Media, Culture and Society PDF

Media , Culture and Society Legacy media - television, newspaper - u know who to blame compared to social media where one can easily fake an identity. Fake news is calculated, sent to certain audiences that would believe it due to there known opinions making...

Media , Culture and Society Legacy media - television, newspaper - u know who to blame compared to social media where one can easily fake an identity. Fake news is calculated, sent to certain audiences that would believe it due to there known opinions making it easier to believe. our media use can tell many things about us, what we interact with, our data is collected although social media may seem free, developers are able to take data and sell it. We have no control nor knowledge of where our information ends up. we are in uenced by our environment, now a days it is also in uenced by the mass media. Do we in uence the media? or are we in uenced by the media? this is not easily answered. the silver bullet theory/hypothermic needle - the media act on society like the injection acts on the body, the media is powerful the audience can’t do anything about it. opinion leaders/in uencers - people would know information through these people that grow familiar rather than the source itself. its not what u say but what is taken and remembered, audience accept the message gave to them or taken differently - the reception theory - gives power to the audience. Keep it in the family was seen as a statement that people agreed with when it was originally created to mock. content is the least important, a country where there is only radio and no television compared to a place with no radio and only television. Both are able to communicate different things. A radio is better in communicating a concert while communicating an earthquake is better through television showing evidence of the natural tragedy. fl fl fl fl Technology has created a new language. the material we write on is more important than the knowledge itself, before the printing press books weren’t possible changing the world. Television changed the world independently from its content making it possible to distribute content. The technology makes a difference. we don’t always realise how much we absorb, the world has become a global village, information from all around the world is immediate. Media is one of the structures in society. it is a dynamic relationship, media in uences society and society in uences the media content, technology and structure ode to society and the organisation - content is the least important the media can’t be viewed as any other business, those who nance the media, media tries to satisfy these sources. Without money nothing can be done. media content - news- they send noti cations, the google algorithm knows a lot based on ur data. Knowing this certain information will be shown. The way the news is written is to create drama. Channels realise there view on adverts, changing the channel. fi fl opinion entertainment advertising - Now we see product placement rather than direct adverts, the viewer mostly doesn’t realise they are watching an ad - movies, social media advocacy - pushing forward an idea market driven vs. Normative journalism market driven - journalistic value, something to do with politics normalative - a random story not as much thought ethics - ethical media outlets would clearly show what is sponsored and written by someone else. One writes the truth rather what powerful outlets or politicians want. It is not a restriction of freedom but a guarantee of quality. They are at the service of people not money. the invasion of privacy - it has changed greatly especially with social media the potter box 1.facts - all the facts, even one fact can make a difference 2.values 3.principles 4. Loyalties The media system in malta - our media system is a product of the past Journalism purpose v s , content purpose - it has been around since people started communicating , now in a more Contemporary. The french revolutions those , who did'nt have control looked for information This spread information and keeping people in their and responsibility.. place having a sense of fourth estate and mediator and facilitator between clergy nobility everyone else) · - the (the , Holding the powerful accountable and transparent · objective informed citizens. Reporting the creating · truth , has to look at who the like Rupert Murdoch 75 % around the company people One ow n s owns of the news world , information is power. They don't only focus on the news but lead to bigger companies from video games. As to be Various broadcasters consumers we have careful and research news getting the best angle. and biased. for the media to be seen One has to come from different sources Advertising- funding. understand the background. interest (national parties) group press freedom being able to publish whatever they throughly think without any kind of restrictions. Malta Lies is on the press freedom list. Malta is the only EU country that have political parties have control of the news. All is though we have constraints on press freedom , Journalism worth fighting for Content what into the news goes who's behind the news in journalism ? the editor in chief is the Legal representative and the director editors would be in different Other charge of things : Social media, marketing A journalist verifies - elimination of doubt sense-makers provides context - witnesses - the truth investigators - finding the truth Anyone can be a journalist , So therefore what is news-connected to societies function , we are the news, communication , keeping us informed. has to look at be in One something and judges if it is 'newsworthy. Now the words we use must someones algorithm. fitting into ones interest This is. a barrier , in twitter now 'X' , it is still being used as a source or reddit. 