Renaissance Architecture PDF

Renaissance Architecture AREA 01 WK03  Renaissance 14th – 17th century Florence Other parts of France Germany England Europe Renaissance Architecture Symmetry Proportion Geometry...

Renaissance Architecture AREA 01 WK03  Renaissance 14th – 17th century Florence Other parts of France Germany England Europe Renaissance Architecture Symmetry Proportion Geometry Classical Antiquity Regularity part  RENAISSANCE - “la rinascita” which means rebirth Created by particular architects who sought to revive the order of a past "Golden Age". Italy had never fully adopted Gothic style. Black plague – became a reason why people prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art Medici family – powerful people involved in the textile trade with the guild Arte della Lana, thus art and humanism flourished.  Architectural Theory Architecture became not only a question of practice, but also a matter for theoretical discussion. Printing played a large role in the dissemination of ideas. De re aedificatoria ("On the Subject First printed book on of Building") by Leon Battista Alberti Architecture Regole generali d'architettura ("General Rules of Architecture") by Sebastian Serlio I quattro libri dell'architettura ("The Four Books of Architecture") by Andrea Palladio  Influences ARCHITECTURAL The presence of ancient ruins of classical style in Rome. Italian architects always preferred clearly defined forms. POLITICAL Florence, Venice, Naples extended their properties, making the return of artists possible. The return of popes in Rome brought wealth and importance to the city. RELIGIOUS Rome became the center of Christianity which brought the building of churches. PHILOSOPHIC The books and reading of philosophy aside from theology led to the development of humanism.  Influences CIVIC Through humanism, civic pride and peace & order were seen as marks of citizenship which led to the construction of Brunelleschi’s Hospital of the Innocents. PATRONAGE Rich people ought to promote the pursuit of learning and beautiful creations. Medici – Florence, Gonzaga – Mantua, Farnese – Rome, Storfaz – Milan. These families commissioned artists and architects to promote their skills. COMMERCIAL East sea trades were controlled by Venice. The Medicis were the chief bankers to the princes of Europe.  General Character PLAN Square & symmetrical in which proportions are based on a module. Ex: St. Andrea, Mantua FACADE Symmetrical on the vertical axis. Church facades usually has pediments, pilasters, round arches and entablatures.  General Character COLUMN & PILASTERS The Roman orders of columns are used and can either be structural or purely decorative set against a wall in the form of pilasters. ARCH, VAULT, DOME Arches were round, vaults do not have ribs, domes were used frequently. Taken from Roman and Greek architecture.  General Character CEILINGS Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings which are frequently painted or decorated. The ceilings of building were generally flat. DOORS & WINDOWS Doors has squares and blind arches while windows are usually paired and are within a semicircular arch. Renaissance Architect made several new contribution, like the rusticated mansonry wall, rusticated walls angles or corners called Quions. RUSTICATED MASONRY WALL ANGLES OR QUIONS  PRINCIPAL PHASES EARLY HIGH MANNERISM RENAISSANCE RENAISSANCE 1400-1500 1500-1525 1520-1600 Early Renaissance or Quattrocento Concepts of architectural order were explored and rules were formulated. Space was organized by proportional logic, its form and rhythm subject to geometry. Filippo Brunelleschi Early Renaissance or Quattrocento STRUCTURES FLORENCE CATHEDRAL (1436) Architect: Filippo Brunelleschi Shared three styles: Gothic – nave structure: Arnolfo di Cambio Renaissance – dome, baptistery, campanile Gothic Revival – west façade: Emilio de Fabris 1871 Early Renaissance or Quattrocento STRUCTURES FLORENCE CATHEDRAL (1436) K Architect: Filippo Brunelleschi BR IC T GES EVER ! R D LA OME CTE D U STR N CO Dome: Campanile: Baptistery doors: Filippo Giotto di Andrea Pisano, Brunelleschi Bondone Lorenzo Ghiberti  Early Renaissance or Quattrocento STRUCTURES PAZZI CHAPEL (1443) Architect (credited): Filippo Brunelleschi Its main purpose was the cathedral chapter house Used as a classroom for the teaching of monks and other religious purposes.  Early Renaissance or Quattrocento STRUCTURES PALAZZO RUCELLAI (1451) Architect: Leon Battista Alberti The façade was one of the first to proclaim new ideas of Renaissance architecture based on the use of pilasters and entablatures in proportional relationship to each other.  