AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code—Steel 2020 PDF

AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 An American National Standard Structural Welding Code— Steel  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 An American National Standard...

AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 An American National Standard Structural Welding Code— Steel  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 An American National Standard Approved by the American National Standards Institute December 9, 201 9 Structural Welding Code—Steel 24th Edition Supersedes AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015 Prepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) D1 Committee on Structural Welding Under the Direction of the AWS Technical Activities Committee Approved by the AWS Board of Directors Abstract This code covers the welding requirements for any type of welded structure made from the commonly used carbon and low-alloy constructional steels. Clauses 1 through 11 constitute a body of rules for the regulation of welding in steel construction. There are eight normative and eleven informative annexes in this code. A Commentary of the code is included with the document. AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 ISBN Print: 978-1-64322-087-1 ISBN PDF: 978-1-64322-088-8 © 2020 by American Welding Society All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. 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Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attention: Director, Standards Development, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex T). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee’s response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166. iii AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 This page is intentionally blank. iv  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Personnel AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding A. W. Sindel, Chair TRC Solutions T. L. Niemann, Vice Chair Fickett Structural Solutions, LLC R. D. Medlock, 2nd Vice Chair High Steel Structures, LLC J. A. Molin, Secretary American Welding Society U. W. Aschemeier Subsea Global Solutions E. L. Bickford IISI T. M. Burns Thom Burns Consulting, LLC H. H. Campbell, III Pazuzu Engineering R. D. Campbell Bechtel B. Connelly Eustis Engineering, LLC R. B. Corbit APTIM (Retired) M. E. Gase Midwest Steel, Incorporated M. A. Grieco MA Department of Transportation J. J. Kenney Shell International E&P J. H. Kiefer ConocoPhillips (Retired) J. R. Kissell Trinity Consultants B. Krueger Los Alamos National Laboratory V. Kuruvilla Lexicon, Incorporated J. Lawmon American Engineering and Manufacturing, Incorporated N. S. Lindell Project & Quality Solutions D. R. Luciani Canadian Welding Bureau P. W. Marshall Moonshine Hill Proprietary Systems Engineering M. J. Mayes Terracon Consultants D. L. McQuaid D. L. McQuaid & Associates, Incorporated J. Merrill TRC Solutions D. K. Miller The Lincoln Electric Company J. B. Pearson, Jr. ALRV Consultant, LLC D. D. Rager Rager Consulting, Incorporated T. J. Schlafly American Institute of Steel Construction R. E. Shaw, Jr. Steel Structures Technology Center, Incorporated M. M. Tayarani Pennoni Associates, Incorporated P. Torchio, III Williams Enterprises of GA, Incorporated (Retired) Advisors to the D1 Committee on Structural Welding N. J. Altebrando STV Incorporated F. G. Armao The Lincoln Electric Company G. L. Fox Consultant H. E. Gilmer HRV Conformance Verification Associates, Incorporated G. J. Hill G.J. Hill & Associates M. L. Hoitomt Consultant C. W. Holmes Modjeski & Masters, Inc. (Retired) G. S. Martin Retired v AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Advisors to the D1 Committee on Structural Welding (Continued) D. C. Phillips Retired P. G. Kinney Sandia National Laboratories J. W. Post J. W. Post & Associates, Incorporated R. W. Stieve Parsons Corporation K. K. Verma Consultant Active Past AWS D1 Main Committee Chairs D. L. McQuaid D.L. McQuaid & Assoc. Incorporated D. K. Miller The Lincoln Electric Company D. D. Rager Rager Consulting, Incorporated AWS D1Q Subcommittee on Steel T. J. Schlafly, Chair American Institute of Steel Construction P. Torchio, III, Vice Chair Williams Enterprises of GA, Incorporated (Retired) J. A. Molin, Secretary American Welding Society U. W. Aschemeier Subsea Global Solutions M. Bernasek C-Spec E. L. Bickford IISI H. H. Campbell, III Pazuzu Engineering R. V. Clarke Retired M. E. Gase Midwest Steel, Incorporated H. E. Gilmer HRV Conformance Verification Associates, Incorporated R. L. Holdren Arc Specialties W. S. Houston Stanley Black & Decker–Nelson Stud Welding J. J. Kenney Shell International E&P J. H. Kiefer Conoco Philips (Retired) P. G. Kinney Sandia National Laboratories L. Kloiber LeJeune Steel Company V. Kuruvilla Lexicon, Incorporated D. R. Luciani Canadian Welding Bureau P. W. Marshall Moonshine Hill Proprietary Systems Engineering R. P. Marslender Kiewit Offshore Services, LTD. G. S. Martin Retired M. J. Mayes Terracon Consultants J. Merrill TRC Solutions J. I. Miller Chevron S. P. Moran American Hydro Corporation T. C. Myers ExxonMobil J. C. Nordby Entergy D. D. Rager Rager Consulting, Incorporated R. E. Shaw, Jr. Steel Structures Technology Center, Incorporated A. W. Sindel TRC Solutions J. L. Warren McDermott Advisors to the D1Q Committee on Steel N. J. Altebrando STV Incorporated B. M. Butler Walt Disney World Company J. W. Cagle Schuff Steel B. Capers Walt Disney World Company H. A. Chambers SNH Market Consultants M. A. Grieco MA Department of Transportation vi  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Advisors to the D1Q Committee on Steel (Continued) J. Guili Tru-Weld Equipment Company C. W. Hayes The Lincoln Electric Company C. W. Holmes Modjeski & Masters, Inc. (Retired) M. J. Jordan Johnson Plate and Tower Fabrication J. E. Koski Stud Welding Products Incorporated N. S. Lindell Project & Quality Systems D. L. McQuaid D. L. McQuaid & Associates, Incorporated R. D. Medlock High Steel Structures D. K. Miller The Lincoln Electric Company J. A. Packer University of Toronto J. B. Pearson, Jr. ALRV Consultant, LLC D. C. Phillips Retired J. W. Post J. W. Post & Associates, Incorporated R. W. Stieve Parsons Corporation M. M. Tayarani MA Department of Transportation S. J. Thomas Consultant K. K. Verma Consultant P. Workman Tru-Weld D. A. Wright Wright Welding Technologies D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Design T. J. Schlafly, Co-Chair American Institute of Steel Construction D. K. Miller, Co-Chair The Lincoln Electric Company T. Green, Vice Chair Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates D. B. Ferrell Ferrell Engineering, Incorporated M. J. Jordan Johnson Plate and Tower Fabrication J. J. Kenney Shell International E & P L. A. Kloiber LeJeune Steel Company P. W. Marshall Moonshine Hill Proprietary Systems Engineering J. M. Ocel Federal Highway Administration J. A. Packer University of Toronto J. B. Pearson, Jr. ALRV Consultant, LLC R. E. Shaw, Jr. Steel Structures Technology Center, Incorporated R. H. R. Tide Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates Advisors to the D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Design B. Capers Walt Disney World Company J. Desjardins Bombardier Transportation D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Prequalification C. Zanfir, Chair Canadian Welding Bureau L. M. Bower, Vice Chair NCI Building Systems W. J. Bell Atlantic Testing Laboratories H. H. Campbell, III Pazuzu Engineering M. D. Florczykowski Precision Custom Components D. R. Luciani Canadian Welding Bureau P. W. Marshall MHP Systems Engineering D. K. Miller The Lincoln Electric Company J. I. Miller Chevron vii AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Prequalification (Continued) S. P. Moran American Hydro Corporation J. C. Norby Entergy R. E. Shaw, Jr. Steel Structures Technology Center, Incorporated A.W. Sindel TRC Solutions P. Torchio, III Williams Enterprises of Georgia, Incorporated (Retired) D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Qualification T. C. Myers, Chair ExxonMobil S. J. Findlan, Vice Chair CB&I Power M. Bernasek C-Spec E. L. Bickford IISI T. R. Blissett Accurate Weldment Testing, LLC M. J. Harker Idaho National Laboratory R. L. Holdren Arc Specialties J. J. Kenney Shell International E & P J. H. Kiefer ConocoPhillips Company (Retired) R. P. Marslender Kiewit Offshore Services, Ltd. J. R. McGranaghan Arcosa Meyers Utility Structures D. W. Meyer ESAB Welding & Cutting Products J. D. Niemann Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing Corporation USA D. D. Rager Rager Consulting, Incorporated A. W. Sindel TRC Solutions D. A. Stickel Caterpillar, Incorporated B. M. Toth CB&I K. K. Welch Miller Electric Manufacturing Company Advisors to the D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Qualification G. S. Martin Retired D. C. Phillips Retired K. K. Verma Consultant