'X'has now changed the way an article is posted - no headline. The importance of images.  Internet and Social media Internet connects people all over the world time lines change social to transformations of social relation change refers we are apart of society , Media is changing. The way we behave in the Social world do of the media changing due to social , we change cause or media beings the dependent way we communicate has changed we are rather on our devices The world wide web , sociological factors everything in one place hyper text hyperlink-connecting one thing , to another AI has in gen changed life as we know it especially technology The evolution of devices of size what people want , a cycle , Social media is this the internet ? platforms-google , , A few large companies Controlling all the media we consume No and various updates platform would go static with constant change Social media free , upfront take data in return may seem no costs but they our to be immediate, Everyone expects everything this is important it changes do to useful data Algorithms , especially to influencers , anything you , selling you something It decides what shows up on ur social media. The human brain process visuals faster then words Students need to learn how to process-critical communication and creativity thinking , , collaboration It is important to be able to process change The lack of human interaction and how being with phones to speak to others we use of our phones , people but using our Going to a social space with our devices , recording everything Address misinformation , citizen journalism getting them to do a better job getting away from facts. It innovation can bring or loneliness , more isolation One has to learn how to use it to better themselves power , - information  Video production Now technology is much more accessible, compared to cinema, video is much easier to distribute now. youtube has changed broadcasting, a form of broadcasting your self un ltered. There was rst MTV. equipment development has also made this easier, go pros, and drones storytelling - anything is a story, there is structure. Even the news, it must be captivating enough to continue watching. It requires planning, organisation and vision. One must have an objective, the drive to share a message and nish a project. it manipulates the viewer, various elements to make the viewer feel a certain way. Manipulating through a sequence of moving images juxtaposed images create different meanings - 2 images that may have a different meaning alone but together have a different meaning. what we see is very planned, every shot and angle ction and non ction these can sometimes overlap - a docudrama, based on real life in some ways, whatever the lm there is always some sort of script written adaptation in theatre, taking classical plays in more contemporary sets using visual language, you need to be creative, dramatic and engaging. Emotion is important. fi fi fi fi Programmes are either pre recorded or live broadcast, depends on the news story, sports, political events live audio visual broadcast production process pre production - before theres script development, nding funding \ anything that happens before production - research, casting, general planning production - the lming, mixing - editing and lming live ending the production cycle post - production - editing, soundtrack distribution - marketing, streaming services, cinema, pr technological meets cognitive there is a standard, this may very in different countries the frame rate (fps - frame rate per second) creates movement cinema has a higher rate due to sound, the early motion pictures had less due to the lack of sound. what we see creation of moving objects - phi phenomenon, Alternating images the audience, colour palette, music, the message are all taken into consideration. Something ordinary can turn extraordinary. Humour is international although not everything would be understood the same or different sense of humour fi fi fi Presentation skills 3 main elements of presentation 1. the audience 2. the presentation environment - how the room is structured, 3. the presenter - adapt, the audience determines the communication, who is listening. the context is important, what are you wearing, what are you competing with. The most important factor is who you are.you speak and act differently in different situations but you are still the same person. you speak with ur entire body - eye contact, hand gestures by which means - ur voice, and maybe a powerpoint or an image, communications context encode the message it is passed on then decoded - everyone has their own experiences, take information differently or their condition effects this. the more you understand the message how we communicate its more then just our voice and articulation, our body language, one has to keep in mind that it is impossible to retain all in normation told to you. The lack of body language makes it harder to follow a lecture. public speaking one has to keep in mind fi Do they want to be there What are there expectations - learn something, be entertained what is the relation, how different are they to you, have