CONWORLD LECTURE 4^J5^J6 PDF

The United Nations (UN) tried to address the Installing cellphone towers is also a lot cheaper different problems in the world. Their efforts than running thousands of kilometers of were guided by the eight Millennium telephone lines. Economists call this Development Goals,...

The United Nations (UN) tried to address the Installing cellphone towers is also a lot cheaper different problems in the world. Their efforts than running thousands of kilometers of were guided by the eight Millennium telephone lines. Economists call this Development Goals, which they created in the leapfrogging, the idea that countries can skip 1990s. Among these eight goals, the eradication straight to more efficient and cost-effective of extreme poverty and hunger ranked as the technologies that were not available in the first. The other seven goals include: achieving past. universal primary education, promoting gender There are various ways the country can make equality and women empowerment, reducing trade easier with other countries while child mortality, improving maternal health, lessening the inequities in the global world. One combating diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria, of them is "fair trade" (Nicholls and Opal, 2005). ensuring environmental sustainability, and Fair trade, as defined by the International Fair having a global partnership for development Trade Association, is the "concern for the social, (United Nations, 2015). The UN tried to achieve economic, and environmental wellbeing of them by the year 2015. marginalized small producers" (Downie, 2007). ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE TRADE DEVELOPMENT Economic globalization refers to the increasing There are some significant downsides to interdependence of world economies as a result globalize trade and perhaps the strongest of the growing scale of cross-border trade of argument against economic globalization is its commodities and services, flow of international lack of sustainability or the degree to which the capital, and wide and rapid spread of earth's resources can be used for our needs, technologies. even in the future. Two Different types of Economies Associated Two (2) Key Concepts in Sustainable with Economic Globalization Development Goals Protectionism means a policy of systematic Sustainable development can be reduced to two government intervention in foreign trade with (2) key concepts: needs and limitations. Needs the objective of encouraging domestic refer to those in need, that is, the world's poor production. This encouragement involves giving sectors. And, the limitations are those "imposed preferential treatment to domestic producers by the state of technology and social and discriminating against foreign competitors. organization on the environment's ability to Trade protectionism usually comes in the form meet present and future needs". of quotas and tariffs. Tariffs are required fees on imports or exports. World War II heavily influenced the shifting of the dominant economic policy from protectionism to trade liberalization or free ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION trade. Free trade agreements and technological Development, especially economic advances in transportation and communication development, was hastened by the Industrial mean goods and services move around the Revolution. This is the period in human history world more easily than ever. that made possible the cycle of efficiency. Efficiency means finding the quickest possible don't have food for the day suffer from the way of producing large amounts of a particular worst disease, globalization deficiency. The way product. globalization is occurring could be much better, but the worst thing is not being part of it." There are significant challenges involved in implementing various measures such as POVERTY "carbon tax" and "carbon neutrality" to deal A general scarcity, death, or the state of with environmental problems (Ritzer, 2015). It is one who lacks a certain amount of also difficult to find alternatives to fossil fuels. material possessions or money. For instance, Barrionuevo (2007) stated that the use of ethanol as an alternative to gasoline has A broader view of poverty encompasses an attendant set of problems-it is less efficient non-income dimensions of poverty such and it has led to an escalation in the price of as education, health, prevalence of corn, which currently serves as a major source disease, gender equality, and access to of ethanol. water and sanitation. FOOD SECURITY TWO TYPES OF POVERTY The demand for food will be 60% greater than it Absolute Poverty - refers to the lack of means is today and the challenge of food security necessary to meet basic needs such as food, requires the world to feed 9 billion people by clothing, and shelter. 