Dental Radiography Practice Questions PDF

One, two, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve. There are going to be twelve short answer questions, okay? All ranging from different points, so always make sure you look at how much of the question is worth and you give me your answer, okay? So we'll start with...

One, two, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve. There are going to be twelve short answer questions, okay? All ranging from different points, so always make sure you look at how much of the question is worth and you give me your answer, okay? So we'll start with the first, the first short answer question. This one is going to be worth nine marks, okay? Nine marks. And here you're just going to have to really tell me what the appearance of these things would be on a panoramic image, all right? And so they're going to list a couple of things on what is seen in the x-ray. And you have to tell me what the problem is, okay? And so you'll have to tell me basically if the patient didn't remove their earrings when you took the panoramic x-ray, what would you see on the panoramic, okay? If their earrings were left on the patient, okay? You will also have to explain to me if the patient didn't close their lips around the little bite block, okay, during the exposure. Now again, if you don't know or you want to review that kind of answer, just let me know. And so when the patient doesn't, so we know that the earrings in the pan are going to produce a ghost imaging of the earrings on the opposite side, yes, of the panoramic. So the left earring will appear high on the right hand side and vice versa, right? It's a ghost image. If the patient doesn't close their lips, first their lips around the bite block, what happens? So think about it. Some light is going to get in, right? If they keep their mouth open, we're going to have some light coming in. So what do you think will happen here? Did you loosen band, like appear on the... No, what's that about? What happens if that, because that's part of the question, too? What happens when you see that radio loosens band here? What's the error? The band is not against the bellic. The tongue, yes, the patient didn't push their tongue all the way to the top of the palate. And so it causes that radio loosened line. And what happens when the patient doesn't purse their lips? Anybody? All right, let's review. They're not going to give you guys the answers. Okay, you guys did this for a quiz. And so you should have an idea of what happens. So let's take a look. Does anybody have any idea? Anybody? Take a wild guess. I think they're going to end idiotic. Sorry, what about the end-tierity? Like blah, end idiotic. Not so much a blur. The invitations. Okay, how can I say it? Let me get the, because I don't want to... Although I'm just trying to find the... I'm just trying to find... the reference tier. I can't find the reference. All right, so what do we know when... So what do we know about radio loosened season radio passive teas? If light is going through, at the same time, you are taking the X-ray. What do you think? Would the area be radio opaque or radio loosened around the area of the front teeth? What do you think? Just anybody take a wild guess. Yes, it's radio loosened, right? Because if any light gets in, it's going to... the radiation is going to pass through. Because if the lips were there, right? That's a dancer type of material. So it's going to take more penetrating power of the radiation. So the lips and the skin are going to absorb more of the radiation. But if we don't have that, there's airspace. And so what do we know about airspace? Radiation passes through airspace much quicker. And so you're going to have a darker area around the front teeth. Okay? Everybody understand that? So if the lips aren't first, the patient is biting, but the lips aren't tight around the biflock. Light gets in or... and we have a dark shadow around the anterior teeth. Yep? All right, very good. What happens if the patient's chin is tipped too high? What do we see on the radiograph? Do you want to smell it? Reverse smiles, does everybody agree? Yes. Very good. And what about if the patient is biting too far back on the biflock? Too far back on the biflock. What happens there? An anterior teeth are blurred? Yes, how so? Biden and blurred. Widened in blurred? No. A short answer. Well, they're going to appear more narrow and longer. Okay? It's like elongation. Okay? So if the patient is too far back, the teeth are going to be longer. If the patient is too close, they're going to be short and stuffy. Okay? So kind of think of, if the further away you are, it's going to elongate the teeth. The closer you are, it's going to make the teeth shorter and wider. Okay? Very good. All right? And so, they'll ghost imaging. The darkness, the dark shadow around the anterior teeth. Reverse smile, patient position too far forward. We'll get the shortness. And if the patient is not standing or sitting erect, what do we see on the image? Slump posture? Well, yeah. If the patient is slumped, what do we see on the radiobrapt? What about the spine on the straight? Right. That's correct. Both Lauren and Ritu are correct. The spine should be seen on the side, sides of the pen. If the patient is slumped over, the spinal cord will appear in the center, and it'll distort anything in front of the, in the center of the pen. Okay? So does everybody understand those? Okay. Excellent. Excellent. So that question is worth five marks. So don't just tell me that the patient is slumped. You have to explain what's showing on the pen. So please make sure you read the question. And I'll see what the question is asking, yeah? And so you'll also have to explain to me for two marks, okay? How you deal with a patient who has hearing aids. Okay? Hearing impaired. So they're hearing impaired. What are you going to, how are you going to work with that patient when you're taking a pen? Two things. There's multiple things you can do. Ask them if they can remove their hearing aid, but you want to do that after you've explained the procedure. Right? So don't have to remove there and then start talking to them. So you want to explain the procedure. So again, most of the time you are going to be wearing a mask, okay, when you're working with your patient. But in this case, you should take your mask off, okay? So they can read your lips, all right? Because a lot of people who are hearing impaired will want to, they'll look at your mouth. And they can understand and hear words through your nonverbal expression, right? Use nonverbal body language, okay? Like bite down, okay? Stand nice and tall. So nonverbal communication, okay? Remove the mask so they can see your mouth move and have them remove the hearing aids. Okay, just before you take the x-ray. And look at them, right? Don't turn away from them and talk to them. You'll need to be looking right at them so they can read your lips, okay? For another two marks, you're going to have to tell me the two disadvantages of a panoramic image. What are two disadvantages of a panoramic image? Taking a pan, two disadvantages. Anyone? Are they great? We can replace them with a format. So if we have a dentist says, let's take a phone mouth and patient says no. Okay, well then we'll just take a pan and that should be fine. So again, we learn says that it's not as defined. It's not as clear. It's not a clear image. So it does give us a whole panoramic view of the oral cavity. But to get a nice detail of an