different values? level of education, humour, background - culture what are my objectives - what is the message, what do you want the audience to take with them. what is my main message - you can’t explain this in 5 mins but throughout. how can I message my message non-verbal ? what could go wrong? elements of personal communication speech clarity tonality volume accent - not necessarily bad, depends how thick, the relationship, body language irritants - ee, aa supra segments - sarcasm, nuances nonverbals facial expressions eye contact - very powerful movement clothing proxemics - how close you can get to people social / cultural identi ers tribal identi ers - who do you belong to, subcultures - emo… fi fi Media Personal - mic projected - presentations non projected - charts, models gender in communications manel - panel of men what is gender? often confused for sexuality, ur gender identity who you feel you are, ur gender role is how society expects you to act based on the genitalia you have, biological difference - your organs gender roles and expectations are assigned to you before you are born, given a colour and a role. there isn’t even a word for being a tomboy for a boy, even for girls they are supposed to grow out of this. Even the perception of playing football, boys are all seen as straight but the women are seen as not straight. gender in the media things like uniforms in the police department are not made for women shoes just in a smaller size are not enough understanding stereotypes we make snap judgments of people there is not enough time to understand everyone we meet, women are bad drivers, dumb blondes, when we move away from the joke there are serious attributes, blonde women have trouble being taken seriously. Sitcoms based simply on men having to take care of the the kids and take care of the house is there still gender imbalance? how are women portrayed in the media? how are they placed as practitioners? who is behind any source of media, behind the camera? as seen in the lm industry - many people people to create something creating a varied product but who is talking. In awards, very few women even won the oscar for best director there is still vertical and horizon barriers, there are very few women on the top, distinct version of events. Who is the creator, women are often sexualised and in role of supporting the male characters. advertising - we see hundreds of adverts on a daily basis, they are very in uencial - 10000 adverts a day. It depicts women as objects eric goffman - the face theory, women are more likely to be shown unbalanced, they are turned into the object being advertised oto be raltive it has to pass the test - are 2 women in the it, speaking about anything but women? vito Russo test - for lgbt, are they just there to prove diversity or an actual place showing meaning. Lack of representation even of women in lms fi  Video game design lm studies for games the critical analysis of games ludology - studying games as games, digital version of physical games game history - an ongoing research effort, lot to cover senet can be described as the rst game if u consider games as objects you can study games as social communities what is a game different things, with elements in common - can be a board game, video game, sport games the key objectives - 2 approaches - Ludwig Wittgenstein - ‘games have family resemblances’ - describes components Roger Caillois - it is voluntary, something you want to do, achieve can take a philosophical route in football there is a limit, a time, space limit if you hit one of these during something that is not considered a game then it is useless does’nt count as anything. is a digital game a narrative - there are movies being made out of games games have different outcomes - winning, narrative, some games depend on the user and how long the narrative takes content - the chain of events on the other hand there is the discourse, it is different from movies and books as the perspective stays the same yet in games it changes fi fi  Winning is not necessary, photography it is not about copying reality but interpreting it history camera obscurer - dark room - light enteenters through a dark room in a pin whole re ecting the image neckbrace - used to keep people still in these 15mins to get the photo sharp in the case of children the mother was hidden behind a cloth holding the child calotype - recording photos on paper, creating multiple positive. This was done by using chemicals the Kodak revolution - rst ever roll of lm - allowed you to shoot 100 photos and sending it off to develop. DSLRS - digital single lens re ex camera - mirror and a sensor detecting light then catching the image mirrorless -no mirrors, quiet, it is digital the lence is the eye of the camera, the sensor is a rectangle - 2 different frames - cropped sensor and the full frame. Full frame will no crop anything compared to the crop frame. full frame - 35mm lm allow higher quality images cropped sensor - smaller then 35mm lm fl fi fi fl fi fi Lenses Alter our relationship with the subject and the way you take photos prime lense - xed focal length - no range, no zoom, shallow depth of eld zoom lens - can alter how far or close the subject is macro lense - high rami cation, details of pollen small intricate details telephoto lense - things that are far away - medium - 7 -100mm vs the high is 300mm up lense chosen based on the subject the exposure triangle 3 imp settings need to be balanced iso - the sensitivity to light, usually a higher