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Questions and Answers
What characterizes the design of facades in Renaissance architecture?
What characterizes the design of facades in Renaissance architecture?
Which architectural element is commonly paired with windows in Renaissance architecture?
Which architectural element is commonly paired with windows in Renaissance architecture?
Who was a key architect of the Early Renaissance, known for formulating rules of architectural order?
Who was a key architect of the Early Renaissance, known for formulating rules of architectural order?
What type of column is frequently used in Renaissance architecture?
What type of column is frequently used in Renaissance architecture?
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What is the typical structure of the ceilings in Renaissance buildings?
What is the typical structure of the ceilings in Renaissance buildings?
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What design approach characterizes the Early Renaissance or Quattrocento period?
What design approach characterizes the Early Renaissance or Quattrocento period?
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Which significant structure is Filippo Brunelleschi credited with during the Early Renaissance?
Which significant structure is Filippo Brunelleschi credited with during the Early Renaissance?
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What architectural feature is characteristic of rusticated masonry walls in the Renaissance?
What architectural feature is characteristic of rusticated masonry walls in the Renaissance?
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What does 'la rinascita' refer to in the context of the Renaissance?
What does 'la rinascita' refer to in the context of the Renaissance?
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Which influential family in Florence is noted for their patronage of Renaissance art and architecture?
Which influential family in Florence is noted for their patronage of Renaissance art and architecture?
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What role did the Black Plague play in the Renaissance?
What role did the Black Plague play in the Renaissance?
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Which of the following books is considered the first printed book on architecture?
Which of the following books is considered the first printed book on architecture?
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What architectural element was emphasized by Italian architects during the Renaissance?
What architectural element was emphasized by Italian architects during the Renaissance?
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How did humanism influence civic architecture during the Renaissance?
How did humanism influence civic architecture during the Renaissance?
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Which of these cities was significant in expanding the properties of wealthy families during the Renaissance?
Which of these cities was significant in expanding the properties of wealthy families during the Renaissance?
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What impact did the return of the popes in Rome have on the architectural scene?
What impact did the return of the popes in Rome have on the architectural scene?
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What architectural style is characterized by a blend of traditional French medieval forms and classical Renaissance structures?
What architectural style is characterized by a blend of traditional French medieval forms and classical Renaissance structures?
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Which architect is associated with the Church of the Gesu, considered the first truly Baroque façade?
Which architect is associated with the Church of the Gesu, considered the first truly Baroque façade?
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Which of the following structures is an example of the Weser Renaissance?
Which of the following structures is an example of the Weser Renaissance?
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What hallmark features define Baroque architecture?
What hallmark features define Baroque architecture?
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In which period did Renaissance architecture begin in England?
In which period did Renaissance architecture begin in England?
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What influenced the spread of Baroque architecture in Europe and Latin America during the 17th century?
What influenced the spread of Baroque architecture in Europe and Latin America during the 17th century?
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What is a defining aspect of the Henry II style in French architecture?
What is a defining aspect of the Henry II style in French architecture?
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Which architectural movement is recognized for taking Roman vocabulary and applying it in a rhetorical manner?
Which architectural movement is recognized for taking Roman vocabulary and applying it in a rhetorical manner?
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Study Notes
Renaissance Architecture
- Period: 14th to 17th century
- Key areas: Florence, France, Germany, England, other parts of Europe
- Characteristics: Symmetry, proportion, geometry, regularity, classical antiquity
Renaissance Architectural Theory
- Architecture moved beyond practice to theoretical discussion.
- Printing played a crucial role in spreading ideas.
- Key texts include "De re aedificatoria" by Leon Battista Alberti, "Regole generali d'architettura" by Sebastian Serlio, and "I quattro libri dell'architettura" by Andrea Palladio.
- These texts are significant sources of architectural information.
Architectural Influences
- Architectural: Presence of ancient Roman ruins in Rome influenced Italian architects. Clear forms were preferred.
- Political: Expansion of cities like Florence, Venice, and Naples led to opportunities for artists; the return of popes to Rome provided wealth and importance.
- Religious: Rome's prominence as the center of Christianity led to church construction.
- Philosophical: Study of philosophy beyond theology led to the rise of humanism.
- Civic: Civic pride affected architecture. The Hospital of the Innocents exemplifies this civic influence.
