Untitled

• There will be 12 short answer questions.
• The value of the questions will vary

Panoramic Images

• What the appearance of different things will be on a panoramic image.
• Problems that can be identified on x-rays must be communicated.
• Earrings left on a patient produce a ghost imaging on the opposite side of the panoramic.
• The left earring will appear high on the right-hand side, and vice versa.
• If the patient does not close their lips around the bite block during the exposure, light will enter.

Radio Loose Band

• Occurs if the band is not against the bellic.
• This happens if the patient does not push their tongue all the way to the top of the palate.
• The area will be radio loosened around the front teeth.
• Radiation passes through airspace quicker, resulting in a darker area around the front teeth.
• If the lips aren't tight around the biflock when the patient is biting, light gets in.
• This results in a dark shadow around anterior teeth.

Patient Positioning Errors

• Chin tipped too high results in a reverse smile on the radiograph.
• Patient position too far forward also results in a reverse smile.
• This shows as a shortness
• Patient biting too far back on the biflock will make anterior teeth appear more narrow and longer, resembling elongation.
• Teeth appear longer if too far and shorter and wider if too close

Spine Appearance

• If the patient isn't standing or sitting erect, a slumping posture will be seen on the image.
• The spine should be seen on the side.
• If the patient is slumped over, the spinal cord will appear in the center, distorting anything in front of it.

Dealing with Hearing Impaired Patients

• This question is worth five marks.
• Explain what's showing on the pen and read the question carefully.
• Ask if they can remove their hearing aid after explaining the procedure.
• Remove the mask so they can read lips.
• Hearing-impaired individuals often rely on nonverbal cues.
• Use nonverbal body language, like demonstrating "bite down."
• Stand tall and remove your mask, then have them remove their hearing aids before the x-ray.
• Look directly at them while speaking.

Disadvantages of Panoramic Images

• Worth two marks.
• Not as defined or clear as other imaging methods.
• It should not be used on its own.
• Require very aproposal.
• Extra diagnostic tool in conjunction with a full mouth series.
• Equipment is costly.
• There can be a lot of distortion of the image, especially if the patient isn't positioned correctly.
• Interior teeth can be distorted, and clarity is compromised.

Internal vs External Resorption.

• One mark question.
• Internal resorption involves the breakdown of the tooth from within (pulp tissue).
• External resorption is the breakdown of structures surrounding the teeth (paradoxium, alveolar bone), potentially leading to tooth loss and bone loss.

Dental Materials

• Worth five marks.
• Crowns and orthodontic brackets and how they appear on a radiograph.
• Amalgam restorations appear highly radio pain with irregular borders on a radiograph.

Cements

• Zinc phosphate cement is radiopaque and outlines the crown.
• Temporary fillings like Zoey (Zinc oxide) are light plate or less radiopaque than Malgo or Zinc phosphate cement, covering a large cavity area.

Gutta Percha

• Gutta percha appears extremely radiopaque and covers the length of the root.

Gold Bridge vs Composite Resin

• Gold bridge made of multiple teeth will show a good bridge on radiograph and is more radiopaque and has well-defined borders.

Dental Implants

• Dental implants look like a screw on an x-ray.
• Screwed like image and are highly radiopec that goes directly into the bone.

Orthodontics

• Brackets appear as square radio capacities on multiple teeth in both the maxilla and mandible.

Key Reminders

• Explain what the objects on the x-ray look like.
• Can be brief explanation.
• Zinc cement appears as a thin radio-pake line.
• Zinc Foss facement, used as a liner and covers a larger area if used as a base.

Interpretation vs Diagnosis

• Interpretation and diagnosis are similar but different; diagnosis involves diagnosing a disease.

X-Ray Purposes

• Purpose has to be listened to and understood.

Lateral Cephalic

• Lateral cephalic x-rays are used to determine jaw growth and jaw development.
• It captures a profile view of the skull, cranium, and two dental arches.

Lateral Jaw Projection

• Used to detect large lesions and fractures of the raymas of the mandible.

Transcranial Projection

• Transcranial projections evaluate the movement of the condyle or the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
• It examines the area of the TMJ and the compound movement in the jaw.

Patient Positioning for Panoramic Images

• Patient stands erect.
• Patient bites properly into the bite block.
• Head position is correct.
• Proper mid-sagittal line and the Frankfurt plane, all lined up.
• Patient pushes the tongue to the roof of the mouth.

Direct vs Indirect Digital Imaging

• Worth six marks.
• Direct: Digital sensor can be wireless or wired, image appears immediately.
• Indirect: A phosphorus plate (wireless and thin) captures and stores the image until scanned.