number when there is a lack of light when there is plenty of light it can be lower. The higher this is the more grain - less clear. shutter speed - in fractions, the higher the enomenator the faster the shutter speed high shutter speed - freezing movement fappeature - the opening and closing of the lense, the higher the number the narrower the opening, impacts the amount of light let in light meter - inbuilt in cameras indicating the exposure of the image the + indicates over exposure, the centre is wanted, correct exposure. internal light meters are important when shooting raw photos, the safe zone is from 1 - -1 fi fi Stephen sore - pioneers of colour photography, capturing the streets of the United States. Focusing on signage william egggleston - interested in capturing a sense of place, another pioneer in colour photography, one of the rst to exhibit colour, was quite hated as it was seen as cheap to shoot in colour. vivian maier - it wasn’t known that she was a photographer but used to walk around and take photos, her self portraits, she was very subtle and through her work this is exempli ed henri cartier Bresson - famous for the decisive moment, need to be anticipated to take the phot, waiting for the moment fi fi  Film studies what is the power of lm? the protagonist the shot, environment lm is an experience it makes you feel, powerful emotional experience they bring stories to life, a communal experience they make us cry, laugh. It is a community based art form, which is what attracts the most to it. there is a distinction between lms and movies, people in the industry make the distinction. movie is a spectacle, a lm is an experience. Film is almost a gradient, arthouse is somewhat in the middle of the 2, that attract audiences analysing lm - understanding the way the experience is crafted and how each moveable part can change to convey something new. rodger ebert - reviewer how does the work portray the complexity of the human experience who is the artist? the French came up with a theory, where lm started in Europe, Francois Truffaut - the director and his work can be identi es almost being a franchise. Critiquing lm, as it was just entertainment at the time. the director is the artist, but this is not always the case, but the director is the closest to the poet. many times sold just on the name of the director. the creative choices of the director - the mis en scene, cinematography, editing fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi  and sound. All these departments work together, also with the production theme. The director can be seen as the puppet master overseeing all decisions. In series it is different the show runner makes all the decisions but doesn’t direct it, a combination between creative director, producer and sometimes writer. brings together different aspects together from idea to lm - 12 steps could take around 5 years step 1 - it starts with an idea step 2 - company buys the idea step 3 - development, the script step 4 - development, funding step 5 - pre production step 6 - production step 7 - post production step 8 - distribution sales step 9 - lm festival exhibitions step 10 - market your lm step 11 - distribution - sell step 12 - theatrical exhibition mapping the industry 1- companies and studios 2- funders 3 - lm festivales 4- sales agents 5- distributions and exhibitions fi fi fi fi Graphic design, visual communications and digital arts context is key, even when having a great idea context creates meaning what is considered a work of art the process - creative making it means something different , ltering through our personal baggage, intellectual, experiences.. we have to put experience in context - listening to it in an opera house, to a violinist it is the sheet music in front of them, looking at the history of art cave paintings - the rst initial form of art with materials, resulted from the understanding of the cave men, sacred icons. Performing rituals icons - represent values, using them in communication can be created out of anything, the last supper by de Vinci birth kahlonus Botticelli girl with the pearl earring the death of Marat the creation of man frida kahlo the scream portrait of van gogh beheeading of Saint John las meninas fi fi Pop art Andy visual culture what is culture - set of values, rules and sense of identity that a society follows it is thought not something in our dna. adding the visual aspect to culture the physical manifestation, tangible manifestation, something sensory - touch it see it.. what we see on a daily bases we need to be cultaraly literate, product design and understanding what it should look like 4 categories screen based - anything seen on a device, particular skill set - RGB - colour mode largest category today print based - different skill set - packaging, magazines, books ambient - architecture, interior design artistic expression - theatre, sculptures, dance, fashion.. all the decisions that we take what does it say about the culture that it is based in the most innovitatve designers are those who have studied the past, knowing what is the standard, and what people expect  The 3 steps to creativity the rst step is understanding what people around you did, recreating what people in the past have done. You don’t stop there or it is just plagiarism transform - taking what is there and changing an element, what most invention are combine - combining things together creating something what is graphic design it informs, communicating a speci c message to a speci c