- Patronage: Rich families like the Medici sponsored artists and architects.
- Commercial: Venice controlled East Sea trade and the Medici were powerful bankers for European rulers.
General Character of Renaissance Architecture
- Plan: Square and symmetrical; proportions based on a module (ex. Saint Andrea, Mantua).
- Facade: Symmetrical layout along a vertical axis. Facades typically include pediments, pilasters, round arches and entablatures.
- Columns & Pilasters: Roman architectural orders were used (ex. Corinthian, Ionic, Composite). Could be structural or decorative.
- Arches, Vaults, Domes: Arches were round; domes and vaults were often used often borrowed from Roman or Greek architecture.
- Ceilings: Generally flat but could be coffered or painted.
- Doors & Windows: Doors often had squares or blind arches; windows were usually paired and framed within semicircular arches.
Renaissance Architectural Innovations
- Rusticated Masonry Walls: A new way of constructing walls with roughened surfaces and recessed joints.
- Quions: Rusticated corners or angles of walls.
Principal Phases of Renaissance Architecture
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Early Renaissance (Quattrocento): (1400-1500)
- Exploration and formulation of architectural order.
- Space organized by proportional logic and geometry;
- Filippo Brunelleschi was a key figure.
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High Renaissance: (1500-1525)
- Refinement of concepts from classical antiquity.
- Donato Bramante expanded the application of classical principles to contemporary building.
Renaissance Structures in Florence (Early Renaissance or Quattrocento)
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Florence Cathedral: (1436); Architect: Filippo Brunelleschi
- Combined Gothic, Renaissance, and Gothic Revival design styles.
- Key elements included the dome, baptistery, campanile.
- Notable figures involved in these components include Filippo Brunelleschi (dome), Giotto di Bondone (campanile). Andrea Pisano and Lorenzo Ghiberti (Baptistry Doors).
- Pazzi Chapel: (1443); Architect (credited): Filippo Brunelleschi ; A cathedral chapter house and classroom.
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Palazzo Rucellai: (1451); Architect: Leon Battista Alberti
- The façade exemplified proportional use of pilasters and entablatures.
- Basilica di San Lorenzo: (1470); Architect: Filippo Brunelleschi; a burial place for the Medici family.
- Santa Maria Novella: (1470); Architect: Leon Battista Alberti; Featured a green and white marble façade.
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Palazzo Medici Riccardi: (1484); Architect: Michelozzo Michelozzi
- Famous for its stone masonry.
- Basilica of Sant' Andrea: (1462-1790); Architect: Leon Battista Alberti; Nave roofed by a barrel vault.
High Renaissance Structures
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San Pietro in Montoio: (1502) ; Architect: Donato Bramante
- First example of Tuscan order in its courtyard (Tempietto).
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St. Peter's Basilica: (1506-1626)
- Largest church in the world; Papal enclave; burial site for Saint Peter. Most renowned architecture.
- 12 architects involved included Donato Bramante, Giuliano da Sangallo, Fra Giocondo, Raphael, Baldassare Peruzzi, Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Michelangelo, Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola, Giacomo della Porta, Domenico Fontana, Carlo Maderno, & Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
- Drawings and plans of these structures are also important.
Mannerism
- Architecture emerged as a reaction to the High Renaissance.
- Architects experimented with forms to emphasize solids and spatial relationships.
- Key features include giant order columns or pilasters (spanning multiple stories).
- Structures like Palazzo dei Conservatori (1530; Architect: Michelangelo), as well as Palazzo del Te (1565; Architect: Giulio Romano), and villa Capra "La Rotonda" (1565; Architect: Andrea Palladio), and Laurentian Library (1740 ; Architect: Michelangelo) provided examples of Mannerist architecture.
Baroque Architecture
- Started in 16th century Italy & embraced Renaissance vocabulary in a new style.
- Characterized by exploration of form, light, shadow and dramatic intensity.
- Prominent during 17th Century and spread to Europe and Latin America, especially with Jesuit influence.
- Church of the Gesu (1584), and Basilica di Superga (1731) are prominent examples
Rococo Architecture
- Reaction against Baroque formality.
- Developed in 18th century France.
- Characteristics include an emphasis on ornament (such as rocaille or coquilles), light, asymmetric designs.
- Featured in Catherine Palace, Russia (1749) and Palace of Queluz, Portugal (1792), among others.
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