D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Fabrication J. I. Miller, Chair Chevron M. E. Gase, Vice Chair Midwest Steel, Incorporated S. E. Anderson Anderson Inspections L. N. Bower NCI Building Systems H. H. Campbell, III Pazuzu Engineering R. V. Clarke Retired H. E. Gilmer HRV Conformance Verification Associates, Incorporated M. A. Grieco Massachusetts Department of Transportation C. Carbonneau Tishman AECOM J. H. Kiefer ConocoPhillips Company (Retired) P. G. Kinney Sandia National Laboratories V. Kuruvilla Lexicon, Incorporated G. S. Martin Retired E. S. Mattfield New York City Department of Buildings R. D. Medlock High Steel Structures, LLC J. E. Mellinger Pennoni Associates, Incorporated R. L. Mertz Alta Vista Solutions R. E. Monson Pennoni viii  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Advisors to the D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Fabrication W. G. Alexander WGAPE B. Anderson Molex Incorporated J. W. Cagle C. P. Buckner Steel Erection, Incorporated G. L. Fox Consultant G. J. Hill G. J. Hill & Associates R. L. Holdren ARC Specialties C. W. Holmes Modjeski & Masters, Incorporated (Retired) D. L. McQuaid D. L. McQuaid & Associates, Incorporated J. E. Myers Consultant J. W. Post J. W. Post and Associates, Incorporated T. J. Schlafly American Institute of Steel Construction J. F. Sokolewicz Trinity Industries, Incorporated K. K. Verma Consultant D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Inspection P. G. Kinney, Chair Sandia National Laboratories J. J. Kinsey, Vice Chair Caltrop Corporation M. E. Gase, 2 Vice Chair Midwest Steel, Incorporated S. E. Anderson Anderson Inspections U. W. Aschemeier Subsea Global Solutions R. V. Clarke Retired J. A. Cochran Kiewit Corporation J. M. Davis NDE-Olympus NDT-University Ultrasonics P. A. Furr Consultant H. E. Gilmer HRV Conformance Verification Associates, Incorporated C. W. Hayes The Lincoln Electric Company P. T. Hayes GE Inspection Technologies, LP J. K. Hilton KTA-Tator, Incorporated N. S. Lindell Product of Quality Solutions G. S. Martin Retired E. S. Mattfield New York City Department of Buildings J. E. Mellinger Pennoni Associates, Incorporated J. Merrill TRC Solutions R. L. Mertz Alta Vista Solutions R. E. Monson Pennoni Associates, Incorporated J. B. Pearson, Jr. ALRV Consultant, LLC C. E. Pennington Nova R. E. Stachel HRV Conformance Verification Associates, Incorporated K. J. Steinhagen Consultant Advisors to the D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Inspection D. A. Dunn PSI (Retired) J. J. Edwards DOT Quality Services G. J. Hill G. J. Hill & Associates R. K. Holbert Alstom Power J. H. Kiefer ConocoPhillips Company (Retired) C. A. Mankenberg Shell International Exploration & Production D. L. McQuaid D.L. McQuaid & Associates, Incorporated D. G. Yantz Canadian Welding Bureau ix  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Stud Welding W. S. Houston, Chair Stanley Black & Decker–Nelson Stud Welding U. W. Aschemeier, Vice Chair Subsea Global Solutions R. D. Campbell Bechtel A. D. D’ Amico Consultant B. C. Hobson Image Industries I. W. Houston Stanley Black & Decker–Nelson Stud Welding J. E. Koski Stud Welding Products, Incorporated D. R. Luciani Canadian Welding Bureau C. W. Makar Cox Industries S. P. Moran American Hydro Corporation P. Torchio, III Williams Enterprises of Georgia, Incorporated (Retired) J. S. Wirtz Stone & Webster, Incorporated P. Workman Tru-Weld Equipment Company Advisors to the D1Q Subcommittee Task Group on Stud Welding C. B. Champney Stanley Black & Decker–Nelson Stud Welding J. Guili Tru-Weld Equipment Company R. Schraff Stanley Black & Decker–Nelson Stud Welding M. M. Tayarani Pennoni Associates, Incorporated D1Q Standing Task Group on Tubulars J. J. Kenney, Chair Shell International E & P M. A. Grieco, Vice Chair Massachusetts Department of Transportation E. L. Bickford IISI N. M. Choy California Department of Transportation R. V. Clarke Retired D. B. Ferrell Ferrell Engineering, Incorporated R. B. Fletcher Atlas Tube P. A. Huckabee Gill Engineering Associates, Incorporated L. A. Kloiber LeJeune Steel Consultant C. Long Consultant P. W. Marshall Moonshine Hill Proprietary Systems Engineering R. P. Marslender Kiewit Offshore Services, Ltd. J. P. McCormick University of Michigan R. L. Mertz Alta Vista Solutions R. E. Monson Pennoni Associates, Incorporated K. T. Olson FORSE Consulting-Steel Tube Institute J. A. Packer University of Toronto R. Sougata Sougata Roy, LLC R. Sause ATLSS Center Lehigh University Advisors to the D1Q Standing Task Group on Tubulars J. J. Edwards DOT Quality Services V. Kuruvilla Lexicon, Incorporated M. J. Mayes Terracon Consultants R. D. Medlock High Steel Structures, LLC T. L. Niemann Fickett Structural Solutions, LLC D. D. Rager Rager Consulting, Incorporated T. J. Schlafly American Institute of Steel Construction A. W. Sindel TRC Solutions x Provided by IHS Markit under license with AWS  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 D1M Standing Task Group on New Materials M. D. Kerr, Chair McDermott T. J. Schlafly, Vice Chair American Institute of Steel Construction R. S. Caroti Arcelor Mittal C. Haven Hobart Brothers Company D. A. Koch Washington State Universtiy V. Kuruvilla Lexicon, Incorporated R. D. Medlock High Steel Structures, LLC D. W. Meyer ESAB Welding & Cutting Products T. M. Nelson LTK Engineering Services P. R. Niewiarowski Sargent & Lundy, LLC D. D. Rager Rager Consulting, Incorporated J. L. Schoen Nucor-Yamato Steel J. L. Warren McDermott Advisors to the D1M Standing Task Group on New Materials B. Capers Walt Disney World Company S. C. Finnigan Arcelor Mittal C. W. Hayes The Lincoln Electric Company M. L. Hoitomt Consultant J. B. Pearson, Jr. ALRV Consultant, LLC D. C. Phillips Retired J. W. Post J. W. Post & Associates, Incorporated D. Rees-Evans Steel Dynamics A. W. Sindel TRC Solutions xi AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 This page is intentionally blank. xii  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Foreword This foreword is not part of AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020, Structural Welding Code—Steel, but is included for informational purposes only. The first edition of the Code for Fusion Welding and Gas Cutting in Building Construction was published by the American Welding Society in 1928 and called Code 1 Part A. It was revised in 1930 and 1937 under the same title. It was revised again in 1941 and given the designation D1.0. D1.0 was revised again in 1946, 1963, 1966, and 1969. The 1963 edition published an amended version in 1965, and the 1966 edition published an amended version in 1967. The code was com- bined with D2.0, Specifications for Welding Highway and Railway Bridges, in 1972, given the designation D1.1, and retitled AWS Structural Welding Code. D1.1 was revised again in 1975, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010. A second printing of D1.1:2010 was pub- lished in 2011. From 1972 to 1988, the D1.1 code covered the welding of both buildings and bridges. In 1988, AWS published its first edition of AASHTO/AWS D1.5, Bridge Welding Code; coincident with this, the D1.1 code changed references of buildings and bridges to statically loaded and dynamically loaded structures, respectively, in order to make the document applicable to a broader range of structural applications. After the publishing of the 2010 edi- tion, it was decided that the AWS Structural Welding Code—Steel would be published on a five year revision cycle instead of a two year revision cycle. This was done in order to sync the publication cycle of AWS Structural Welding Code-Steel with the publication cycles of the AISC Steel Building Specification and the International Building Code. This 2020 edition is the 24th edition of D1.1. Changes in Code Requirements, underlined text in the clauses, subclauses, tables, figures, or forms indicates a change from the 2015 edition. A vertical line in the margin of a table or figure also indicates a change from the 2015 edition. The following is a summary of the most significant technical changes contained in D1.1/D1.1M:2020: Summary of Changes Clause/Table/Figure/Annex Modification Clause 1 Clause 2 This is a new clause listing normative references. It replaces subclause 1.9 and Annex S from the previous edition. Clause 3 This is a new clause that provides terms and definitions specific to this standard. It replaces subclause 1.3 and Annex J from the previous edition. Clause 4 Clause 4 was presented as Clause 2 in the previous edition. Annex A Figures in the previous edition were incorporated into Clause 4. Clause 5 Clause 5 was presented as Clause 3 in the previous edition. The Clause has also been restructured to follow the normal progression of writing a prequalified WPS. Table 5.2 has been editorially renamed and reorganized to list WPS essential variables. Additional requirements have been added when using shielding gases and a new Table 5.7 was added on shielding gases. New materials have been added to Tables 5.3 and 