audience. all within speci c limitations - nancial and cultural de ning design a balance of many opposites between form and function expression and clarity verbal and visual text and image creative processes double diamond approach the rst diamond - research discover and de ne the second diamond - development and delivery design, understanding - to one nal thing - the delivery discovery phase - understanding the original idea, gathering insights, understanding the target audience de ne - limit the options, identify some of them, best way to approach the problem fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi fi Development - solutions are created Trial and error - improve before launch delivery - when things are launched solution to the original design problem corporate design stationary packs - cards.. editorial design magazines, posters, book covers packaging design all products advertising adverts, clever illustrations normally think in terms of drawing or photography one image can tell a lot, a story, relate to something familiar - books when photography took over, illustrators had to reinvent themselves  Marketing communications - an introduction 4ps - production, price, product and place utilitary vs. Hedonic - needs vs. Wants one purchase hedonic products for the satisfaction of the product - a holiday, playstation the more expensive the product the more thought is put in the purchase the marketing mix represents key elements that businesses can control to in uence customer demand to capture value in return service quality to the qualities of a service, what makes a customer satis ed reliability assurance tangibles empathy responsiveness the 4ps and integrated marketing communications IMC elements promotion - personal marketing, sales promotion, internet, advertising, personal selling … integrated marketing - the use of different marketing communications tool, important that the message is always clear and consistent, and relevant to the target audience. fl  6M model of marketing communications strategic intent mission - objective, what are u selling - relevant related to the objective, give them what they want to get value in return, the relationship with the customers is important - repeat customers are cheaper market - target market - what are u selling, who will buy it.. choosing the right approach. Mass marketing - cheaper for the public not speci ed. Customised - speci c , more niche, more expensive, Net ix.. easier as they have ur data. Consumer to consumer - reviews, word of mouth. the market can be segmented base on various things - demographics, geographic strategic execution message - what do u want to communicate - the verbal, visual and vocal - how the company is represented. Message relevant to the target audience. The call to action has to be clear media - the method of delivering the message - social media, print. We are always consuming adverts even if we don’t realise them. Depending on the target audience. Consider the pros and cons of the vehicles, how much you can control and who it is reaching strategic impact money - how much spent, before doing anything one has to make sure they have enough to fund it. Most budgets are allocated to more expensive resources measurement - how will it be assessed, return on investments, monitoring sales fi fl Consumer behaviour Understanding consumers, the science of selling marketers need to - engage with data - take info about the users to market you with things based on your activity. Predict the patterns - based on physiology and data driven techniques. structure data - excel spreadsheet Unstructured data - likes on Facebook, easy to extract and process why does consumer behaviour matter maximising value - nding the best product understanding our customers wants and needs maximises satisfaction, doubling the value you give them. when it comes to choosing a product , one considers a number of alternatives especially with higher purchases emotional connection do they make life easier? innovation vs. Manipulation customer behaviour buying process need awareness (something breaks..), information search - the internet, reviews, asking around, it starts with the idea we already have in our head, from our past experiences evaluating alternatives purchase decision - deciding on what to purchase the post purchase - weather u are satis ed and made the right decision fi fi The power of attitudes Attitude objects - from concrete objects to more intangible a feeling, something we develop but are quite hard to change, enduring marketers nd ways to understand and create experiences order effects on the object affection - the feeling we have towards object cognition - our thoughts, reliability behaviour - impulse functional theory of attitudes can be the same and same strength but different consumers see them differently and understand them differently. utilarty function - knowing it works, obtain rewards value expressive function - espresso their core value to others ego defensive function - just to show others, to t in knowledgable function - have info and understand marketers can try to sway our opinions perception - how we invoke our emotions exposure - attention - interpretation what truly drives the decision purchase - can be emotional and rational fi fi introduction to human communications a wider framework by our very nature many of our actions are polysamic - have different meanings what we do constinantly in communications , we discuss what we see and hear what others see broadening our views. we