2050 (Breene, 2016). Global food security Relative Poverty - takes into consideration means delivering sufficient food to the entire individual social and economic status compared world population. It is, therefore, a priority of all to the rest of society. countries, whether developed or less developed. The security Factors of Poverty: Disease, Apathy, Dependency, Dishonesty, and Ignorance Another significant environmental challenge is that of the decline in the availability of fresh Poverty Line or Poverty Threshold - the water (Conca, 2006). The decline in the water estimated minimum level of income needed to supply because of degradation of soil or secure the necessities of life. desertification (Glantz, 1977), has transformed Economic Inequality what was once considered a public good into a privatized commodity. The poorest areas of the The difference found in various globe experience a disproportionate share of measures of economic well-being water-related problems. The problem is further among individuals in a group, among intensified by the consumption of "virtual groups in a population, or among water," wherein people inadvertently use up countries. water from elsewhere in the world through the The gap between the poor and the rich. consumption of water intensive products (Ritzer, Causes of Economic Inequality: Wages are 2015). determined by labor market, education affects ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, POVERTY, AND wages, growth in technology widens income INEQUALITY gap, gender does matter, and personal factors The Swedish statistician Hans Rosling once said, Economic and trade globalization is the result "The 1 to 2 billion poorest in the world who of companies trying to outmaneuver their competitors. The result is that labor-intensive participants in an economy. Income products like shoes are often produced in inequality is often presented as the countries with the lowest wages and the percentage of income to a percentage weakest regulations. of population. In modernized economies, jobs are This process creates winners and losers. The more technology-based, generally winners include corporations and their requiring new skills. stockholders who earn more profit. They also Manufacturing jobs that require low include consumers who get products at a skills are moved overseas. cheaper price. The losers are high wageworkers who used to make those shoes. Their jobs THE THIRD WORLD AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH moved overseas. You probably heard of "First World Problems." But what about the low wage foreign When someone cracks the screen on their phone workers? Are they winning or losing? or gets the wrong order at the coffee shop, and The multiplier effect means an increase then goes on to their social media accounts, you in one economic activity can lead to an might see their complaints with a hashtag "First increase in other economic activities. World Problems." For instance, investing in local Political and Economic Blocs during the Cold businesses will lead to more jobs and Wars more income. Western capitalist countries were GLOBAL INCOME INEQUALITY labeled as the "First World." Globalization and inequality are closely related. The Soviet Union and its allies were We can see how different nations are divided termed the "Second World." between the North and the South, developed Everyone else was grouped into "Third and less developed, and the core and the World periphery. These differences mainly reflect one key aspect of inequality in the contemporary Political and Economic Blocs After the Cold Wars world-global economic inequality. First World was associated with rich, Two Main Types of Economic Inequality: industrialized countries. Third World countries, which started as 1. Wealth Inequality just a vague catchall term for non- alliance countries, came to be associated Wealth - refers to the net worth of a with impoverished states country. It takes into account all the assets of a nation-may they be natural, After the Cold War ended, the category of physical, and human-less the liabilities. Second World countries became null and void. Income is the new earnings that are constantly being added to the pile of a In addition to being outdated, these terms are country's wealth. also inaccurate. They use the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures the total output 2. The Income Inequality of a country, and the Gross National Income (GNI), which measures GDP per capita. The unequal distribution of household or individual income across the various A new and simpler classification, North-South, C. Centers of Political Influence was created as Second World countries joined HQ of Major International Organizations either the First World or the Third World. Cities that house major international "Global North" - First World countries, such as organizations also be considered as the United States, Canada, Western Europe, and centers of political influence developed parts of Asia D. Center for Higher Learning & Culture "Global South" - includes the Caribbean, Latin America, South America, Africa, and parts of, A city's intellectual influence can be seen Asia through the influence of its publishing industries THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES THE GLOBAL CITY Global cities conjured up images of fast- paced, exciting, cosmopolitan lifestyles WHY STUDY GLOBAL CITIES? but such descriptions are lacking There are also undersides like their Globalization is spatial and this means two place is a site of great inequality, things: poverty and violence Like the broader process of A. Occurs in physical spaces globalization, global cities also have winners and losers Can be seen when foreign investments and capital move through a city, and Pathologies of Global Cities when companies build skyscrapers. B. It is based in places Cities can be sustainable because of their density. As Florida notes: "Ecologists have - Globalization is spatial because what makes it found that by concentrating their populations in smaller areas, cities and metros decrease move is the fact that it is based in places. human encroachment on natural habitats. Denser settlement patterns yield energy savings; DEFINING THE GLOBAL CITY apartment buildings, for example, are more efficient to heat and cool than