individual or in the area of close up, you need to have a very aproposal. Right? And so it's not. It's used as an extra diagnostic tool in conjunction with a full mouth series. Okay? So it shouldn't be used on its own. What else? I believe Meng is costly. Okay, equipment is costly. But again, it's not that bad. The dentist can recuperate that very quickly because the dental office takes a lot of panoramic images. So we're not going to include that one, okay? What else? The structural image? Yeah, so again, sometimes there's a lot of distortion of the image, especially if the patient isn't positioned correctly. And so if we have, you know, there can be a lot of errors. So it has to be very specific. When you set the patient up, if you have any of those errors going on, we can have distorted images. And a lot of times the interior teeth can be distorted, right? And so we don't get a lot of clarity there. All right, so this is something that we haven't talked about with our lectures. But there is two terms that you will have to compare and contrast. And it's internal resorption and external resorption. Okay? Internal and external resorption. So let's just take a look at this. Oops. Let me see a second. So we're talking about the teeth, okay? And so when we're talking about internal and external resorption, we're talking specifically about the pulp tissue and the surrounding teeth. And so basically internal resorption is basically a breakdown of the tooth from inside, inside the tooth, within the tooth, okay? Internal resorption is a breakdown of the tooth from within, okay? And so external resorption means we have tooth loss, okay? We have a breakdown of the structures surrounding the teeth, like the paradoxium, the alveolar bone, okay? And so this is a direct result of bone loss, okay? And so I'm just going to share my screen just to give you a quick understanding of that. And so for that question, that's all you have to kind of explain to me, is the difference between internal and external resorption. Sorry, I'm not sharing my screen just a second. Okay, can everyone see my screen? Yes? Just a thumbs up. And so here we have two images of internal and external resorption. And so when we take a look at, for example, here, okay? We're looking at this big shadow. Now we know that the pulp, all right, the pulp tissue is here, but this is a, this is normal pulp over here, right? Look at the difference between this pulp and this, all right? So this is no longer pulp tissue here. The pulp tissue is down here, but all of this radio loosened area here is internal resorption. The tube is being destroyed from within itself, okay? It's breaking down, all right? And an example of external resorption, here's a good example, okay? And so we have a breakdown of the paradigm shift, the area around the tubes, okay? Causing some tooth loss, okay? And so this is a good example of internal resorption, okay? This is a good example of external resorption. The root of around the tube is resorbing, okay? We have this big radio loosens here, okay? So the difference between internal and external resorption is that internal resorption breaks the tooth down from within. External resorption is breaking down the structures surrounding the tooth, right? The peridotin, the lamina dura, the peridotin ligament fibers, and the alveolar bull, okay? And sometimes the root as well. Does that make sense to everyone? Internal and external resorption. So again, that one is going to be worth one mark, so just kind of tell me the difference, right? Straighten it forward. All right. And so for five marks, you are going to have to explain to me different things as far as dental materials go. And crowns and orthodontic brackets. So you will have to explain to me how they would appear on a radio graph, okay? Whether they would be radio loosens or radio pain. And again, how they look on the radio graph. And so if I say, we all know what a malgam, like an amalgam restoration looks like on a radio graph. So who can explain to us? And I want everybody to take a shot at this. So Ritu, what does an amalgam tell me what explain to me as a late person? What an amalgam would look like on a radio graph? Amalgam would look like a radio graph. Pick with a lot of regular border. Very good. That's correct, okay? So an amalgam is highly radio pain. It's very radio pain. It looks very white on an X-ray. Excuse me. And it has irregular borders, right? It's not well defined, what Ritu said. Zinc phosphate cement, right? We use two cement porcelain crowns or, yeah, full jacket crowns. What do you think a Zinc oxide cement? How would you think that would appear on a radio graph? The material. Radio pain. Yes, okay? And so again, the cement is going to be radio pain, but it's going to outline around the crown, right? So you're going to see an outline of it around the crown. The inside of the crown. Remember, we put the cement on the inside of the crown, and then we cement it onto the tooth. Okay? What about a temporary filling like a Zoey? Radio pain or radio loosens? What do you think, Harold? Radio pain or radio loosens? Now think about the material, right? You all mix Zinc oxide, you all mix Zoey, right? Remember the little ball that you guys mixed? And we use that as a base, right? You can use that as a base before we put in the restoration. How do you think it would look like on a X-ray, Harold? Radio pain, let's not go very bright, it's a light plate. Yeah, it's less radio pain than in the Malgo, okay? Or even a Zinc oxide Zinc phosphate cement. So it's less due radio pain, and it covers a large area of the cavity crack. Okay? What about got a perka? Irene, what's got a perka? Do we like this? Big, that used to insert them there with the teeth? Okay, it's kind of, yeah, it's a rubber stick. It's a rubber-based stick that is used to replace the pulp tissue that has been removed. The necrotic pulp tissue that has been removed during root canal therapy, right? And how does it look on a radiograph? A radio loosent, but not dark? No, I'll read you back. It's extremely radio pain, all right? So you're going to see a white line going down the root of the tooth. So you would say that got a perka will be very radio pain, and it'll cover the length of the root. Now if anybody wants to see images of this, let me know. I have showed these pictures before, but I can show them on a x-ray, if you like. What about a gold bridge and a composite resin? What's the difference between a gold bridge and a composite resin? How would a gold bridge appear on a radiograph? A gold bridge appears on a radiograph. Okay, and what else? We're talking about a bridge, so what does it look like on the next one? It looks like a radiograph. Okay, but what else? We're talking specifically about a bridge. Multiple teeth. Yeah, it's gorgeous. And I'll have a smooth border, but it's going to be covering multiple teeth. All right, that's the difference between a bridge and a crown. Okay? All right, let's take a look. Okay, so look, this is a three-unit bridge. All right, nice, even round borders. Okay, that's a, but here we have a gold bridge. Okay, and this is a root canal. See the root canal, this is the gunna perk that. And this is a gold bridge. Right, highly radiopec. So the bridge will cover, the gold bridge will be highly radiopec with well-defined borders, covering multiple teeth. Okay? The gunna perk will also be radiopec, but we'll go the link of the roots. Okay, because again, the gunna perk is replacing the pulp tissue that has been