tend to isolate ourselves, an engagment process with technology, headphones oblivious to tratraf c. when we isolate ourselves we are keeping ourselves away from expanding our knowledge. their is so much learning that happens from our interactions together. platforms like zoom - assume that teaching accoures when the teacher talks and the student listens. underestamiting the receiver and their response. what is human communication involves indivuals and groups, seeking or giving information, expressing emotions other forms of communication plant to light - a plant will always follow the light, a certain dynamic within the leaves of the plant to turn. this is a basic form of communication. animal communication - have the ability to indivually call out a memeber of the conolly from another. man-machine communicatiion ergonomatrics, studies that have been done to nd out what is the best way how a human hand can communicate with a computer. the us eof AI, fi fi machine to machine communication sending an email to someone, everything is programmed and structured in a way that the messgae will not take more then 13 hops to arrive at the destinatiion. you know how many machines it jumped from to get to its destination. just because you have sent a message doesn’t mean the receipent has received it. all automated, that we take forgranted. there are many other forms of communication, what throws the communications information dissemination knowledge transmission - we constantly absorve new knowledge, with the use of communication instruction - learning, a special feed in communication, where it can be designed to be more ef cient. in this area of specialisation, wheater what u are learning are principles, making it more ef ciant persuasion - the election campaigne, structuring communication to persuade you to give me your vote, advertising - using ur dispensery income on this product not the other. advertising vs. propoganda - in uencing your behaviour without you being aware of it. debate and discussion cultural promotion and propagation - how we behave in a restaurant, different cultures have a different method of catching the attention of the server. we pass culture on, through generations personal and social integration entertainment social contract - exchanges fi fi fl intrapersonal and small group communication why we seperate - each area has a requirment of speci c skills, seperating the different areas of communication intra personal communication communication with urself, ur body tells you when you are in danger emotional and rational, usually at the level of emotions, starts t a hunch, as you grow you start to understand to trust these gut feelings - rst impressions, these messages can come from being rational, prior experience. the mathamatical model inter personal communication interacting with other people, looking for attention, support, companionship, for small groups verbal and non verbal... mass comunication organisational communication intercultural communication sources of information billboard/painting website news bulletin building silent or speaking person fi fi  how do we meseure our communication is it accurate is it credible/believable is it useful is it clear the mathametical model can be applied to the mass media- one source towards many a lm , radio, tv limited feedback it can be applied to social media many to many more focused on the indivindivual instant feedback the message is normally targeted to one applied to video games competitive a communal experience permutations embedied into the program user generated content - UGC applying it to organisattions, intercultural context listening as a skill fi radio production radio transmission came about in the early yyears of the 20th century 1906 it took the world by storm broadcasting a message over a large distances without wires it is resilliant, it is immeadiate it was the only immeadiate newscaster before the internet it enhances imagination, there is an aspect of interpretation, no visual it is portable, realitivly cheap disadvantaghe no visual transient medium - any messages are governed by time - ex. time at 8 oclock messages can be lost, we dont have a ritention ability for sound radio development in malta until 1991 - state monopoly - 2 national radio stations the broadcasting act - liberized the waves and allowed private station setup popularity of FM frequency total of 13 nationwide FM stations more then 30 community stations - broadcast in a limited area the broadcasting authority (1961) regulates broadcasting broadcasting act is the main legislative framework broadcasting law - deals with various aspects, even posting on facebook, there are no editors the basic components of the radio message voice music sound effects silence dimernsions of the voice volume pitch rate - wpm, 3 words per second quality - breathing techniques, nasality pronounciation what do listeners want entertainment/infotainment news and information feedback on radio 2 way process - phoning in, send messages, what makes a good radio script clear and concise language - conversational creative us eof sentance preseant tense absence of bias respect the microphone advertising it is he main revenue there is a maximum of 15 per hour many rules around what is advertised knowing ur listteners morning, lunch night time mostly repeats audio production  conclusion 1.media ethics/ society / culture - helps in the way we communicate, the impact on ethical lines and everyday life. Manipulating through the media - being controlled. the culture of our media usage, streaming culture has affected our lives compared to television programs and radio that are on a schedule. 