5.8. Clause 6 Clause 6 was presented as Clause 4 in the previous edition. Revisions include the requirements for the qualification of WPSs using waveform technology. All the CVN testing requirements have been added to Table 6.7, so they now are all contained in a single place. The WPS retest requirements have been clarified. The PJP Groove weld clause has been reorganized to clarify the qualification of PJP Groove welds using the Joint Details in Figure 5.2. Part D of the Clause has been reorganized to better align the testing procedures and qualification of CVNs with the order that they would be accomplished. (Continued) xiii AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Summary of Changes (Continued) Clause/Table/Figure/Annex Modification Clause 7 Clause 7 was presented as Clause 5 in the previous edition. Revisions were made to the weld restoration of base metal with mislocated holes. Clause 8 Clause 8 was presented as Clause 6 in the previous edition. Revisions were made to the qualification requirements for inspection personnel to ensure that all welding inspectors are qualified. The Engineer’s responsibilities as it relates to Inspection were also clarified. Digital radiography has been added to Radiographic Testing. The limitations for geometric unsharpness have been added to the Code and the equation has been revised to match the equation in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Article 2. The methodology to determine the attenuation factor has been updated to reflect that UT instruments are now capable of reporting a fractional value for dB. Clause 9 Clause 9 was presented as Clause 7 in the previous edition. The code was updated to require the manufacturer’s permanent identification on headed studs and deformed anchor bars. Revisions were made to provide weld procedure requirements for fillet welding of studs. Clause 10 Clause 10 was presented as Clause 9 in the previous edition. The calculations for static strength of welded tubular connections were removed in deference to AISC design provisions. Clause 11 Clause 11 was presented as Clause 8 in the previous edition. Annex A Annex A was presented as Annex B in the previous edition. Annex B Annex B was presented as Annex H in the previous edition. Annex D Annex D was presented as Annex F in the previous edition. Annex E Annex E was presented as Annex D in the previous edition. Annex F Annex F was presented as Annex E in the previous edition. Annex H New Annex that addresses phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) Annex J Annex J was presented as Annex M in the previous edition. Annex K Annex K was presented as Annex P in the previous edition. Annex L Annex L was presented as Annex T in the previous edition. Annex M Annex M was presented as Annex U in the previous edition. Annex N Annex N was presented as Annex K in the previous edition. Annex O Annex O was presented as Annex Q in the previous edition. Annex P Annex P was presented as Annex L in the previous edition. Annex Q Annex Q was presented as Annex O in the previous edition. Annex R Annex R has been modified to contain preliminary design of circular tube connections previously contained in the Tubular Structures clause as well as ovalizing parameter alpha. Annex T Annex T was presented as Annex N in the previous edition. C-Annex H Commentary was added for Annex H Commentary. The Commentary is nonmandatory and is intended only to provide insightful information into provision rationale. Normative Annexes. These annexes address specific subjects in the code and their requirements are mandatory require- ments that supplement the code provisions. Informative Annexes. These annexes are not code requirements but are provided to clarify code provisions by showing examples, providing information, or suggesting alternative good practices. Index. As in previous codes, the entries in the Index are referred to by subclause number rather than by page number. This should enable the user of the Index to locate a particular item of interest in minimum time. (Continued) xiv  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Errata. It is the Structural Welding Committee’s Policy that all errata should be made available to users of the code. Therefore, any significant errata will be published in the Society News Section of the Welding Journal and posted on the AWS web site at: http://www.aws.org/standards/page/errata. Suggestions. Your comments for improving AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2015, Structural Welding Code—Steel are welcome. Submit comments to the Secretary of the D1Q Subcommittee, American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166. xv AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 This page is intentionally blank. xvi  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Tabl e o f Co n ten ts Pag e N o. Personnel.................................................................................... v Foreword................................................................................... xiii List of Tables................................................................................xxii List of Figures.............................................................................. xxiv 1. General Requirements.................................................................... 1 1.1 Scope.............................................................................. 1 1.2 Standard Units of Measurement.......................................................... 1 1.3 Safety Precautions.................................................................... 2 1.4 Limitations.......................................................................... 2 1.5 Responsibilities...................................................................... 2 1.6 Approval............................................................................ 3 1.7 Mandatory and Nonmandatory Provisions.................................................. 3 1.8 Welding Symbols..................................................................... 3 2. Normative References..................................................................... 4 3. Terms and Definitions..................................................................... 7 4. Design of Welded Connections............................................................. 17 4.1 Scope............................................................................. 17 Part A—Common Requirements for Design of Welded Connections (Nontubular and Tubular Members).... 17 4.2 General............................................................................ 17 4.3 Contract Plans and Specifications....................................................... 17 4.4 Effective Areas...................................................................... 18 Part B—Specific Requirements for Design of Nontubular Connections (Statically or Cyclically Loaded).... 21 4.5 General............................................................................ 21 4.6 Stresses............................................................................ 21 4.7 Joint Configuration and Details......................................................... 23 4.8 Joint Configuration and Details—Groove Welds............................................ 23 4.9 Joint Configuration and Details—Fillet Welded Joints....................................... 24 4.10 Joint Configuration and Details—Plug and Slot Welds....................................... 25 4.11 Filler Plates......................................................................... 25 4.12 Built-Up Members................................................................... 25 Part C—Specific Requirements for Design of Nontubular Connections (Cyclically Loaded).............. 26 4.13 General............................................................................ 26 4.14 Limitations......................................................................... 26 4.15 Calculation of Stresses................................................................ 26 4.16 Allowable Stresses and Stress Ranges.................................................... 26 4.17 Detailing, Fabrication, and Erection...................................................... 28 4.18 Prohibited Joints and Welds............................................................ 29 4.19 Inspection.......................................................................... 30 5. Prequalification of WPSs................................................................. 62 5.1 Scope............................................................................. 62 Part A—WPS Development................................................................. 62 5.2 General WPS Requirements............................................................ 62 xvii AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Part B—Base Metal....................................................................... 63 5.3 Base Metal......................................................................... 