removed, the necrotic pulp tissue that has been removed. Okay? Very good. Does that make sense to everyone? Now that you see it, yeah? What about an implant? Oh, yes, we just saw that. What does an implant look like on an x-ray? What would an implant look like on an x-ray? Okay? These are all implants. Inplants, look. How do they appear on an x-ray? They look like a screw, right? So it gets screwed like image. Okay? That is highly radiopec that goes directly into the bone. Okay? What about orthodontics, bands and brackets? How would they look on an x-ray? Dodiopec. And what else? You have to be very specific, ladies. You can't just say radiopec. You have to tell me, what do they look like on an x-ray? They look like bands. Sorry, I like bands. Well, if I'm a late person, then I don't know what you mean by a band. What does that mean? What is it like an oval, a radiopec oval shape? Sorry. I think looking at brackets, not bands. These are brackets. Okay? And so the brackets will appear as square radio capacities on multiple teas. In the milk, on both the maxilla and the mandible. Yeah? Okay? So here we have wires and brackets. Okay. And so you're just explaining to me what they look like on an x-ray. They look like little h's. Right? They look like little h's. I noticed that before. But this radio graph is so clear. Yeah? All right. So can everybody just feel comfortable that you wouldn't be able to explain what all of these look like? So it's not just a matter of explaining to me that they are just radiopec on the x-ray. You have to explain to me how they would look. Right? How they would look. And that's what we did to explain. What's that? How many would you explain? All of them. All of them. Again, but just a brief explanation. Right? Among them. RadioPake. Irregular boarders. Okay? Very great. You don't have to go on too long elaborated information. Zinc Cement. Zinc Foss facement. A thin radio-pake line. Remember, Zinc Foss facement can be used as a liner or a base. So depending, right? If it's used as a liner, it would be a very thin line. If it's used as a base. It would be a very dense and covers a larger area within the prep. Okay? So just very, very brief. Okay. And so again, you've had this on your quiz multiple times. You've talked about the difference between interpretation and diagnosis. Please make sure that when you say it's a diagnosis, they tell us that it's diagnosing disease. You can't just say a diagnosis is, you know, telling the person they have something. It's diagnosing a disease. Because again, interpretation and diagnosis are similar, but they're very different. So you have to make sure you differentiate the point that the reader, me, okay, pretend that I don't know anything about dentistry and I'm reading what you're writing. So again, you have to give a good explanation, yeah? So you should all know by now the difference between a diagnosis and an interpretation, right? Everyone? Excellent. All right. And so, so the purpose, you're going to have to listen. So this is something else again that we haven't talked about too much, but again, you're going to have to tell me the purpose of the following X-rays. What is the purpose of the following X-rays? All right. A lateral cephalic. What do we use a lateral cephalic for? Cephalometric, excuse me. What do you think a lateral cephalometric would be? Which I don't see shown growth. So again, facial growth, more so not facial growth, right? We're not looking at the face. We're looking specifically at the jaw. Okay. So we're looking at the jaw growth or jaw development. Okay, lateral cephalic. Remember, it is a profile view of the skull, the cranium, with the two dental arches. And so this is looking at how the jaws are developing and growing. Lateral cephalic. The ringness of the mandible. All right. So I'm going to open this up too. Just give me a second. Just give me one second. All right. And so the next one is the lateral jaw projection of the raymas of the mandible. Okay. Here, you're just going to have to tell me that it's used to detect large lesions and fractures of the raymas. Okay. Use to detect large lesions and fractures of the raymas. What was the other one? And the other one. Oh. Just give me a second. I'm just trying to find it. Oh. What is it? Oh, here it is. And the last one. Okay. Is this one here? The trans cranial projection. Okay. And the last one. Okay. Is this one here? The trans cranial projection. Okay. Use to evaluate the movement of the condyle. Okay. Just use to evaluate TMJ. You can say that. Okay. The movement of the condyle or the TMJ. The trans cranial. Okay. It's called the trans cranial because it comes through the opposite side of the patient. Okay. That's why they call it that. But it's just used to check the temperament of the viewer joint and the movement of that joint. Okay. Do you mind showing us what that X ray looks like? Oh, sure. Should have gone to show it to her. You may have, I don't remember, though. Here. So, basically, this is the condyle here. All right. And so, here you have your particular eminence and your... Your... Okay. Because of the term... No. Yeah, but you have your... Miniscus in here, okay? And so, this is the temporal bone here. And this is the condyle of the mandible. So, it's just to examine this area of the TMJ. Okay. And more specifically, the compound. How that moves in the jaw. But you can say temperament, debular joint, or TMJ, for sure. Okay. You don't have to give a huge explanation on that. Okay. So, just those three. It's only worth one mark. So, just a brief description. What it is used for. Okay. So, the lateral cephalic for jaw growth and development. Okay. The raymus of the lateral projection of the raymus to look for large objects or lesions in that area. And then the transcranial to look at for the temporal mandibular joint. Okay. Just very, very brief descriptions. It's only worth one mark. Okay. So, you will, for six marks. For six marks, you will have to give me, tell me, the proper positioning of a patient when taking a anoramic image. So, six marks. There are six points. Okay. Patient stands erect. Patient bites into the bite block, right? Properly. Head position. Making sure the head position. We have the proper mid-saggital line and the Frankfurt plane. These are all lined up. Okay. Patient pushes the tongue to the roof of the mouth. Right? How many was that? Patient stands erect, tongue to the roof of the mouth. Bites properly on the bite block versus your lips around the bite block. Okay. All of that. So, just six of them. Okay. And so, you will just have to describe that for, okay? You will also have to compare the differences between direct, digital imaging and indirect digital imaging. What is the difference? Anybody? Maria, do you know the difference? Do you know the difference? Do you know the difference? The direct tip, you should be after the tick x-way immediately. We can see the image on the computer. It's direct. Okay. So, that's using a digital sensor, right? A digital sensor is used to get an image immediately on a computer screen, right? That's direct imaging. And what's the indirect imaging? What do we use? After tick x-way, we need to use app for God's name to transfer the image into the computer. Okay. So, does anybody know what type of receptor we use? What do you want to film? A phosphorus plate. Yes. You have whoever said phosphorus plates and the word you're looking for, Phoebe, is to scan it. So, the phosphorus plate captures the image and stores the image on the plate. And