestyle things like exercise and diet, and or medication ) The Small Intestine, pancreas, Liver and Gall Bladder From the stomach food moves into the small intestine and chemical digestion continues. The pancreas sends enzymes into the small intestine, which breakdown starches/carbs and proteins into smaller pieces. The liver then produces bile that is stored in the gall bladder. The gall bladder sends bile into the small intestine where it breaks up large chunks of lipids. Why is it so long and curvy and full of bumps (villi) →TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA. Increased surface area, maximizes absorption of food into the blood from the small intestine.  Human Systems Food's Path Through The Digestive System When the food has been broken into smaller pieces the small intestine absorbs these small particles, through villi. Villi are finger like objects filled with blood vessels, which transport the small pieces of food to other parts of the body. On each villi there are more bumps and grooves call microvilli. digestion Carbohydrates are broken down to mostly glucose Proteins are broken down to their building blocks which are amino acids. And fat is broken down into the smallest individual fat (lipids) molecules possible Human Systems Food's Path Through The Digestive System Both Villi and microvilli are extremely important because they increase the surface area of the small intestine. This means more food can be absorbed at once. The small intestine is 6 m long and the total surface area including the villi and microvilli would equal the classroom floor. Digestion summary Food (carbs, protein, fat) is digested (broken down by enzymes and stomach acid) in the stomach and small intestine. This process is helped by digestive enzymes. Now, the smallest units of food from breaking down carbs, protein, fats go into the small intestine where they are slowly ABSORBED into the bloodstream. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1YUy47HXEw &ab_channel=NucleusMedicalMedia And remember…Digestion is breaking food down to smaller parts which helps in eventual…. absorption absorption is getting back those nutrients from the small intestine BACK into the bloodstream enzymes Proteins that usually serve to break things down or build things up. Enzyme example Health gut bacteria. Why do we care? -Without them, we can’t extract all the vitamins we need (like b vitamins) -help in digesting food -help keep dangerous bacteria in check Human Systems Food's Path Through The Digestive System Once the food reaches the large intestine, mechanical and chemical digestion are complete. Water, vitamins and minerals are absorbed in the large intestine. Any parts of food that have not been digested are formed into feces, which is collected in the rectum.  Human Systems Food's Path Through The Digestive System Do Check and Reflect p 131 Questions 3-5. Make a flow chart describing the steps taken when food is digested in the human body. For each step write a sentence describing what happens.  The respiratory system is responsible Respiratory System for: > Supplying your blood with oxygen and > Removing the carbon dioxide from your blood Breathing mechanics NEED TO KNOW SLIDE  Respiratory System Breathing moves air in and out of your lungs. Your rib and diaphragm muscles create the action of breathing. When inhaling, muscles contract, which pull your ribs up and pushes your diaphragm down. Your chest becomes larger and pulls air in.  Breathing moves air in and out of your lungs. Your rib and diaphragm muscles create the action of breathing. When inhaling, muscles contract, which pull your ribs up and pushes your diaphragm down. Your chest becomes larger and pulls air in. Extra details (not required to know) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYrU749Ys0s&ab_cha nnel=NucleusMedicalMedia Flow chart Larynx (voicebox) Trachea (windpipe) Trachea → brochii → bronchioles → alveoli Diseases of the lungs -COPD (damage to lungs) -lung Cancer (cigarettes) -Cystic Fibrosis: mucus buildup in the alveoli-  Gas Exchange Your cells need oxygen to release energy from nutrients such as glucose. They also need to release carbon dioxide. Oxygen is drawn into the lung through a series of tubes called bronchi. The bronchi narrow to bronchioles that connect to air filled sacs called alveoli.  Respiratory System The aveoli are surrounded by capillaries (small blood vessels) that have a wall, one cell thick. This means that the distance between the air inside the alveoli and the blood inside the capillary is very short. Your lungs, smoothed out, would cover a tennis court, and the airways within them would stretch nearly from coast to coast.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJQxriDWkM Zoom in s&ab_channel=NucleusMedicalMedia  Human Systems Respiratory System The air in the alveoli has a high concentration oxygen and low concentration carbon dioxide. The blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli has a low concentration of oxygen and a high concentration of carbon dioxide. So oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in the other direction.  Do Check and Reflect p 134 Question 1, 3, 4, 5 Make a flow chart describing the respiratory system. For each step write a sentence describing what happens.  