63 Part C—Weld Joints...................................................................... 63 5.4 Weld Joints......................................................................... 63 Part D—Welding Processes................................................................. 65 5.5 Welding Processes................................................................... 65 Part E—Filler Metals and Shielding Gases.................................................... 65 5.6 Filler Metal and Shielding Gas.......................................................... 65 Part F—Preheat and Interpass Temperature Requirements........................................ 66 5.7 Preheat and Interpass Temperature Requirements........................................... 66 Part G—WPS Requirements................................................................ 67 5.8 WPS requirements................................................................... 67 Part H—Postweld Heat Treatment........................................................... 67 5.9 Postweld Heat Treatment.............................................................. 67 6. Qualification.......................................................................... 124 6.1 Scope............................................................................ 124 Part A—General Requirements............................................................. 124 6.2 General........................................................................... 124 6.3 Common Requirements for WPS and Welding Personnel Performance Qualification.............. 125 Part B—Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Qualification.................................... 125 6.4 Production Welding Positions Qualified................................................. 125 6.5 Type of Qualification Tests............................................................ 125 6.6 Weld Types for WPS Qualification..................................................... 126 6.7 Preparation of WPS................................................................. 126 6.8 Essential Variables.................................................................. 126 6.9 WPS Requirements for Production Welding Using Existing Non-Waveform or Waveform WPSs.... 127 6.10 Methods of Testing and Acceptance Criteria for WPS Qualification............................ 128 6.11 CJP Groove Welds.................................................................. 130 6.12 PJP Groove Welds.................................................................. 130 6.13 Fillet Welds........................................................................ 131 6.14 Plug and Slot Welds................................................................. 131 6.15 Welding Processes Requiring Qualification............................................... 132 Part C—Performance Qualification......................................................... 132 6.16 General........................................................................... 132 6.17 Type of Qualification Tests Required.................................................... 133 6.18 Weld Types for Welder and Welding Operator Performance Qualification....................... 133 6.19 Preparation of Performance Qualification Forms.......................................... 133 6.20 Essential Variables.................................................................. 133 6.21 CJP Groove Welds for Nontubular Connections........................................... 134 6.22 Extent of Qualification............................................................... 134 6.23 Methods of Testing and Acceptance Criteria for Welder and Welding Operator Qualification........ 134 6.24 Method of Testing and Acceptance Criteria for Tack Welder Qualification...................... 135 6.25 Retest............................................................................ 135 Part D—Requirements for CVN Toughness Testing............................................. 136 6.26 General: CVN Testing............................................................... 136 6.27 CVN Tests........................................................................ 137 6.28 Combining FCAW-S with Other Welding Processes in a Single Joint.......................... 138 6.29 Reporting......................................................................... 138 xviii  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 7. Fabrication............................................................................ 188 7.1 Scope............................................................................ 188 7.2 Base Metal........................................................................ 188 7.3 Welding Consumables and Electrode Requirements........................................ 188 7.4 ESW and EGW Processes............................................................ 190 7.5 WPS Variables..................................................................... 191 7.6 Preheat and Interpass Temperatures..................................................... 191 7.7 Heat Input Control for Quenched and Tempered Steels...................................... 191 7.8 Stress-Relief Heat Treatment.......................................................... 191 7.9 Backing........................................................................... 192 7.10 Welding and Cutting Equipment....................................................... 193 7.11 Welding Environment................................................................ 193 7.12 Conformance with Design............................................................ 193 7.13 Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes........................................................... 193 7.14 Preparation of Base Metal............................................................ 193 7.15 Reentrant Corners................................................................... 195 7.16 Weld Access Holes, Beam Copes, and Connection Material.................................. 196 7.17 Tack Welds and Construction Aid Welds................................................. 196 7.18 Camber in Built-Up Members......................................................... 197 7.19 Splices........................................................................... 197 7.20 Control of Distortion and Shrinkage.................................................... 197 7.21 Tolerance of Joint Dimensions......................................................... 198 7.22 Dimensional Tolerance of Welded Structural Members...................................... 199 7.23 Weld Profiles...................................................................... 201 7.24 Technique for Plug and Slot Welds..................................................... 202 7.25 Repairs........................................................................... 202 7.26 Peening........................................................................... 203 7.27 Caulking.......................................................................... 204 7.28 Arc Strikes........................................................................ 204 7.29 Weld Cleaning..................................................................... 204 7.30 Weld Tabs......................................................................... 204 8. Inspection............................................................................. 216 Part A—General Requirements............................................................. 216 8.1 Scope............................................................................ 216 8.2 Inspection of Materials and Equipment.................................................. 218 8.3 Inspection of WPSs................................................................. 218 8.4 Inspection of Welder, Welding Operator, and Tack Welder Qualifications....................... 218 8.5 Inspection of Work and Records....................................................... 218 Part B—Contractor Responsibilities......................................................... 219 8.6 Obligations of the Contractor.......................................................... 219 Part C—Acceptance Criteria.............................................................. 219 8.7 Scope............................................................................ 219 8.8 Engineer’s Approval for Alternate Acceptance Criteria...................................... 219 8.9 Visual Inspection................................................................... 219 8.10 Penetrant Testing (PT) and Magnetic Particle Testing (MT).................................. 219 8.11 Nondestructive Testing (NDT)......................................................... 220 8.12 Radiographic Testing (RT)............................................................ 220 8.13 Ultrasonic Testing (UT).............................................................. 