then it's looking through that machine, that little scanner. And it scans the phosphorus plate, clears the image and projects the image onto the computer screen. That is indirect imaging. And that's where six marks. Okay. So, you have to give me good explanation, right? So, direct imaging is a digital sensor that can be wireless or wired. And it places the image directly onto the computer screen. A phosphorus plate is a wireless little plate. Okay, it's very thin, much thinner than a dental sensor. And it stores the image until you scan it. And even once you scan it, then it goes onto the computer screen. Okay. Does everybody remember that? When we talked about that? I'm just going to show you really quickly. Ah, two, three hours, isn't it? Digital imaging. Is this here? I just want to quickly show you the different sensors. I can't remember what chapter it was in though. I think it was an early chapter. Digital imaging. Chapter eight. That's right. I remember Phoebe telling me that. And so, I'm just going to share my screen just really quickly. Again. All right. So, again, a digital sensor has all this components. It's a hard plastic on the outside. It's typically very thick. It can either be wired or wireless, right? And it captures the image and immediately places it onto the computer screen or the terminal. Okay. All right. And so, this is the one. All right. The direct digital imaging. Okay. Direct digital imaging. Is the one that you're familiar with in school. And then the phosphorus plate. Okay. It stores the image. And so, they're much thinner, right? They look like a dental film. And so, these are very nice. They come in many different sizes. And most dental offices will have all these sizes. Because they're very small and compact. They're nice to use. All right. And so, the x-ray is captured. So, you would take the x-ray the exact same way you would with any type of x-ray digital film. Yeah. So, one use. And then you use it. So, you take the x-ray just as you would. And the image is stored on this phosphorus plate. The only way you can retrieve that image and get it onto the computer screen is if you put it through this scanner. Okay. It goes through the scanner. And as it scans, it also clears the image. So, you reuse these plates over and over and over again. Okay. And this is your indirect imaging. Make sense? Very good. You will also have to list four ways or four tips to help. If you have a patient that comes in and says, I'm a gagger. And you have to take a full metal series. Okay. And what are four steps that you want to take to help reduce the chances of that patient having a gagging episode? I don't talk about it to the gag. Yeah. All right. So, we have two answers. So, don't ask them. Yeah. Don't say, are you a gagger? All right. Because that's going to put it in their head. I don't know. Am I a gagger? Am I going to gag now when she takes my answer? All right. So, don't give them any. Don't give them any ammunition. And then Lauren says, you're sequencing. Starting in the anterior and working your way back. Okay. What else? I need to distract. Okay. Disruption techniques will help. Very good. What else? How do we place the receptor in the mouth? Do we just shove it in there? How do we place it in the mouth? What are we avoiding? So, we tilt it for a specific reason. We tilt it and then place it. What? Why? To avoid what? It's a vote to touch the sub to the pilot. Or the heart palette, right? So, any scraping against the heart or soft palate is going to cause them to gag. Okay? Tell them to breathe through their nose. Okay? Lots of different ways. And if worse comes to worse, you can put some topical anesthetic, just a little bit on the heart palette wherever you're going to be placing the receptor. That's a kind of a last resort. Okay? It's important to, if you are going to use a topical, you don't smear a lot on there. Okay? Because the patient is going to swallow. That might go to the back of his throat and then the throat will go numb. So, you just put a very minimal amount. You don't need much on a cotton tip applicator. Just where you're going to be placing the sensor. And it just numbs it briefly for a short period of time. And you can take the X-ray. You also have to list three advantages and three disadvantages of the bisecting angle technique. Three advantages and three disadvantages of the bisecting angle technique. Okay? You also have to list for five marks the five basic rules for the bisecting technique. What are the five basic rules for bisecting technique? You just have to list them. You don't have to explain. Okay? And those are all the short answer questions. Okay? So, review them and give me some really good answers. Okay? Please be careful and watch your spelling. All right? I haven't marked off you guys with your spelling. But again, I know you're typing very quickly sometimes, but you have to look at what you're typing. Okay? If it's illegible to me, I know what you're talking about. But if somebody else was to read that, they would say, what is that word? So, you have to be very careful. Your spelling does count. All right? And especially when you are in private practice, you don't want to make these mistakes at on your job. All right? I should have called this out a lot sooner, but I'm seeing a lot more of it lately. And again, you have to watch how your spelling seems. Okay? Very good. Okay. And so, let's talk a little bit about some lesions. And so, we did talk about some of the lesions that can be found in the oral cavity. We talked about cysts and tumors, how they could appear, multi-oculated, unionculated. And we also talked about the names of different lesions. And so, we talked about a specific lesion called condensing osteitis. Does anybody remember what that means? Let's break down the word. Okay? Because even if you don't have any idea of what the word is, if you break it down in common sense, what do you think condensing osteitis means? Condensed bone? Yeah. Okay. And so, where do we usually see this lesion? It's typically found. Remember, I told you I had one. Where do we typically find this lesion? It's a common area where we typically find condensing osteitis. Do you find it in the maxilla? Or the mandible? Let's start there. We have more bone. We have more bone in the mandible or the maxilla. Mandible? On the mandible, right? It's very dense, thick bone here. Here, it's all a lot of air space. We've got a big sinuses here and everything. So, it's very much very much bone up in the maxilla. And so, number one, we see it on the mandible, specifically where, around which teeth would we see condensing osteitis? The anterior, posterior, molar region, where would we see it? Did you? Around the molar, is in the posterior area, typically around the sixes, okay? I don't know why it typically is seen around that area. I don't know the etiology for that. But that is typically where we find condensing osteitis. The mandibular molar regions, okay? They are typically asymptomatically. Typically, don't have any pain associated with it. Typically, don't know. It's there. It's non-cancerous, but again, it can affect the teeth around where the condensing osteitis is. And, okay. And so, this is a term that I'm not even familiar with. I don't even know why this question is on here. And so, diatorics. Diatorics, again, these are your metal pins that go into the oral cavity, or not into the oral, into the tooth. Remember, we talked about the metal pins that are used for retention. We call them retention