detached Saskia Sassen - a Dutch-American sociologist suburban houses." Popularized the term “global city" Terrorist Attacks INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY Major terror attacks of recent years have A. Economic Power also targeted cities 9/11 attacks that brought down the twin towers Economic power largely determines of the World Trade Center in New York which cities are global New York has the In November 2015, coordinated attacks in Paris largest stock market (217 company H/Q) by Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) Tokyo houses the most number of The Global City and the Poor corporate H/Q (613) B. Centers of Authority Although cities are major beneficiaries of Presence of powerful political hubs - decision globalization, Bauman (2003) claimed that they are also the most severely affected by made affects the political economy global problems. THEORIES OF GLOBAL STRATIFICATION For much of human history, all of the societies 1. Traditional Stage on earth were poor. Poverty was the norm for Societies that are structured around small, local everyone but obviously, that is not the case communities with production typically being anymore. done in family settings. What does "stratification" mean? 2. Take-Off Stage The arrangement or classification of People begin to use their individual talents to something produce things beyond the necessities. This The division of something innovation creates new markets for trade. In What is Global Stratification? tum, greater individualism takes hold and social status is more closely linked with material Global stratification refers to the wealth. unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, resources, and influence 3. Drive to technological maturity among the world's nations. Technological growth of the earlier periods MODERNIZATION THEORY begins to bear fruit in the form of population growth, reductions in absolute poverty levels, This theory frames global stratification as a and more diverse job opportunities. function of technological and cultural differences between nations. 4. High Mass Consumption 1. Columbian Exchange - this refers to the It is when your country is big enough that spread of goods, technology, education, and production becomes more about wants than diseases between the Americas and Europe needs. after Christopher Columbus's so- called DEPENDENCY THEORY AND THE LATIN "discovery of the Americas." This exchange EXPIRIENCE worked out well for the European countries. Dependency is the condition in which 2. Industrial Revolution - in the eighteenth and the development of the nation-states of nineteenth centuries. This is when new the South contributed to a decline in technologies, like steam power and their independence and to an increase mechanization, allowed countries to replace in economic development of the human labor with machines and increase countries of the North. productivity. The Industrial Revolution, at first, It focuses on how poor countries have only benefited the wealthy in Western been wronged by richer nations. It countries. Industrial technology was very further argues that the prospects of productive that it gradually began to improve both wealthy and poor countries are standards of living for everyone. inextricably linked. Walt Rostow's Four Stages of Modernization In this view, global stratification starts with colonialism. According to American economist Walt Rostow, modernization in the West took place, as it Dependency theory was initially developed by always tends to, in four stages Hans Singer and Raul Prebisch in the 19505 and has been improved since then. The two main Wallerstein's World System Theory Model: sub-theories are the North American Neo- Core Areas - described high-income Marxist approach and the Latin American nations of the world economy. This core structuralist approach. is the manufacturing base of the planet The terms "core nations" and "peripheral where resources funnel in to become nations" are at the heart of dependency the technology and wealth enjoyed by theory. the Western world today. Periphery Areas - low-income countries Peripheral nations are countries that whose natural resources and labor are less developed and receive an support the wealthier countries, first as unequal distribution of the world's colonies and now by working for wealth. multinational corporations under Core countries are more industrialized neocolonialism. nations who receive the majority of the Semi-Periphery Areas - middle-income world's wealth. countries, such as India or Brazil, are 1. North American Neo-Marxist Approach considered the semi-periphery due to their closer ties to the global Andre Gunder Frank (1969) espoused the North economic core. American Neo-Marxist approach. He contended the idea that less developed countries would develop by following the path taken by the developed countries. Developed countries were undeveloped in the beginning but not underdeveloped. 2. Latin American Structuralist Approach A less radical theory developed mainly by Latin American scientists. Palma (1978) noted that chief among the arguments accounting for Latin American underdevelopment was the "excessive" reliance on exports of primary commodities. As a result of the influence of structuralist thought, most Latin American countries adopted strategies nominally conducive to autonomous, self-sustaining development. THE LATIN WORLD SYSTEM This history of colonialism inspired American sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein model of what he called the capitalist world economy.