221 Part D—NDT Procedures................................................................. 222 8.14 Procedures........................................................................ 222 8.15 Extent of Testing.................................................................... 223 xix AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Part E—Radiographic Testing (RT)......................................................... 223 8.16 RT of Groove Welds in Butt Joints...................................................... 223 8.17 RT Procedures..................................................................... 224 8.18 Examination, Report, and Disposition of Radiographs...................................... 226 Part F—Ultrasonic Testing (UT) of Groove Welds.............................................. 227 8.19 General........................................................................... 227 8.20 Qualification Requirements........................................................... 227 8.21 UT Equipment..................................................................... 228 8.22 Reference Standards................................................................. 228 8.23 Equipment Qualification............................................................. 229 8.24 Calibration for Testing............................................................... 229 8.25 Testing Procedures.................................................................. 230 8.26 Preparation and Disposition of Reports.................................................. 231 8.27 Calibration of the UT Unit with IIW Type or Other Approved Reference Blocks (Annex G)........ 232 8.28 Equipment Qualification Procedures.................................................... 233 8.29 Discontinuity Size Evaluation Procedures................................................ 235 8.30 Scanning Patterns................................................................... 235 8.31 Examples of dB Accuracy Certification.................................................. 236 Part G—Other Examination Methods........................................................ 236 8.32 General Requirements............................................................... 236 8.33 Radiation Imaging Systems........................................................... 236 8.34 Advanced Ultrasonic Systems......................................................... 237 8.35 Additional Requirements............................................................. 237 9. Stud Welding.......................................................................... 270 9.1 Scope............................................................................ 270 9.2 General Requirements............................................................... 270 9.3 Mechanical Requirements............................................................ 271 9.4 Workmanship/Fabrication............................................................ 271 9.5 Technique......................................................................... 272 9.6 Stud Application Qualification Requirements............................................. 273 9.7 Production Control.................................................................. 274 9.8 Fabrication and Verification Inspection Requirements...................................... 274 9.9 Manufacturers’ Stud Base Qualification Requirements...................................... 275 10. Tubular Structures..................................................................... 283 10.1 Scope............................................................................ 283 Part A—Design of Tubular Connections...................................................... 283 10.2 Design Criteria..................................................................... 283 10.3 Identification and Parts of Tubular Connections........................................... 285 10.4 Symbols.......................................................................... 285 10.5 Weld Design....................................................................... 285 10.6 Thickness Transition................................................................. 286 10.7 Material Limitations................................................................. 287 Part B—Prequalification of Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs).............................. 287 10.8 Fillet Weld Requirements............................................................ 287 10.9 PJP Requirements.................................................................. 287 10.10 CJP Groove Weld Requirements...................................................... 288 Part C—Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Qualification................................... 288 10.11 Common Requirements for WPS and Welding Personnel Performance Qualification............. 288 10.12 Production Welding Positions Qualified................................................ 288 10.13 Type of Qualification Tests, Methods of Testing, and Acceptance Criteria for WPS Qualification.............................................................. 289 xx  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 10.14 CJP Groove Welds for Tubular Connections............................................ 289 10.15 PJP and Fillet Welds Tubular T-, Y-, or K-Connections and Butt Joints....................... 290 Part D—Performance Qualification......................................................... 290 10.16 Production Welding Positions, Thicknesses, and Diameters Qualified........................ 290 10.17 Weld Types for Welder and Welding Operator Performance Qualification..................... 291 10.18 CJP Groove Welds for Tubular Connections............................................ 291 10.19 PJP Groove Welds for Tubular Connections............................................ 291 10.20 Fillet Welds for Tubular Connections.................................................. 291 10.21 Methods of Testing and Acceptance Criteria for Welder and Welding Operator Qualification...... 292 Part E—Fabrication..................................................................... 292 10.22 Backing......................................................................... 292 10.23 Tolerance of Joint Dimensions....................................................... 293 Part F—Inspection...................................................................... 293 10.24 Visual Inspection................................................................. 293 10.25 NDT........................................................................... 293 10.26 UT............................................................................. 293 10.27 RT Procedures................................................................... 294 10.28 Supplementary RT Requirements for Tubular Connections................................. 294 10.29 UT of Tubular T-, Y-, and K-Connections.............................................. 294 11. Strengthening and Repair of Existing Structures............................................ 347 11.1 Scope........................................................................... 347 11.2 General.......................................................................... 347 11.3 Base Metal....................................................................... 347 11.4 Design for Strengthening and Repair................................................... 347 11.5 Fatigue Life Enhancement........................................................... 348 11.6 Workmanship and Technique......................................................... 348 11.7 Quality.......................................................................... 348 Annexes.................................................................................... 349 Annex A (Normative)—Effective Throats of Fillet Welds in Skewed T-Joints............................. 351 Annex B (Normative)—Guideline on Alternative Methods for Determining Preheat........................ 353 Annex D (Normative)—Temperature-Moisture Content Charts........................................ 365 Annex E (Normative)—Flatness of Girder Webs—Statically Loaded Structures........................... 369 Annex F (Normative)—Flatness of Girder Webs—Cyclically Loaded Structures........................... 373 Annex G (Normative)—Qualification and Calibration of UT Units with Other Approved Reference Blocks..... 379 Annex H (Normative)—Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT)...................................... 383 Annex I (Normative)—Symbols for Tubular Connection Weld Design................................... 399 Annex J (Informative)—Sample Welding Forms.................................................... 403 Annex K (Informative)—Contents of Prequalified WPS.............................................. 425 Annex L (Informative)—Filler Metal Strength Properties............................................. 427 Annex M (Informative—AWS A5.36 Filler Metal Classifications and Properties.......................... 