pins. But here, sometimes they refer to as diatorics. Now, I haven't seen, I think there's probably a little blurb of this term in your textbook, but again, we don't talk about it. And I don't know why it's a question, so I am just going to tell you that diatorics are referring to the metal pins. They're a little, so we're talking them, right? We're talking them into, yes, that's correct. That's exactly how you spell it. D-I-A-T-O-R-I-C-S. Okay? And so, it refers to torquing these pins into the dentist. All right? So, they drill them in, and they just kind of screw them into the dentist. And that's why they're called diatorics, for whatever reason. I've never heard that term, but, and again, they decided to put it in an exam question just to throw everybody off. Okay. And so, again, going back to your landmarks, you will have to identify certain landmarks. Excuse me. So, if they say, and they give you a list of landmarks, and they say, this is a radio loosensy above the hard palate. Or, this is an area found around the mandible. This is an area found around the raimus. Okay? And so, again, remember your locations, all right? And so, you will have to, there are going to be questions about landmarks where you would find them specifically. Okay? So, please know your landmarks. And so, when somebody is a dentist, what does that term mean? What does a dentist mean? With a tooth? Without teeth. That's right. And so, when somebody who doesn't have any teeth, we can typically take x-rays, periapocals, of the area. But we typically are not, like, the full-mouth series between somebody who has teeth in their mouth and somebody who doesn't have teeth in their mouth are slightly different. And so, we know that for a typical full-mouth series, there are 18 films, right? We take 18 x-rays, right? All around the mouth. But for somebody who is a dentist who doesn't have that many teeth, the typical amount of x-rays that we take are usually about 14. And so, what is the discrepancy? What is the difference? What x-rays are missing? What x-rays do you think would be missing in a full-mouth series for somebody who is a dentist? My drink? Yeah! Okay. The bywings. And so, there's the discrepancy, right? So, instead of 18 films, you're going to take 14. Minus the four bywings, yeah? Be pretty silly if we took bifurcans off the position. It was a dentist. All right? So, those are the ones that you would avoid. So, again, just the proper care of sensors. Do we swipe sensors with our disinfecting wipes? No. What do we use instead? What do we wear here? Yeah, we place a proper barrier. A specific barrier. You all use them in clinic now. Okay? And you know how to place them, right? And so, sensors do require to be covered completely so if they have... If they're wired, they have to have at least that little tail, that little extension to get in the wire. Okay? If they're wireless, they're typically in a little just the barrier sleeve. Okay? Um... And so, let me... Again, I don't know why they have this, because this is for panoramic films. So, panoramic film, when we had a panoramic film, they go in a cassette. Okay? So, typically, let me just... I'm going to show it to you on the screen here. Okay. Oh! Okay. Um... Okay, hold on a second. Yeah, so, again, I don't know why they have this, because we don't use these anymore. Like, they're so outdated. Um, it's hard to find them even on Google anymore. That's not okay. And so, I don't know why this is on, um, because I was told not to teach you guys and a lot of analog film, because it's not used anymore, basically. Okay? But... All right. And so... Let me take a look. At... Yeah. All right. I just want to teach you guys to find... Okay. Um... All right. Let's... Good night. All right. So, let's start. Okay. So, this is a... Here on the screen, you have two different types of cassettes. Okay? And so, um, you have this hard casing, um, hard-case panoramic. This is a cephalometric film behind it. Okay. This is panoramic here. And so, this is a hard casing, a hard shell cassette. And then they have this flexible panoramic one. But with these cassettes, these have what we call screens in them. Okay? And so, inside, if you open up that cassette, you have these screens. All right. And these are, um, used to, um, they, they, um, they get irradiated and then these are what are used to, to produce the image on the X-ray. And so, these are called intensifying screens. And so, the panoramic film is placed in here, and then the panoramic film, when you close the cassette, is wedged in between those two screens, those two intensifying screens. So, the only thing I want you to know is that the panoramic cassette has two intensifying screens. One on this side and one on that side. Okay? You see it here as well. This is an intensifying screen, and this is an intensifying screen. And the, the, the panoramic film sits in here, you close it up, and you have a screen on one, an intensifying screen on one side of the panoramic film, and you have an intensifying screen on the other side. That's it. Okay? So, just please be aware of that. Okay. Yeah. And so, just know how many X-rays are taken in a full-mile series using bisecting angle technique. Okay? Now, this one is a bit of a trick question, because it doesn't give you the exact amount of X-rays. So, come close to it. Come close to the amount, because they don't give you the specific amount. Okay? Of X-rays you would take. We know it's 18, but again, the answer is not 18 on this exam. But I think I'm going to augment that anyways. Again, you'll have to understand the concept of the slob rule. So, you're going to have a description of the slob rule, and it's two statements. Either is one statement correct, the other one incorrect, or are both statements correct, one of those types of questions, right? On the slob rule. So, please make sure you understand. A lot of you did understand how to explain it on your quiz, but please understand that rule. Yeah, just slob. Know your landmarks. Where these landmarks are. Okay, so we talked about that. Okay. And so, sometimes when we are taking X-rays, there is a rationale for why we would use a specific technique. Right? And so, when somebody's teeth are healthy, they have healthy mouth, healthy, everything is good, they generally have no foam loss, they don't have a lot of destruction of the parodontium. The paralleling technique is the typical technique, right? And so, in general, most people, if they do, their teeth are pretty healthy, their gums are pretty healthy. And so, that's the typical technique we would use, is paralleling technique. One of the main reasons why we would use bisecting angle technique is when somebody has lost alveolar bone. Right? When there is a significant amount of bone loss, for example, in parodontal disease, the bisecting angle is the best choice for a full mouse here. It's using that. Okay. And so, you know the advantages of digital radiography, as opposed to the old analog, I got a frog in my throat this morning. Excuse me. And so, the advantages and disadvantages of digital radiographs. And so, we know the major advantage of digital radiographs is that it's less radiation to the patient, right? It's 50 to 80 percent less radiation to the patient. So, this is a huge advantage. And, of course, the x-rays picked up much quicker on a digital sensor. And that's why we get the image so quickly. And therefore, the patient has a reduced exposure to radiation. And so, with a panoramic image, we know that with the panoramic