2. Journalism - knowing how to communicate with a large amount of people at a time. the job of a journalist is able to investigate and communicate this information. Fact checkers 3. International communications and social media - we in uence other people to do other things, the use of ai 4.video production - journalists.. 5. personal communication - voice projection, presentation, you succed when the listner understands the message. Understanding these aspects, the sender and receiver are both important roles 6.gender in the media - there is gender, feminism, how to tacle it 7.photography - everyone thinks that they are a photographer 8.digital games - from actual physical games to digital 9. lm studies 10. visual communication 11. graphic design fi fl 12.marketing communications 13.consumer behaviour 14. advertising 15. human communications - the core of communication, how we communicate 16.media law 17. radio 18. communicating with audio - it has become cheaper to produce sound, with cheap downloadable programs and advanced devices 4 set of questions for each topic  Studying notes-seml-2025 D media and society media , culture and society · technology a day without technology isolates from the world thinks but this is still isolation you , one they are through text It has turned the world into people world wide a global village-connecting to dominated prior to the Legacy media-traditional sources of information , internet with clear sources pay for 'free sites' data We with our changes due to new media connectivity convergence , , mobility We influenced the media but we also influence the media are by we consume and the development of the media political system and economy industry and culture religon laws and education Silver bullet theory / hypothermic needle - media to us compared to taking an injection - can't control it's power from the actual Opinion leaders/influencers - taking information source, trusting them more the reception they want from the theory-power to the audience take what , message, not passive , rejecting the intended message the medium is important sometimes , more then the content the technology makes a difference media as a business what finance it sources satisfy commercial-opinion oriented or private non-profit Public service-state owned media They have special responsibilities - influence values , essential in democracy , symbolic universe Media content - what we consume news-based algorithm on , adverts , financing Opinion entertainment advertisement-product placement advocacy-pushing an idea market driven-political journalistic , value normalitive normal story - news worthiness - objective characteristics of events - this is a social construct media does'nt always reflect reality two step flow that flow of information from the mass media to certain individuals Copinion leaders/influencers)D goes - opinion leaders to the public & Selective exposure - we see things depending on our algorithm , what we follow and like , not seeing opinions that vary from your ow n hypodermic model media is directly alters audience behaviour linear communication passive audience -. , uses and gratification-media is seen a s a product and as consumers we pick what satisfies our needs media text is encoded to be decoded the audience interpret reception theory by it - - Diffusion of innovations the pattern and speed in which new ideas , practices , or products spread through a population persuasion - decision - implementation - Confirmation Agenda setting - knowing how much importance to give  The spiral of silence share their Understanding the environment and the majorities opinion, deciding if one should openly opinion. Cultivation theory - accepting certain things and disapproving about others , very culture dependent. Media ethics doesn't restrict freedom but of guarantee quality Showingclearly what is sponsored and written by someone else serving people not money potter box holistic approach relationship between law and media ethics facts-values- principles loyalties - ↓ everything has to be included 13 national FM radio channels regulators the broadcasting authority regulates the Content - broadcasting The Malta Communications Authority regulates networks , services of the broadcasting and web media Journalism purpose vs. Context purpose information is power , spreading it - fourth estate - is the mediator and facilitator It holds the powerful accountable Reporting the objective truth , creating informed citizens fact checking is important it is rigorous process editorial and legal - a , has to do their and One own fact checking checking multiple , sources even who owns the news Advertising product placement -  We have freedom of press controlled by political parties the to educate citizens purpose portal - Content what into the news goes editor in Chief-Legal representative and the director having different editors for different things abeal to di investigator being - - Journalist-witnesses the truth verify trut the sense-makers provides context/values T timely R relevent Anyone can take up the role of journalists U unusual - ↑ tension therefor it is important to judge what is newsworthy I human interest communication keeps us informed Social media changed how we consume news - importance of images , lack of headlines Many news agencies rely on Social media to Spread Internet and Social media