439 Annex N (Informative)—Guide for Specification Writers............................................. 455 Annex O (Informative)—UT Examination of Welds by Alternative Techniques............................ 457 Annex P (Informative)—UT Equipment Qualification and Inspection Forms.............................. 475 Annex Q (Informative)—Local Dihedral Angle..................................................... 485 Annex R (Informative)—Ovalizing Parameter Alpha................................................ 491 Annex S (Informative)—List of Reference Documents............................................... 497 Annex T (Informative)—Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries for the Structural Welding Committee...................................................... 499 Commentary................................................................................ 501 List of AWS Documents on Structural Welding..................................................... 619 Index...................................................................................... 621 xxi AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 Li st o f Tabl es Tabl e Pag e N o. 4.1 Effective Size of Flare-Groove Welds Filled Flush........................................... 31 4.2 Z Loss Dimension (Nontubular)......................................................... 31 4.3 Allowable Stresses.................................................................... 32 4.4 Equivalent Strength Coefficients for Obliquely Loaded Fillet Welds............................. 33 4.5 Fatigue Stress Design Parameters........................................................ 34 5.1 Prequalified WPS Requirements......................................................... 68 5.2 Essential Variables for Prequalified WPSs.................................................. 69 5.3 Approved Base Metals for Prequalified WPSs.............................................. 70 5.4 Filler Metals for Matching Strength for Table 5.3, Groups I, II, III, and IV Materials................ 73 5.5 Minimum Prequalified PJP Weld Size (S).................................................. 77 5.6 Filler Metal Requirements for Exposed Bare Applications of Weathering Steels.................... 77 5.7 Prequalified WPS Shielding Gas Options for GMAW electrodes conforming to AWS A5.18/A5.18M.... 77 5.8 Prequalified Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature..................................... 78 6.1 WPS Qualification—Production Welding Positions Qualified by Plate, Pipe, and Box Tube Tests..... 139 6.2 WPS Qualification—CJP Groove Welds: Number and Type of Test Specimens and Range of Thickness Qualified.................................................................. 140 6.3 WPS Qualification—PJP Groove Welds: Number and Type of Test Specimens and Range of Thickness Qualified........................................................................... 140 6.4 WPS Qualification—Fillet Welds: Number and Type of Test Specimens and Range of Thickness Qualified........................................................................... 141 6.5 PQR Essential Variable Changes Requiring WPS Requalification for SMAW, SAW, GMAW, FCAW, and GTAW................................................................... 142 6.6 PQR Essential Variable Changes Requiring WPS Requalification for ESW or EGW............... 145 6.7 PQR Supplementary Essential Variable Changes for CVN Testing Applications Requiring WPS Requalification for SMAW, SAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW, and ESW/ EGW..................... 147 6.8 Table 5.1, Table 6.9, and Unlisted Steels Qualified by PQR................................... 148 6.9 Code-Approved Base Metals and Filler Metals Requiring Qualification per Clause 6............... 149 6.10 Welder and Welding Operator Qualification—Production Welding Positions Qualified by Plate Tests.............................................................................. 154 6.11 Welder and Welding Operator Qualification—Number and Type of Specimens and Range of Thickness and Diameter Qualified.................................................... 155 6.12 Welding Personnel Performance Essential Variable Changes Requiring Requalification............. 157 6.13 Electrode Classification Groups......................................................... 157 6.14 CVN Test Temperature Reduction....................................................... 158 6.15 Charpy V-Notch Test Acceptance Criteria for Various Sub-Size Specimens....................... 158 6.16 Filler Metal Essential Variables—FCAW-S Substrate/Root................................... 159 7.1 Allowable Atmospheric Exposure of Low-Hydrogen Electrodes............................... 205 7.2 Minimum Holding Time.............................................................. 205 7.3 Alternate Stress-Relief Heat Treatment................................................... 205 7.4 Limits on Acceptability and Repair of Mill Induced Laminar Discontinuities in Cut Surfaces........ 206 7.5 Camber Tolerance for Typical Girder.................................................... 206 7.6 Camber Tolerance for Girders without a Designed Concrete Haunch............................ 207 7.7 Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes............................................................ 207 7.8 Weld Profiles....................................................................... 208 7.9 Weld Profile Schedules............................................................... 208 xxii  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 8.1 Visual Inspection Acceptance Criteria.................................................... 239 8.2 UT Acceptance-Rejection Criteria (Statically Loaded Nontubular Connections and Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections in Compression).......................................... 240 8.3 UT Acceptance-Rejection Criteria (Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections in Tension)......... 241 8.4 Hole-Type IQI Requirements........................................................... 242 8.5 Wire IQI Requirements............................................................... 242 8.6 IQI Selection and Placement........................................................... 242 8.7 Testing Angle....................................................................... 243 8.8 UT Equipment Qualification and Calibration Requirements................................... 245 9.1 Mechanical Property Requirements for Studs.............................................. 277 9.2 Minimum Fillet Weld Size for Small Diameter Studs........................................ 277 10.1 Fatigue Stress Design Parameters....................................................... 297 10.2 Available Stresses in Tubular Connection Welds............................................ 298 10.3 Stress Categories for Type and Location of Material for Circular Sections....................... 300 10.4 Fatigue Category Limitations on Weld Size or Thickness and Weld Profile (Tubular Connections).... 302 10.5 Z Loss Dimensions for Calculating Prequalified PJP T-,Y-, and K-Tubular Connection Minimum Weld Sizes......................................................................... 302 10.6 Joint Detail Applications for Prequalified CJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections.................. 303 10.7 Prequalified Joint Dimensions and Groove Angles for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y, and K-Connections Made by SMAW, GMAW-S, and FCAW..................................... 304 10.8 WPS Qualification—Production Welding Positions Qualified by Plate, Pipe, and Box Tube Tests..... 305 10.9 WPS Qualification—CJP Groove Welds: Number and Type of Test Specimens and Range of Thickness and Diameter Qualified....................................................... 306 10.10 WPS Qualification—PJP Groove Welds: Number and Type of Test Specimens and Range of Thickness Qualified.................................................................. 308 10.11 WPS Qualification—Fillet Welds: Number and Type of Test Specimens and Range of Thickness Qualified........................................................................... 308 10.12 Welder and Welding Operator Qualification—Production Welding Positions Qualified by Pipe and Box Tube Tests.............................................................. 309 10.13 Welder and Welding Operator Qualification—Number and Type of Specimens and Range of Thickness and Diameter Qualified....................................................... 310 10.14 Tubular Root Opening Tolerances, Butt Joints Welded Without Backing......................... 312 10.15 Visual Inspection Acceptance Criteria.................................................... 313 10.16 Hole-Type IQI Requirements........................................................... 314 10.17 Wire IQI Requirements............................................................... 