image, they still have the KVP, the MA, and the MAS. And so, we know that we can, on a panoramic image, we can change the KVP and the MA. But the time that the patient is being exposed does not ever change. Okay. And it's fixed. And so, whether it is a child or whether it is an adult, the time that it takes for the panoramic to rotate around the patient's head is fixed. It does not change. Okay. And so, using a size 2 film, how many anterior exposures do we take in total? Six. Right? Three maxillary anterior and three menibular anterior. That's correct. Does anybody know or remember what calculus looks like on an x-ray? How would calculus appear on an x-ray? Radio-pick. Yeah. And where do we typically see it? Radio-pick. They look like little wings in between the teeth. Yeah. And so, we also talked about the dental materials as far as the older types of composite resins. Remember, we were looking at images of the cavity prep, right? And you couldn't see the, you couldn't see the composite material, all right? With some of these types of composite materials, they're not very dense. And so, you don't, they don't pick up on a radiograph. And so, it looks like the patient has a cavity, but there's a natural restoration there. And how you can tell that there's a restoration there as opposed to a cavity is that you see a clean cutout, right? There's a cavity prep there. And so, typically carries isn't a clean cut, right? It's more jaggedy and irregular shape, a cavity. But if you see a clean cutout, right, and there's, you don't see any restoration there, it's the type of composite possibly that is on the tooth. Okay, so some composite resins cannot be seen on a radiograph. All right, so we talked about those air spaces. Remember the air spaces that we saw on a panoramic image, right? The palatal glossos, the glossos, they are original, right? And the nasopharynginal, all right. And so, again, if you break down those words, you know specifically where those air spaces are, right? And so, just be familiar with those different air spaces, okay, where they're located. Just review those. And so, we know that with a panoramic x-ray, we know that when the x-ray through the tube head is rotating around the patient. We know that the radiation doesn't come straight across. All right, because then we have weird looking images. The radiation comes from a negative angulation, a negative vertical angulation. So the radiation is basically coming around like this, okay? And so, the vertical angulation of the tube head never changes. All right, vertical angulation stays the same. It's fixed in a fixed position. So we know that when we're doing periapophiles, the film has to be two to three millimeters beyond the apex or one eighth of an inch beyond the apex, okay? And again, the buckle object rule. And so, when we talk about a periapocal abscess, where do we find periapocal abscesses? The tip of the root of the tube? Yeah, around the apex, right? Which is the tip of the root of the tube. And so, again, a lot of times these are not well, they don't have well defined borders. They're fluid fill. They're typically fill of pus. And so, they're irregular in shape. They're not nice and circular. So, they're usually asymmetrical, right? They're not like a complete circle around. They're kind of asymmetrical. They may flow here and there. We talked about bone loss. We talked about horizontal and vertical bone loss. So, how do we determine with measurement? How do we determine what is healthy and what is a peridontal condition? How do we determine the tube? One to three millimeters is healthy, and then anything over four millimeters is periodontal disease? Very good. Or anything over three millimeters is peridontal disease, okay? So, four and above, yeah, okay? And so, what is rapid care? What is rapid care? We've talked about this in the past. What is rapid care? What does that turn me? A lot of dental care using the mask? Yeah. And so, we typically see that in children, right? And so, what is that caused by? Why does some children get rapid care? What do you think? What do children like to do? What do they like to eat? So, they eat a lot of junk food, right? They eat a lot of chocolates and cakes and cookies and, you know, they eat a lot of carbs like pastas and bread and stuff like that. And so, their diet isn't that great. For some patients who have rapid care, we have a correlation between the bad diet or poor diet and poor oral hygiene, okay? And that's typically why we see children with rapid care. But we also know what is a syallolins? What am I referring to when I say a syallolins? Well, it'll start in a solid very good? Yeah, okay, it's a stone. And again, sometimes they're little, but sometimes there can be quite large, okay? So, they do range in size. And so, how does it appear on a radiograph? Radiopec. Radiopec, okay? And so, again, it's around the soft tissue, typically, right? Because the salivary duct is a soft tissue, okay? And so, a lot of times we see it in the submenitibular salivary ducts. And so, again, they are radio loosened stones. So, again, they are dead. So, they will show up and appear as a radio loosens. Sorry, sorry, you said radio loosens these twice. I just said, okay, sorry, okay. Radiopecity, yes. They'll appear very white on an X-ray organ. Okay. And so, we talked about the difference in the columnators between a panoramic X-ray and a typical periacical X-ray organ. Okay. And so, we talked about the difference in the columnators between a panoramic X-ray and a typical periacical X-ray or by wing X-ray. Right? The tube head. The tube head, the columnator in the tube head is different between the intraoral radiographs or the tube head and the extraoral radiograph tube head. Does anybody remember the difference? What does the columnation look like for intraoral radiographs? Remember the lead columnator? Isn't that one square around? I just remember that the other one is like a slit. That's correct. And so, just know the difference between the two, yeah? All right. And so, we know, with bisecting angle technique, we can, some of the problems that can occur is either foreshortening or elongation. Right? And so, that is determined by what? What determines whether we have foreshortening or elongation? Vertical angulation? All right. Correct. And so, the vertical angulation with what else? So, again, the vertical angulation is very key. But what else did I tell you to look for when you're taking your X-rays? A vertical? The sensor placement? Yes. Okay. The film or the sensor placement? That's also critical. So, again, you can have your film like this, and if your vertical angulation is not correct, you are going to get a distorted image. So, it's very important, right? That the plane of the film and the tooth are perpendicular, right? And so, again, your angulation doesn't change. If your film is placed differently, this is going to change your angulation, which we found out, right? And so, if you have your sensor tipped, either this way or this way, and then your angulation, you don't change your angulation, what happens to the incisal edge? Get cut? It gets cut off, right? And so, again, keep everything perpendicular. Okay. And so, what age would you think we would start taking X-rays on a child? At what age? When they start getting their teeth in? Okay. So, when do they have all their primary teeth at what age? We're at two years old. So, at two years old, sometimes we can visit you. And again, depends on what's going on in the child's mouth. Sometimes