Banco Science 8 Unit B Cells and Systems Part A 2024-2025 PDF

Cells and Systems The rate of blood cell formation varies depending on the individual, but a typical production might average 200,000,000,000 red cells per day, 10,000,000,000 white cells per day, and 400,000,000,000 platelets per day. Cells and Systems Galen 130-210 AD...

Cells and Systems The rate of blood cell formation varies depending on the individual, but a typical production might average 200,000,000,000 red cells per day, 10,000,000,000 white cells per day, and 400,000,000,000 platelets per day. Cells and Systems Galen 130-210 AD His interests were eclectic - agriculture, architecture, astronomy, astrology, philosophy — until he finally concentrated on medicine. Cells and Systems He worked as a physician in a gladiator school for three or four years. During this time he gained much experience of trauma and wound treatment. He later regarded wounds as "windows into the body". Galen performed many audacious operations that were not again used for almost two millennia, including brain and eye surgery. Cells and Systems What is the difference between living and non-living things? What are the common characteristics of all living things. -Are made of cells -Need energy -Grow and develop -respond to the environment -Reproduce -Have adaptations for their environment Adaptations What is an adaptation? Adaptations Is a characteristic that allows an organism to survive in its environment. Organisms adapt to their environment for survival.  SARS-COV-2 variants As of Dec 15, 2023 Cells and Systems Organisms have developed many different ways of all the different thing that they need to do to stay alive and have developed different body parts, or Structures, to do them. Different plants and animals have developed different structures to perform similar functions. Animals have developed many different ways of moving around. Definition Organisms: an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.  Cells Basic unit of Life ALL organisms are made up of at least one cell. Cells originate from other cells. Cells are microscopic in size UM = micrometer = millionth of a meter Eukaryotic cells are ~ 50 um. Bacterial (prokaryotic) cells are ~5 um  Energy Everything organisms do needs ENERGY!!! Energy is the ability to make things move and change Plants use the energy of the sun to make their own food, whereas animals get their food from the environment around them. Nutrients are substances that provide the energy and materials that organisms need to grow, develop, and reproduce. All of the processes that occur insid e the organism to sustain its life are called the organism’s met abolism.  Section 2.2 The Cell is the Basic Unit of Life Cells: basic structural and functional unit of all organisms ** ALL organisms must be made of at least one cell!!!! ** Cells rarely work alone: similar structure and function are usually organized together Tissue ----------- Organs ------------ Organ System Multicellular vs Unicellular Multi-cellular organisms can: - live in a wide variety of environments - grow very large - obtain their energy from a wide variety of foods - have complex bodies - specialize functions and work in harmony with other cells Key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Prokaryotes are simple cells. They are small and have NO organelles. Even their DNA is just floating within the cell, and not in any nucleus. All prokaryotic organisms are UNICELLULAR. Eg: bacteria Eukaryotic cells: complex cells with multiple organelles. These cells are bigger. All animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic cells. SOME Eukaryotic cells are multicellular (most) and a few are unicellular (protists) Prokaryotes (single celled. Mostly bacteria) Protists →single celled Eukaryotic cells (complex cells) Eukaryotic cells that are multicellular→pretty much all the rest… Plants Fungi Animals For the parts of the cell notes please refer to part c google slides. The next few slides here just have a brief reminder of cell parts. So when you need to look through cell parts notes, open the google slides on cell parts part c  http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x Section 2.2 1f26gz_bbc-our-secret-universe-the -hidden-life-of-the-cell-720p-hdtv_te ch The Cell is the Basic Unit of Life  All cells are made of the same basic parts The Cell Membrane A cell membrane allows some substances to enter or leave the cell, while stopping other substances. It is a selectively permeable membrane. (A permeable membrane allows all materials through, while an impermeable membrane does not allow anything through)  Only Found in Plant Cell Cell wall Dead layer Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers Freely permeable Made ofcellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells Only  Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place  