Early Renaissance or Quattrocento STRUCTURES BASILICA DI SAN LORENZO (1470) Architect: Filippo Brunelleschi Burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family Has an integrated system of column, arches, entablatures  Early Renaissance or Quattrocento STRUCTURES SANTA MARIA NOVELLA (1470) Architect: Leon Battista Alberti First great basilica in Florence, and is the city's principal Dominican church Alberti designed the upper part of the inlaid green marble of Prato, also called "serpentino" and white marble façade of the church  Early Renaissance or Quattrocento STRUCTURES PALAZZO MEDICI RICARDI (1484) Architect: Michelozzo Michelozzi Designed for the Medici family Well known for its stone masonry The tripartite elevation expresses the Renaissance spirit of rationality, order, and classicism on human scale.  Early Renaissance or Quattrocento STRUCTURES BASILICA OF SANT’ ANDREA (1790) Architect: Leon Battista Alberti 328 years in the making (started from 1462) The nave is roofed by a barrel vault, one of the first times such a form was used in such a monumental scale since antiquity.  High Renaissance Concepts derived from classical antiquity were developed and used with greater surety. He expanded the applicability of classical architecture to contemporary buildings. Donato  High Renaissance STRUCTURES SAN PIETRO IN MONTORIO (1502) Architect: Donato Bramante Includes in its courtyard the Tempietto, the earliest example of the Tuscan order It is meant to mark the exact spot of St. Peter's martyrdom, and is an important precursor to Bramante's rebuilding of St. Peter’s Basilica.  High Renaissance STRUCTURES ST. PETER’S BASILICA (1506-1626) Largest church in the world Papal enclave within the city of Rome Burial site of Saint Peter Most renowned work of Renaissance architecture  High Renaissance ST. PETER’S BASILICA (1506-1626) STRUCTURES used to be… but now… OFPETER’S OLD ST. CIRCUS NERO BASILICA (1450)  12 Architects St Peter’s Basilica 1. Donato Bramante Won the design competition held by Pope Julius II REPLACED Proposed the Greek cross plan with a dome slightly larger than the Pantheon’s  12 Architects St Peter’s Basilica 2. Giuliano 3. Fra Giocondo 4. Raphael da Sangallo  12 Architects St Peter’s Basilica Changed it to Latin cross plan adding five bays, with a row of complex apsidal chapels off the aisles on both sides PALITAN LATIN NATIN TO! 4. Raphael  12 Architects St Peter’s Basilica Reverted it to Bramante’s Greek cross plan while maintaining other changes by Raphael (the three apses) I AGREE WITH GREEK BRAMANT E! 5. Baldassare Peruzzi  12 Architects St Peter’s Basilica 6. Antonio da Sangallo (the Giuliano da Sangallo’s nephew younger) Submitted a plan combining features of Peruzzi, Raphael, and Bramante Main contribution: to strengthen REPLACED Bramante’s piers which began to crack Pope Paul III became dissatisfied with DIED DUE his design for the cornice, and held a TO competition. SHAME NO.  12 Architects 7. Michelangelo St Peter’s Basilica Won the competition, became capomaestro or “master builder” Retained the Greek cross plan and converted its snowflake complexity into massive, cohesive unity. Was not happy with taking the project. He was 72 at the time. Redesigned the dome. PAGOD I undertake this only for the love NA AKO of God and in honour of the BES. Apostle.  12 Architects St Peter’s Basilica 8. Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola Appointed by Pope Pius V as a watchdog to make sure that Michelangelo's plans were carried out exactly after His death.  12 Architects St Peter’s Basilica 9. Giacomo 10. Domenico della Porta Fontana Completed the dome in 1590  12 Architects 11. Carlo Maderno St Peter’s Basilica Pulled down the remaining parts of Old St. Peter’s Basilica Transformed Michelangelo’s Greek- cross design into a Latin cross with a long nave. Designed the façade  12 Architects 12. Gian Lorenzo Bernini St Peter’s Basilica Greatest architect and sculptor of the Baroque period Worked on the embellishment for 50 years Built the bronze baldachino Designed St. Peter’s Square with massive Tuscan colonnades  St. Peter’s Basilica BRAMANTE’S PLAN 1506  St. Peter’s Basilica RAPHAEL’S PLAN 1515  St. Peter’s Basilica MICHELANGELO’S PLAN 1547  St. Peter’s Basilica MADERNO’S PLAN 1602  Mannerism Architects experimented with using architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationships. Giant order - columns or pilasters span two (or more) storeys. Michelangelo  Mannerism STRUCTURES PALAZZO DEI CONSERVATORI (1530) Architect: Michelangelo Built in the Middle Ages for the local magistrate on top of a temple dedicated to Jupiter "Maximus Capitolinus"  Mannerism STRUCTURES PALAZZO DEL TE (1565) Architect: Guilo Romano Federico II Gonzaga decided in 1524 to build a pleasure palace, or Villa Suburbana.  