Gagging Patients

• Avoid discussing gagging or asking if they are prone to gagging.
• Use sequencing, start in the anterior and work your way back.
• Distraction and disruption techniques are helpful.
• Tilt the receptor to avoid scraping against the heart or soft palate.
• Instruct them to breathe through their nose.
• Use a minimal amount of topical anesthetic on the heart palette as a last resort.

Bisecting Angle Technique

• You also have to list three advantages and three disadvantages
• You also have to list for five marks the five baisc rules

Lesions

• Condensing osteitis involves condensed bone.
• Common in the mandible, specifically around the molar region (typically the sixes), and is often asymptomatic and non-cancerous.

Diatorics

• Diatorics refer to metal pins torquing into the dentist for retention.

Landmarks

• Areas found around the mandible and raimus

Edentulous

• Someone who doesn't have teeth

Full mouth series

• Typical amount of xrays that edentulous patients get is 14 vs 18

Sensor Care

• Sensors require a barrier.
• Wired sensors need an extension for the wire.
• Wireless sensors fit in a barrier sleeve.

Panoramic Films Cassettes

• Cassettes for panoramic films have intensifying screens.
• The panoramic film is placed between two intensifying screens within the cassette.

Full Mouth Series with Bisecting Angle Technique

• Full-mouth series with bisecting angle technique consist of 18 x-rays

SLOB Rule

• Understand the concept of slob rule.

Bisecting Angle Technique

• Used in patients with significant bone loss.

Digital Radiography Advantages

• Digital radiography advantages include less radiation for the patient (50-80% less) due to quicker image capture.

Panoramic Image Variables

• Still have the KVP, the MA, and the MAS.
• Can change the KVP and the MA but the time that the patient is being exposed does never change.

Size 2 Film

• Six anterior exposures are taken.
• Three maxillary anterior and three menibular anterior.

Calculus

• Looks radio-pick on an x-ray.
• Looks like little wings in between the teeth.

Composite Material

• Some composite resins cannot be seen on a radiograph.

Air Spaces

• Air spaces that can be seen
• Palatal glossos and nasopharynginal are original.

Panoramic X-Ray

• Radiation comes from a negative angulation, a negative vertical angulation and does not come straight across
• Vertical angulation of the tube head never changes

Periapicals

• Two to three millimeters beyond the apex or one eighth of an inch beyond the apex.

Periapocal Abscesses

• Found around the apex (tip of the root) of the tooth.
• They don't have well defined borders.
• They're fluid fill and asymmetrical.

Bone Loss

• One to three millimeters is healthy, and then anything over four millimeters is periodontal disease.

Rapid Care

• Is associated with a poor diet and poor oral hygiene, typically seen in children.

Syallolins

• Are dead radio loosened stones in soft tissue of the submenitibular salivary ducts.

Columnators

• Columnator in the tube head differs between panoramic/periacical X-ray.

Bisecting Angle Technique

• Problems that can occur is either foreshortening or elongation.
• Foreshortening or elongation is determined by vertical angulation and sensor placement.
• Proper verticality with film is very critical.
• film is tipped, you have to change your angulation.

Children X-Rays

• Take an x-ray when they start getting their teeth in.
• Anytime after 5 xrays are more appropriate, with shedding/growing around a
• 6 year timeframe.

Assist

• Assist is fluid fill often radio transparent

Root Caries

• Scooped out and are called cervical burnout in early stages

Full Gold Crowns

• Gold crowns are the most radio opaque.
• Porcelain fused to metal crown.
• Porcelain crowns= least radio opaque
• They would almost be, you know, clear or see-through kind of like a stainless steel crown

Inferior Orbit

• Orbit of the eye?
• Can feel the orbit of the eye outer
• Superior orbit, and this is the inferior orbit can be on panoramic image

Impaired Communication

• Communication to someone visually impaired means descriptive words, slowly, and concisely.

Lesions

• Target-lesion- looks Radio opaque, and then Radio loose end
• Soft tissue is also radio paked

Horizontal and Vertical Angulation

• Horizontal is back and forth and for all radio graphs.

Pulp Stones

• Stones are those little clusters or granulations of bone, or not bone, but the pulp tissue really becomes hard.
• You can't treat them endodontically.
• Not dying or infected need no treatment

Radial Paked

• Can find radial-paked lesions in the mouth.
• Or condensy osteitis.
• Radial-Paked are not in bone

Vocal Trough

• Location between the maxillary and endabular arches, yeah.

Occlusal Film

• Topographic occlusal projection

Types of Dental Caries

• Insippient (Can't see.)
• Moderate
• Modern decay
• Severe.

Overhang

• Problem is from build up
• Causes susceptibility to cavities
• Total destruction of area.

Root Carries

• Radio elucency around the crown of a tooth which =Perry Right
• If you don't know the terms review medical termiology
• Can decipher world you are not familiar