we might need to take an individual radiograph. But, when we want to start taking maybe a panoramic or a full-mouthed series, when does extantation start? Six? Yeah. Okay. And so, anytime, if the child is five years old or more, right? Around the time the child is about five years of age and older, because, again, six is the typical age, but some children will develop earlier. Around the time the child is five years old, they have all their primary teeth and their primary teeth are starting to shed. So, this is a time where we want to have more of X-rays taken between that period, where the child is getting those X-rays. And so, we know what assist would look like on a radiograph. What would assist look like on a radiograph? How would it appear? Radiolution? Yeah. Or, typically, assist is fluid fill, right? Sists are typically fluid fill. And so, we also talked about a tooth and its attachment, right? We know the attachment apparatus includes the alveolar bone, period on the ligament, the cement, and give it them. And so, when we see severe bone loss, okay, when we see a severe bone loss, we are typically looking at the clinical attachment of that tooth, right? How, what is, so if we see recession, right? If we receive recession there, sure that could mean, you know, the patient might have tooth brush abrasion or a aggressive tooth brushing. But if we see a clinical attachment around the whole tooth, right, this is where we call severe bone loss, right? The bone loss is severe and we lose clinical attachment, right? Because sometimes we can see recession, but that doesn't mean that there's bone loss. That just means that there is recession or recession of the gum tissue. That doesn't necessarily mean the bone is not there. And so, you have to understand the difference between bone loss and gingival loss, okay? We also talked about root caries in the past, right? root caries. And so, what are root caries look like on an extra? Anybody know? Anybody remember? What does root caries look like on a radio channel? A cavity on the root. Okay, so here we have root caries. Typically, root caries, because the cement and the dentin are not as strong as the hard enamel shell, okay? We're going to, on the roots, we're going to see this scooped out concavity or cratering on the sides of the root. You see it here as well, okay? That's what dental decay looks like on a root. No, of course, this is more severe. But it's like this scooped out or cratered out, okay? It's very indicative of root caries. You see it here as well, okay? You'll see this scooped out shaping. And it's typically around the surface, okay? And so, the early stages of root caries is called cervical burnout. And so, when we start to see the integrity of the cementum around the neck of the tooth or the cervix of the tooth, it's called cervical burnout, which can eventually become root caries, okay? So, I just want you to know, to describe or to be able to understand that root caries is this scooped out, okay? It really just eats away from both sides from the mesial and distal sides of the root. And it just starts from the outside and just eats away into the center of the tooth, okay? And so, we know the difference between what a full gold crown looks like, porcelain fused to metal crown and a porcelain crown, all right? And so, all three would look slightly different on a radio graph, correct? Which would be the most radio opaque, radio opaque? Gold, porcelain fused to metal, or porcelain? Gold? Gold? Gold. Gold. Then, which one is the next one that is most radio losing? After porcelain fused to metal, PFM porcelain fused to metal. And so, porcelain crowns would be the least radio opaque, right? They would almost be, you know, clear or see-through kind of like a stainless steel crown, all right? But they're just porcelain. And so, again, the porcelain is not as dense as the metal in a porcelain fused to metal crown or a gold crown. So, obviously, for obvious reasons, porcelain is not going to be as radio opaque. It's going to be slightly radio opaque, but not as much as their counter parts. We also talked about a target lesion. What does a target lesion look like? It's like radio opaque and then radio looseent. And then radio opaque and then radio looseent. Yeah, it looks like a target, right? All right? It has that radio opacity, the dense radio opacity, with the radio loosent line around it, okay? And possibly the, and then the bone, which is another radio opacity. And so, again, it's uniform and shaped, right? It has a nice circular shape to it. Well, defined borders. Looks like a target. And so, where do we find the inferior orbit of the eye? What do I mean by inferior orbit of the eye? What is the orbit of the eye? That's right, virtue and corral, right? Right underneath here. Right where my eye glasses sit. This is the outer you can feel it, right? You can feel the orbit of the eye. This is the superior orbit, and this is the inferior orbit. Can we see that on a panoramic image? Yeah, okay? We can see that outline on a panoramic image. And so, if you had a patient who was visually impaired, how would you communicate to that? How would you communicate to somebody who is visually impaired? Speaking to them? Okay, how specifically? Using descriptive words? Okay, descriptive words, but again, some people talk really fast. They talk like this, and then the people can't really understand what they're saying, right? So, you want to speak slowly and concise. Don't speak to them like they're a dummy, right? Don't speak to them like that, but speak slowly and clearly and concise. Okay? So, that's all you need to do, okay? Not too fast, not too slow, just the most calm voice in between. Have you ever had people that speak like that? Like, they speak so fast, it's like, okay, I don't even know what you just said. I have a friend like that, and she speaks like, sometimes, like, what did you just say? I have no idea what you said, because she speaks so fast. It's crazy. I don't know how the tongue moves that way, and my brain doesn't even function that fast. Anyway, all right. And so, again, this is another obscure question they have on your exam, which I couldn't find anywhere in your textbook, but... We talked about contrast, right? And the different... the different contrast. And so, we have very dark images, very light images, and we have that multiple shades of brain. Yes? And so, the human eye can see a certain amount of brain shading, right? We can see very dark, and we can see very light. And so, we can see different shades of brain to a certain degree. So, the human eye can only see 32 different shades of brain. Yeah, okay? Okay, so, again, we talked about the focal trough and how the patient fights on the bite block, how the teeth would look if it was too far forward or too far back, right? Um... Yes. And so, again, everybody understands when they would use their horizontal angulation, right? And so, which x-rays, which inter-oral x-rays would it be important for proper horizontal angulation? Which inter-oral x-rays would you think? Just whatever... what would you think logically? What would you think for the inter-oral x-rays? Which ones would require proper horizontal angulation? Hey, woman. Just the premise? I would say all of them. Hey, hey, look, they're roommates. That's one of those trick questions, okay? All of them with anterior, posterior, very apricot. By the way, hey, you always need the proper horizontal. Remember, horizontal is back and forth, okay? So, you always need