Mannerism STRUCTURES VILLA CAPRA “La Rotonda” (1565) Architect: Andrea Palladio Inspired by the Pantheon in Rome. The whole is contained within an imaginary circle which touches each corner of the building and centres of the porticos.  Mannerism STRUCTURES LAURENTIAN LIBRARY (1740) Architect: Michelangelo Containing a repository of more than 11,000 manuscripts and 4,500 early printed books. It contains the manuscripts and books belonging to the private library of the Medici family.  Renaissance in other parts of Europe FRANCE (15th-17th cen.) Many Renaissance chateaux appeared at this time The style progressively developed into a French Mannerism known as the Henry II style GERMANY (15th-16th cen.) A particular form of Renaissance architecture in Germany is the Weser Renaissance (from Weser River) which played a significant role in the communication of both trade and ideas ENGLAND (15th-17th cen.) Associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy The most famous buildings are large show houses constructed for courtiers, and characterised by lavish use of glass  French Renaissance STRUCTURES CHATEAU DE CHAMBORD (1547) Architect: Domenico da Cortona The building, which was never completed, was constructed by King Francis I of France. Blends traditional French medieval forms with classical Renaissance structures.  German Renaissance STRUCTURES UNIVERSITY OF HELMSTEDT (1576) A fine example of Weser Renaissance  BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE Begun in late 16th-century Italy Took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion. It was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow, and dramatic intensity. During the 17th century, Baroque architecture spread through Europe and Latin America, where it was particularly promoted by the Jesuits. Curve form, rich in materials, complex in shape and rich in sculptural details  Baroque Architecture STRUCTURES CHURCH OF THE GESU (1584) Architect: Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola,Giacomo della Porta Its facade is "the first truly baroque façade", introducing the baroque style into architecture  Baroque Architecture STRUCTURES BASILICA DI SUPERGA (1731) Architect: Filippo Juvarra The dome was completed in 1726 and resembles some elements of Michelangelo's dome at St. Peter's Basilica.  ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE Early to late French 18th-century artistic movement and style Developed in Paris, France as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry, and strict regulations of the previous Baroque style Rococo - combination of the French rocaille (stone) and coquilles (shell) It is often described as the final expression of the Baroque movement. Extreme from Baroque  Rococo Architecture STRUCTURES CATHERINE PALACE, RUSSIA (1749) Architect: Johann-Friedrich Braunstein It was the summer residence of the Russian tsars.  Rococo Architecture STRUCTURES PALACE OF QUELUZ, PORTUGAL (1792) Architect: Mateus Vicente de Oliveira, Manuel Caetano de Sousa One of the last great Rococo buildings to be designed in Europe  Renaissance Structure Florence Cathedral Architect: Filippo Brunelleschi Location : Italy Ornate green door and artwork on Florence Cathedral; Florence, Italy  Renaissance Structure The interiorMaria Santa dei Miracoli,Venice Architect: Pietro Lombardo Location : Italy  Renaissance Structure Villa Capra La Rotonda, VeniceArchitect: Andrea Palladio Location : Visenza. Veneto, Italy Renaissance Structure The Dome Interior Tempietto at San Pietro in Montorio Architect: Donato Bramante Location : Rome, Italy St. Peter’s Basilica - Largest church in the Architect: Donato world Location : Rome, Bramante Italy Old St. Peter’s Basilica Plan Old St. Peter’s Basilica Isometri c  s 1.RUSTICATION – a method of forming a stone work w/ roughened surface & recessed joints. 2. CORTILE – Italian name for internal court surrounded by an arcade. 3. ASTYLAR – a treatment of façade without column. 4. PIANO NOBILE – several steps going up & 3 steps going down before the principal flooring of an Italian palace. 5. PIETRA SERENA – a blue grey stone of fine quality. 6. PIETA FORTE – a brown stone more suitable for exterior work. 7. CANTORIA – a singer’s gallery or “choir”. 8. QUIONS – hard stone or brick used w/ similar ones to reinforce an external corner or edge of a wall. 8. SCROLL – contains spiral wind band or “ volutes’. 9. WREATH – or Swag or Festoon, twisted band, garland or chaplet representing flowers, fruits, leaves for decoration. 10. CHAINES – vertical stripe of a rusticated masonry. 11. BOSS – a lump or knob, projected ornament at the intersection of the ribs of a ceiling. The End