Circulatory System (usually called cardiovascular system) The length of all your blood The circulatory system has vessels would take you two and three large responsibilities: a half times around Earth. > Deliver the nutrients absorbed by your digestive system to each cell > Deliver oxygen from the respiratory system to each cell > Remove waste products from each cell 4 chambered heart The Heart The heart is made up of two pumps: the left and the right. The right side of the heart pumps blood to your lungs where it receives fresh oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. The left side receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to all other body parts. The blood then returns to the right side of your heart to begin the cycle again. Heart Blood returns (deoxygenated) to the right atrium. Goes into right Ventricle, then gets pumped to the lungs to pick up oxygen (and drop off CO2). This blood returns to heart through the left atrium, goes to the left ventricle, and then gets pumped to the rest of the body to deliver oxygen to all body tissues. Heart trouble -Arythmia (heart doesn’t beat in a coordinated/rhythmic way. Can lead to blood pooling/clotting -Cardiac Arrest (heart stops) -Heart Attack (coronary arteries on OUTSIDE of heart don’t supply blood) -Heart Failure (heart doesn’t pump blood sufficiently) Heart Beat & Blood pressure Heart beats can vary, but often around 70 beats per minute. Some athletes can have beats of 40. When stressed or exercising, heart rates can go much higher) Blood pressure is two numbers. The higher number shows your blood pressure during a heartbeat. The lower number shows the pressure in the blood when the heart is relaxed. High pressure blood can cause damage to the blood vessel linings. The first heart beat video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIMS2h5QsZU&ab_ch annel=naturevideo Human Systems Circulatory System Activity Sketch a diagram of the heart and label the parts of it that you remember. Also draw the lungs and show their connection (in general) to the heart Once it is labeled, draw the path that blood flows through the heart (into and out of) using arrows. Veins and arteries  Human Systems Arteries, Veins and Capillaries The vessels that carry blood away from your heart to all the parts of your body are call arteries. Arteries are mostly oxygenated and under high pressure While veins carry blood that is returning from your body to your heart. Arteries, Veins and Capillaries Blood vessels are made up of three types of tissues: > Connective on the outside > Muscle in the middle and > Epithelial on the inside Arteries have a thick muscular layer in the middle that expands and contracts to help push blood along (pulse). Veins are thinner and have valves that stop blood from flowing backward.  Arteries flow into smaller blood vessels called capillaries. Capillaries are so small that only one blood cell can pass through it at a time. This allows oxygen to be transported from the red blood cell to the surrounding cells through diffusion.  Circulatory System While oxygen is being transferred from the blood cell to body cells, carbon dioxide is also being transferred from the body cells to the blood cells. Human Systems Blood Your blood consists of > Red blood cells,(carry oxygen) > White blood cells (fight infection) > Platelets (helps with clotting. Makes plug > Plasma (liquid portion Of blood) *must also know what Each word means!  Blood Red blood cells carry oxygen to and from your other body parts. > They are flexible in order to fit into smaller capillaries. White blood cells fight infection. > They eat bacteria at infections sites such as cuts. Platelets are cells that stop bleeding Plasma is the liquid portion of your blood that transports nutrients to your cells and carries wastes. > It make up 55% of blood. White blood cells. Leukocytes Lymphocyte types https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hacbn_xcZdU&ab_cha nnel=BetaGlucanShop Platelets around red blood cells Excretory System The Excretory System removes waste (excretion) from the body. This system involves organs from other systems. Lungs to remove co2 Kidneys to filter blood of toxins and make urine Any remaining things to be excreted are removed with the feces Liver to detoxify substances The four major detoxification organs in the body: Liver -- acts like a detoxifying organ in preventing toxic substances contained in foods from passing into your blood stream. The main detoxifying organ is the liver. Kidneys -- are constantly filtering your blood and getting rid of toxins in the form of urine Intestines -- contains bacteria that produce both healthy and unhealthy chemicals. You want to keep your bowel movements regular since its main role is to flush out toxic chemicals before they can do you any harm Lungs -- are able to eliminate toxins that enter your body via breathing. Waste Products Carbon dioxide is a waste product which is removed from the blood by the lungs during gas exchange. Proteins are broken down into ammonia which is extremely toxic. The ammonia is turned to urea in the liver. The urea is still in the blood and needs to get filtered out by the kidneys  Proteins building blocks are amino acids Ammonia is the NH3 from the amino acid. Ammonia is toxic! Ammonia gets converted to urea IN THE LIVER. Urea is water soluble and it can go to the kidneys to be filtered out in urine  Liver The liver is an organ of the digestive system but is also helps in the excretion of waste. It produces urea from the toxic chemical ammonia which is gathered from the blood. The liver detoxifies waste products and drugs so that they can be excreted safely. In summary: The liver breaks down, with enzymes, various substances into less toxic things. These less toxic substances move on through the blood Amino acid (left over) → ammonia bit is toxic, and the liver breaks it into→ urea. Urea goes to kidney. Filtered out in urine. Liver detox example Old proteins/amino acids are broken down. The Nitrogen is made into very toxic ammonia. The ammonia is turned to urea in the liver. Urea is less toxic, but it still is stuck in the blood. Now what? The urea flows through the blood until it gets to the kidney where it is filtered out into urine. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fzh8mOOYywo&ab_chann el=NucleusMedicalMedia The Organs  Kidney The kidney filters blood of unwanted urea, water and salts. These items produces urine. The amount of urine being produced depends on how much water is taken in the body. > Approximately 1.5L of urine is released each day. Nephron (SMALLEST FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE KIDNEY) The blood enters the nephron and almost all the blood goes out of the blood streem into the tubules (yellow). Substances the body wants to keep (sugar, protein,salt, water) are then reabsorbed back into the blood. The process that lets the water reabsorb back into the blood is done by OSMOSIS (NEED TO KNOW). And other useful molecules get recollected by ACTIVE TRANSPORT The rest (toxins, extra water, urea, salt) stay in the tubules. The kidneys are the bodys FILTER The tubules of many nephrons collect together into ‘ureters’ which urine flows from to the bladder. The Organs Cont …  Kidney The blood enters the kidney through arteries, which branch into smaller vessels. These smaller vessels are called nephrons. > One kidney has millions of them These units remove wastes from the blood and produce urine. The clean blood returns to the body and the urine flows out a separate vessel to the bladder. How do I make pee? 1) Blood enters kidney via renal artery 2) Artery branches to smaller & smaller vessels 3) Now in capillaries they enter the filter units called nephrons! We have millions of them 4) Nephrons remove waste & produce urine 5) Clean blood goes back into system via renal vein 6) Waste (urine) goes down ureter The Organs Cont … Interesting kidney facts … – Every drop of blood in your body on a given day is filtered about 300 times – This means about 180L of blood passes through kidneys each day – On average you produce 1.5L of urine per day Why do we filter so much? Kidneys make urine which travels through ureters to the bladder. Then urine leaves the bladder through the urethra Ureters are long tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder is a sac that expands when urine enters it. It stores approx 1L of urine. When full the bladder muscles contract and push the urine out through the urethra. What is Dialysis?  Homework Do Check and Reflect p 145 Question 2-5  Nervous System The nervous system is made up of nervous tissue, which is made up of neurons. > Example: Brain, spinal cord and nerves all have neurons. > Neurons (cells of the nervous system) send and receive messages from the brain to other body parts. Frontal lobe: thoughtful, conscience, intelligent thought. Humany stuff. Parietal lobe: integrating information from your senses Temporal lobe: hearing, memory Occipital lobe: visual information goes here to be interpreted Cerebellum: interpreting motion and coordination Cell bodies are mostly found in the gray matter. All the brain magic happens there! White matter is mostly for communication between neurons. Long cables (axons) sending messages to other neurons found here (like a bunch of highways). Cell body is where the main cell parts are (neucleus for example). The dendrites are where messages are RECEIVED. The axon is where the cell SENDS OUT messages to other neurons. https://www.nature.com/immersive/d41586-024-034 25-y/index.html Human Systems Blood A neuron receives messages from small branches of the cell called dendrites. Incoming messages are passed from the dendrites through the cell body to the axon. The axon carries impulses from the cell body to its branches that pass the message to the neighboring cell. Nervous System The nervous system consists of two main systems. Central nervous system > Brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system > Head and spinal nerves that travels to all parts of the body. Peripheral Nervous The peripheral nervous system is composed of two types of neurons > Sensory neurons carry information from the body to the central nervous system > Motor neurons carry information from the central nervous system to muscles or organs Central nervous system The brain receives stimuli from the outside world which is gathered by sense organs. > Eyes, ears and mouth etc. It reacts to these stimuli and send messages to the appropriate body parts The brain is divided into three parts > Cerebrum It is here that things like perception, imagination, thought, judgment, and decision occur. > Cerebellum Responsible for balance and coordination of muscles and the body > Medulla Carries out and regulates life sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate Cerebral cortex is the very top layers of the brain. ‘’Grey matter’’. important role in functions such as thought, voluntary movement, language, reasoning, and perception Unit Review Pg 169 #2, 6,10,11, 14, 15 Human Systems Homework Read p 149 and 151 in the text. Do Check and Reflect p 151 > Questions 3,4,6 Do Section Review p 153 > Questions 1-8