More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell Contain the DNA Vacuole Contains Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments Only Found in Plant Cells Chloroplast Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis 23  Cell Powerhouse Mitochondria -The site of Cellular respiration -Active Cells Like Muscles have More -They Burn sugar into energy ATP Parts of a Cell The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, and in general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has on it ribosomes, which are small, round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins  Homework Check and Reflect (pg.109 Questions 1-3) Draw, Label, and Color your Animal and Plant Cells (pg.109) Cells and Systems  Section 2.0 Introduction Marcello Malpighi Early 1600’s He looked at an intricate network of thin, hair-like vessels which connected arteries and veins in the lung tissues of a frog, these were later called “CAPILLARIES” a technological device was invented called the MICROSCOPE this allowed scientists to view the basic element of life “CELL”  Why Use a Microscope?? A microscope is an instrument that produces an enlarged image of an object. Biologists use microscopes to study things that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. Most microscopes are called light microscopes because they accomplish their task by using lenses to bend light rays.  Section 2.3 Organisms Can Be Single-Celled or Multi-Celled Cells are individual, living units which make up all living organisms They can be either Unicellular Multicellular Unicellular Definition: made up of a single cell Characteristics Lack tissues and advanced organs Still able to do all regular functions such as: - eat, move, react to stimuli, rid waste, reproduce Develop specialized functions to aid them in each of these processes We are made of lots of cells but what about the little guy 1. Amoeba Characteristics Live in water Move around using foot-like projections called “pseudopods” (the pseudopods extend and fill with cytoplasm) To capture food they will use the same process as above however two pseudopods will fuse together and create a vacuole (which is then absorbed by the cytoplasm)  2. Paramecium Characteristics Live in Fresh Water Covered with hair-like structures called “cilia” (move back and forth allowing the paramecium to move) Cilia help to gather food “Oral Groove” is a channel which allows the paramecium to gather food and move it to the bottom where it enters a vacuole and moves into the cytoplasm to be digested Other common unicellular life include bacteria  Multicellular Definition: made up of two or more cells Characteristics Use many specialized cells to perform functions Cells work together to form specialized functions Examples Humans Animals Insects Etc.  The Microscope Extends the Sense of Sight Any microscope that has two or more lenses is a COMPOUND MICROSCOPE The lamp or other light source under the stage is used to travel through the thin object properly Basic Vocabulary for the Microscope Magnification: the increase of an object's apparent size. Field of view: the area visible through the microscope lenses. Field of view decreases as magnificaiton increases Resolution: the power to show details clearly. Resolution allows the viewer to see two objects that are very close together as two objects rather than as one Compound microscopes: use multiple lenses to produce an increase in magnification. If the eyepiece lens enlarges by a factor of (10X) and the objective lens enlarges by a factor of (40X), the total magnification is the product of the two - 400X. (because 10 x 40 = 400) Resolution is controlled by the quality of the lenses being used - the better the lenses, the better the resolution. alk Cells and Systems Check and Reflect Page 88 #1-4  Section 2.4 How Substances Move In and Out of Cells Currently each cell is taking in water, gases and food and eliminating waste. This ever so busy process is not only happening in you, but occurs in all organisms. The cell membrane is a vital structure which permits the exchange of substances within a cell. There are Three ways this happens Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport Diffusion in the body. Happens especially with small molecules like 02, CO2, H20. These molecules are small and can diffuse across cell membranes pretty easily. From high to low concentration. Osmosis in the body H20 goes across the cell membrane (selectively permeable membrane) and follows the salt. So some cells have more or less salt and the water moves around to follow where there is more salt  Active transport in the body NEEDS ATP. 2 reasons to do active transport. 