314 10.18 IQI Selection and Placement........................................................... 314 A.1 Equivalent Fillet Weld Leg Size Factors for Skewed T-Joints.................................. 352 B.1 Susceptibility Index Grouping as Function of Hydrogen Level “H” and Composition Parameter Pcm.... 357 B.2 Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperatures for Three Levels of Restraint...................... 357 E.1 Intermediate Stiffeners on Both Sides of Web.............................................. 370 E.2 No Intermediate Stiffeners............................................................. 370 E.3 Intermediate Stiffeners on One Side Only of Web........................................... 371 F.1 Intermediate Stiffness on Both Sides of Web, Interior Girders................................. 374 F.2 Intermediate Stiffness on One Side Only of Web, Fascia Girders............................... 375 F.3 Intermediate Stiffness on One Side Only of Web, Interior Girders.............................. 376 F.4 Intermediate Stiffness on Both Sides of Web, Fascia Girders.................................. 377 F.5 No Intermediate Stiffeners, Interior or Fascia Girders........................................ 378 H.1 Essential Variables for PAUT........................................................... 393 H.2 PAUT Acceptance Criteria............................................................ 393 H.3 Discontinuity Classification............................................................ 393 M.1 AWS A5.36/A5.36M Carbon Steel Electrode Classifications with Fixed Requirements............. 441 M.2 AWS A5.36/A5.36M Tension Test Requirements........................................... 442 M.3 AWS A5.36/A5.36M Charpy Impact Test Requirements..................................... 442 M.4 Electrode Usability Characteristics...................................................... 443 xxiii AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 M.5 AWS A5.36/A5.36M Composition Requirements for Shielding Gases........................... 445 M.6 Weld Metal Chemical Composition Requirements.......................................... 446 M.7 AWS A5.20/A5.20M Procedure Requirements for “D” Optional Supplemental Designator.......... 448 M.8 AWS A5.36/A5.36M Procedure Requirements for “D” Optional Supplemental Designator.......... 448 M.9 Comparison of Classifications of AWS A5.18, A5.20, A5.28, and A5.29 Specifications to AWS A5.36 Fixed and Open Classifications for Multiple-Pass FCAW and GMAW—Metal Cored Electrodes.................................................................... 449 O.1 Acceptance-Rejection Criteria.......................................................... 464 R.1 Terms for Strength of Connections (Circular Sections)....................................... 494 Commentary........................................................................ 505 C-5.1 Typical Current Ranges for GMAW-S on Steel............................................. 534 C-10.1 Structural Steel Plates................................................................ 596 C-10.2 Structural Steel Pipe and Tubular Shapes................................................. 597 C-10.3 Structural Steel Shapes................................................................ 597 C-10.4 Classification Matrix for Applications.................................................... 598 C-10.5 CVN Testing Conditions.............................................................. 598 C-10.6 CVN Test Values.................................................................... 599 C-10.7 HAZ CVN Test Values................................................................ 599 C-11.1 Guide to Welding Suitability........................................................... 608 C-11.2 Relationship Between Plate Thickness and Burr Radius...................................... 608 Li st o f Fi g u res Fi g u re Pag e N o. 4.1 Fillet Weld.......................................................................... 51 4.2 Unreinforced Bevel Groove Weld........................................................ 52 4.3 Bevel Groove Weld with Reinforcing Fillet Weld............................................ 52 4.4 Bevel Groove Weld with Reinforcing Fillet Weld............................................ 53 4.5 Unreinforced Flare Bevel Groove Weld.................................................... 53 4.6 Flare Bevel Groove Weld with Reinforcing Fillet Weld....................................... 54 4.7 Maximum Fillet Weld Size Along Edges in Lap Joints........................................ 54 4.8 Transition of Thicknesses (Statically Loaded Nontubular)..................................... 55 4.9 Transversely Loaded Fillet Welds........................................................ 55 4.10 Minimum Length of Longitudinal Fillet Welds at End of Plate or Flat Bar Members................ 56 4.11 Termination of Welds Near Edges Subject to Tension......................................... 56 4.12 End Return at Flexible Connections...................................................... 57 4.13 Fillet Welds on Opposite Sides of a Common Plane.......................................... 57 4.14 Thin Filler Plates in Splice Joint......................................................... 58 4.15 Thick Filler Plates in Splice Joint........................................................ 58 4.16 Allowable Stress Range for Cyclically Applied Load (Fatigue) in Nontubular Connections (Graphical Plot of Table 4.5)............................................................ 59 4.17 Transition of Butt Joints in Parts of Unequal Thickness (Cyclically Loaded Nontubular)............. 60 4.18 Transition of Width (Cyclically Loaded Nontubular)......................................... 61 5.1 Prequalified CJP Groove Welded Joint Details (Dimensions in Inches)........................... 82 5.1 Prequalified CJP Groove Welded Joint Details (Dimensions in Millimeters)....................... 93 5.2 Prequalified PJP Groove Welded Joint Details (Dimensions in Inches).......................... 104 5.2 Prequalified PJP Groove Welded Joint Details (Dimensions in Millimeters)...................... 112 5.3 Prequalified Fillet Weld Joint Details (Dimensions in Inches)................................. 120 5.3 Prequalified Fillet Weld Joint Details (Dimensions in Millimeters)............................. 121 5.4 Prequalified Skewed T-Joint Details (Nontubular).......................................... 122 xxiv  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 5.5 Prequalified CJP Groove, T-, and Corner Joint............................................. 123 5.6 Weld Bead in which Depth and Width Exceed the Width of the Weld Face....................... 123 6.1 Positions of Groove Welds............................................................. 160 6.2 Positions of Fillet Welds.............................................................. 161 6.3 Positions of Test Plates for Groove Welds................................................. 162 6.4 Positions of Test Plate for Fillet Welds................................................... 163 6.5 Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Plates—ESW and EGW—WPS Qualification.......... 164 6.6 Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Plate Over 3/8 in [10 mm] Thick—WPS Qualification..... 165 6.7 Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Plate 3/8 in [10 mm] Thick and Under—WPS Qualification........................................................................ 166 6.8 Face and Root Bend Specimens......................................................... 167 6.9 Side Bend Specimens................................................................. 168 6.10 Reduced-Section Tension Specimens..................................................... 169 6.11 Guided Bend Test Jig................................................................. 170 6.12 Alternative Wraparound Guided Bend Test Jig............................................. 171 6.13 Alternative Roller-Equipped Guided Bend Test Jig for Bottom Ejection of Test Specimen........... 171 6.14 All-Weld-Metal Tension Specimen...................................................... 172 6.15 Fillet Weld Soundness Tests for WPS Qualification......................................... 173 6.16 Test Plate for Unlimited Thickness—Welder Qualification and Fillet Weld Consumable Verification Tests.................................................................... 174 6.17 Test Plate for Unlimited Thickness—Welding Operator Qualification and Fillet Weld Consumable Verification Tests.................................................................... 174 6.18 Location of Test Specimen on Welded Test Plate 1 in [25 mm] Thick—Consumables Verification for Fillet Weld WPS Qualification............................................. 175 6.19 Optional Test Plate for Unlimited Thickness—Horizontal Position—Welder Qualification.......... 176 6.20 Test Plate for Limited Thickness—All Positions—Welder Qualification......................... 