the proper horizontal angulation for all of those radios wraps. Um... And so, we talked about the pulp stones, right? Um, pulp stones are those little clusters or granulations of bone, or not bone, but the pulp tissue really becomes hard. It becomes calcified. And they get these little calcified stones in the pulp tissue. Now, do these areas need to be treated endodontically? That's right, Lord. No, they don't, okay? Those, again, it's just a calcification in the pulp. And so, yes, the tooth is dying, but there's no abscess, there's no infection there. So, there's no need for treatment in this area, okay? We also talked about the difference between generalized and localized lesions or infections or diseases in the oral cavity. How do we determine whether a condition is localized or generalized? I think it's 30% is local in anything above. Okay, so, typically, the rule of thumb is anything between 10 and 30% is localized. Anything over 30% is generalized. So, we're talking about in the oral cavity. So, again, you have to look at how many teeth the patient has in their mouth and determine whether it is localized or is it generalized, okay? Okay, we talked about that. And so, when can we find radial-paked lesions in the mouth? Do we find them just in the bone or can we find them in the soft tissue as well? Where can we find radial-paked lesions? So, we just talked about a siallolis. Where do we find a siallolis in the bone? No, it's in the soft tissue, all right? So, radial-paked lesions can happen or occur, like condensy osteitis. It can occur in the bone, but as a siallolis it can also be in the soft tissue as well. Okay. And so, we know, again, where the maxillary tuberosity is, just know those locations, okay? Yes, we're talking about the gag reflex. And so, we know what the lateral jaw x-ray is used for. So, the lateral jaw of radiograph is an extra oral image, right? It's an extra oral. And it's used for people who can't open their mouth very wide, right? And so, sometimes if a patient has problems with TMJ, we want to look at the TMJ. We want to look at that area, but the patient can't open their mouth wide enough. They have strict limited movement of the jaw. And so, that could mean that there's problem with the TMJ, the condel, how that functions. So, that's typically why we use that lateral jaw projection. And we also know what the vocal trough means, right? What is the vocal trough? The bite block for the panoramic. Okay, it's not. It's not the bite block. It's a location. Okay. And so, the vocal trough is the location between the maxillary and endabular arches, right? So, it allows us to take that image of the both maxillary and endabular arches, okay? And the bite block is in that region, Lauren, but again, we're talking about the trough is, again, the area that we're focusing on when we're taking the x-ray, yeah? And again, just know the different types of instruments that you can use for bisecting angle technique. Okay, you've used them in clinic, the different types of snap array, the XAP instruments, just the bite block of the XAP, okay? So, when I say to you, I need you to take a topographic occlusal film on Mr. Jones. What is that occlusal film going to look like? Topographic occlusal projection. Is it only going to show one side of the arch or is it going to show the whole arch? The whole arch, remember, the patient bites in the center, the lateral projection will go to one or the opposite side. And so, the occlusal topographic projection will take a picture of the entire massillary or endabular arch of both the massillary or endabular anterior teeth, and it will examine those areas, okay? And so, what type of x-ray would we take for somebody who has a paradigmal condition? If the dentist says, okay, Mr. Jones has a lot of bone loss in this area, what types of x-rays could we be taking? What type of x-rays? Not technique, what type of x-rays? Periapical? Okay, periapical could be one. What if we wanted to see a more overview of more than one or two teeth? What if we wanted to see how, if the patient has a generalized condition, and we wanted to see the maxillary and the endabular in one x-ray? They make them laugh, hurrell. What type of biwi? Orzontal or vertical? Orzontal x-ray good enough to take somebody who has bone loss? Yeah, vertical, right? Vertical is higher, so it's going to show us more of the resorption of the bone, okay? So, we also talked about dental caries that can be seen on an x-ray. We talked about insipient decay, modern decay, and severe decay. And all three of them show present differently. So, can we typically see insipient decay on a radiograph, on the occusal surface? Can we see a occusal decay on the next ray? If it's insipient? No, we can't. Typically, it's very hard to detect occusal decay on an radiograph. And so, we can use a clinical inspection to look and observe front decay on the occusal surface. And so, when we have modern decay, right, it infiltrates past the enamel and hits the dentin, right? That's modern. Once it passes through the dentin and gets closer to the pulp, that is severe decay. So, we have the three different types of x-rays that are seen on a radiograph. And so, typically, occusal caries cannot be seen on an radiograph, so we use a clinical inspection and we use an explorer, right? To check the occusal surfaces and clinically inspect those areas, okay? We also talked about what overhangs look like on an x-ray. And so, what is the problem with an overhang? It makes your tooth more susceptible to caries going underneath, okay? And so, we get destruction. So, we get decay, but we all get destruction. So, we'll get bone loss. The bone will be affected and the tooth will be, the root of the tooth could be affected too. So, we can get secondary caries, we can get bone loss and the recession and so on and so forth. So, there's a total destruction around that area. When we talked about a radio elucency around the crown of a tooth, what type of lesion is that? When we see a radio elucency around the crown of a tooth? So, what is the term we use for around something? What is the technical term that we use for something that is around something? Perry, right? Perry meaning around, right? Perry. And we're talking about the coronal surface of the tooth. So, what term would we use if we saw a lesion, a radio elucency lesion around the crown of the tooth? Perry? Coronal, right? The coronal surface is the crown or the crown of the tooth. So, again, you guys kind of open your mind and think, right? What do these terms mean? A lot of times if you don't know what the term means, that's why you guys take medical terminology. So, you can decipher words that you're not familiar with. All right, so you have to kind of utilize that concept, okay? Don't forget those things. How about we take a break? Because we still have quite a few questions left, okay? I didn't realize what time it was. I do apologize for that. I'm sure you're all going, wait a minute, wait a minute, what's going on here? And so, how about we take a half an hour break? Okay? We'll take a nice half an hour break. I'm sorry about that. I do apologize. And I will, in lieu of that, I will give you a half an hour break. So, we'll come back at 20 after, 20 after 11, and we'll just finish up the review. Okay? All right, ladies and again, if you do have any questions, you want me to review something or go over something, please, please let me know. Yeah? All right, everyone, enjoy your break. We'll see you back here at 20 after 11. Thank you.