1. To move BIG molecules around into/out of cell. So they need ATP to power this big move. 2. Moving SMALL molecules to the ‘’wrong side’’. Normally small molecules go from high to low concentration, but what if you want them to go the other way? You’ll need ATP Diffusion Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion happens in liquids and gases because their particles move randomly from place to place.  Cell Membrane Characteristics keep the cells cytoplasm and organelles inside, and keep the cell’s external environment out acts like a filter (tiny openings which allow some particles to pass through) Because of this we say the cell membrane is……… SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE ▶Definition Selectively Permeable i on ▶Cell membrane with very small openings allowing particles of i r at ▶some substances through but not others e s p r R l l ula ▶ Fact C e ▶ for the mitochondria (converts energy a cells receives into a form it can use) to work it NEEDS OXYGEN ▶ oxygen has small enough particles to pass through the cell membrane, this happens through diffusion ▶Outside the cell the concentration of oxygen is greater than the concentration inside the cell, therefore the oxygen diffuses into the cell, without any energy use from the cell.  When it is Water we call it Osmosis When water moves from a low salt concentration side to a high concentration side through a semipermeable membrane it is called osmosis  Active transport is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, Active Transport such as ions, glucose and amino acids. In active transport, unlike passive transport, the cell expends energy (for example, in the form of ATP) to move a substance from LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration.  The Relationship Between the Cell Membrane and Osmosis Water is a substance the cell must keep at a constant level Particles of water are able to diffuse through the cell membrane (selectively permeable) very easily If the salt concentration in the cell is low = water diffuses out of the cell If the salt concentration in the cell is high = water diffuses into the cell *** Due to the importance of water to a cell’s survival the diffusion of water in and out of cell is known as…. OSMOSIS Definition Diffusion of water particles through a selectively permeable membrane  Homework Check and Reflect pg. 114 Questions 2, and 5 Check and Reflect pg. 119 Questions 1 b & c, 2, 4 and 5  Making Cells into People Unicellular organisms are tiny because there are limits to size that they can grow. When unicellular organisms reach their limit they reproduce by dividing into two identical daughter cells This is how the cells in your body work as well: i.e. skin cells being replaced approx. 50 000 000 a day.  Multicellular Organisms Have Specialized Cells Specialized Cells: various cells each kind carrying out a specific function or function needed to support life Each cell has a specific structure to aid it in carrying out its function Example: Red Blood Cells Function is to carry oxygen to all cells in your body How?? The red blood cells must travel through small blood vessels, because of their shape and size this enables them to do this Red Blood Cells DO NOT REPRODUCE as others cells by dividing, they rely on specialized tissue “connective tissue” called MARROW, which aids in making red blood cells Specialized means that the cells of a multicellular organism must work together to support not only themselves but the life of the whole individual Similar Cells Combine to Form Tissue Animal cells are organized in four tissue types: Connective Epithelial Nervous Muscle  Cells in Multicellular Organisms Combine to Form Tissues and Organs Connective Tissue the body’s supporting framework of tissue consisting of strands of collagen, elastic fibers between muscles and around muscle groups and blood vessels, and simple cells. Examples: Blood, fat, cartilage, bones and tendons rtilage, bones andtendons. Epithelial Tissue membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body Examples: Skin, lining of some organs like the small intestines Protection Secretion absorption 3. Nervous organized network of nerve tissue in the body. It includes the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), the peripheral nervous system (nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the rest of the body), and other nerve tissue. Muscle Tissue tissue composed of fibers capable of contracting to effect bodily movement Examples: Heart Muscle (pumps blood through your heart), and Smooth Muscle (moves food along your intestine  Tissues in Plants Plant cells are organized in three tissue types: Photosynthetic/storage Protective Transport Photosynthetic/Storage Uses sunlight to produce sugar that the plant uses for energy Protective Waterproof layer, protects the plant Transport Tube-like cells with a hollow centre Phloem transports food.  Homework Assess Check and Reflect pg. Your Learning Pg 125 119 Questions 1, 2, 4 Questions: 1, 2c, 4, 6 and 5 https://www.dailymotion.com/video/ x6agslv