177 6.21 Optional Test Plate for Limited Thickness—Horizontal Position—Welder Qualification............ 178 6.22 Fillet Weld Root Bend Test Plate—Welder or Welding Operator Qualification—Option 2........... 179 6.23 Method of Rupturing Specimen—Tack Welder Qualification.................................. 180 6.24 Butt Joint for Welding Operator Qualification—ESW and EGW............................... 180 6.25 Fillet Weld Break and Macroetch Test Plate—Welder or Welding Operator Qualification Option 1.... 181 6.26 Plug Weld Macroetch Test Plate—Welder or Welding Operator Qualification and WPS Qualification........................................................................ 182 6.27 Fillet Weld Break Specimen—Tack Welder Qualification..................................... 183 6.28 CVN Test Specimen Locations......................................................... 184 6.29 Macroetch Test Assemblies for Determination of PJP Weld Size............................... 185 6.30 Intermix Test Plate................................................................... 186 6.31 Interface Scribe Line Location.......................................................... 187 6.32 Intermix CVN Test Specimen Location................................................... 187 7.1 Edge Discontinuities in Cut Material..................................................... 209 7.2 Weld Access Hole Geometry........................................................... 210 7.3 Workmanship Tolerances in Assembly of Groove Welded Joints............................... 211 7.4 Requirements for Weld Profiles......................................................... 212 8.1 Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Statically Loaded Nontubular and Statically or Cyclically Loaded Tubular Connections.................................................. 247 8.2 Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections in Tension (Limitations of Porosity and Fusion Discontinuities)................................. 251 8.3 Discontinuity Acceptance Criteria for Cyclically Loaded Nontubular Connections in Compression (Limitations of Porosity or Fusion-Type Discontinuities).......................... 255 8.4 Hole-Type IQI...................................................................... 259 8.5 Wire IQI........................................................................... 260 8.6 RT Identification and Hole-Type or Wire IQI Locations on Approximately Equal Thickness Joints 10 in [250 mm] and Greater in Length.............................................. 261 8.7 RT Identification and Hole-Type or Wire IQI Locations on Approximately Equal Thickness Joints Less than 10 in [250 mm] in Length................................................ 261 xxv AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 8.8 RT Identification and Hole-Type or Wire IQI Locations on Transition Joints 10 in [250 mm] and Greater in Length................................................................. 262 8.9 RT Identification and Hole-Type or Wire IQI Locations on Transition Joints Less than 10 in [250 mm] in Length.................................................................. 263 8.10 RT Edge Blocks..................................................................... 263 8.11 Transducer Crystal................................................................... 264 8.12 Qualification Procedure of Search Unit Using IIW Reference Block............................ 264 8.13 Typical IIW Type Block............................................................... 265 8.14 Qualification Blocks.................................................................. 266 8.15 Plan View of UT Scanning Patterns...................................................... 268 8.16 Transducer Positions (Typical).......................................................... 269 9.1 Dimension and Tolerances of Standard-Type Headed Studs................................... 278 9.2 Typical Tension Test Fixture........................................................... 279 9.3 Torque Testing Arrangement and Table of Testing Torques.................................... 280 9.4 Bend Testing Device................................................................. 281 9.5 Suggested Type of Device for Qualification Testing of Small Studs............................. 282 10.1 Allowable Fatigue Stress and Strain Ranges for Stress Categories, Tubular Structures for Atmospheric Service............................................................... 315 10.2 Parts of a Tubular Connection.......................................................... 316 10.3 Fillet Welded Lap Joint (Tubular)....................................................... 319 10.4 Transition of Thickness of Butt Joints in Parts of Unequal Thickness (Tubular)................... 320 10.5 Fillet Welded Prequalified Tubular Joints Made by SMAW, GMAW, and FCAW.................. 321 10.6 Prequalified Joint Details for PJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections........................... 322 10.7 Prequalified Joint Details for CJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections........................... 325 10.8 Definitions and Detailed Selections for Prequalified CJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connections......... 326 10.9 Prequalified Joint Details for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y-, and K-Connections—Standard Flat Profiles for Limited Thickness...................................................... 327 10.10 Prequalified Joint Details for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y-, and K-Connections—Profile with Toe Fillet for Intermediate Thickness................................................ 328 10.11 Prequalified Joint Details for CJP Groove Welds in Tubular T-, Y-, and K-Connections—Concave Improved Profile for Heavy Sections or Fatigue............................................ 329 10.12 Positions of Test Pipe or Tubing for Groove Welds.......................................... 330 10.13 Positions of Test Pipes or Tubing for Fillet Welds........................................... 331 10.14 Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Pipe—WPS Qualification.......................... 332 10.15 Location of Test Specimens for Welded Box Tubing—WPS Qualification....................... 333 10.16 Pipe Fillet Weld Soundness Test—WPS Qualification....................................... 334 10.17 Tubular Butt Joint—Welder Qualification with and without Backing............................ 335 10.18 Tubular Butt Joint—WPS Qualification with and without Backing............................. 335 10.19 Acute Angle Heel Test (Restraints not Shown)............................................. 336 10.20 Test Joint for T-, Y-, and K-Connections without Backing on Pipe or Box Tubing (≥ 6 in [1 5 0 mm] O. D. )—Welder and WPS Qualification..................................... 337 10.21 Test Joint for T-, Y-, and K-Connections without Backing on Pipe or Box Tubing (< 4 in [100 mm] O.D.)—Welder and WPS Qualification..................................... 338 10.22 Corner Macroetch Test Joint for T-, Y-, and K-Connections without Backing on Box Tubing for CJP Groove Welds—Welder and WPS Qualification............................... 339 10.23 Location of Test Specimens on Welded Test Pipe and Box Tubing—Welder Qualification........... 340 10.24 Class R Indications................................................................... 341 10.25 Class X Indications.................................................................. 343 10.26 Single-Wall Exposure—Single-Wall View................................................ 344 10.27 Double-Wall Exposure—Single-Wall View................................................ 344 10.28 Double-Wall Exposure—Double-Wall (Elliptical) View, Minimum Two Exposures................ 345 10.29 Double-Wall Exposure—Double-Wall View, Minimum Three Exposures........................ 345 10.30 Scanning Techniques................................................................. 346 B.1 Zone Classification of Steels........................................................... 359 xxvi  AWS D1.1 /D1.1 M:2020 B.2 Critical Cooling Rate for 350 HV and 400 HV............................................. 359 B.3 Graphs to Determine Cooling Rates for Single-Pass SAW Fillet Welds.......................... 360 B.4 Relation Between Fillet Weld Size and Energy Input........................................ 363 D.1 Temperature-Moisture Content Chart to be Used in Conjunction with Testing Program to Determine Extended Atmospheric Exposure Time of Low-Hydrogen SMAW Electrodes............ 366 D.2 Application of Temperature-Moisture Content Chart in Determining Atmospheric Exposure Time of Low-Hydrogen SMAW Electrodes................................................ 367 G.1 Other Approved Blocks and Typical Transducer Position..................................... 381 H.1 Phased Array Imaging Views.................................