Asepsis FON 2.pptx.pptx

ASEPSIS AND INFECTION CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE II (NSC 202) BY MONISOLA OMISHAKIN  Introduction  An infection is the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found.  Such a microorganism is called an infectious agent.  If the microorganism...

ASEPSIS AND INFECTION CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE II (NSC 202) BY MONISOLA OMISHAKIN  Introduction  An infection is the growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not usually found.  Such a microorganism is called an infectious agent.  If the microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease, the infection is called asymptomatic or subclinical. Some subclinical infections can cause considerable damage.  For example, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in a pregnant woman can lead to significant disease in the unborn child.  A detectable alteration in normal tissue function, however, is called disease.  Introduction cont’d  Microorganisms vary in their virulence (i.e., their ability to produce disease).  Microorganisms also vary in the severity of the diseases they produce and their degree of communicability.  For example, the common cold virus is less severe but more readily transmitted than the bacillus that causes leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae).  If the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or as an airborne infection, the resulting condition is called a communicable disease.  Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease; thus, a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease.  Many microorganisms that are normally harmless can cause disease under certain circumstances.  Asepsis  Asepsis is the freedom from disease-causing microorganisms.  To decrease the possibility of transferring microorganisms from one place to another, aseptic technique is used.  The two basic types of asepsis are medical and surgical.  Medical asepsis includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms.  In medical asepsis, objects are referred to as clean, which means the absence of almost all Asepsis cont’d  Surgical asepsis, or sterile technique, refers to those practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms; it includes practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores (microscopic dormant structures formed by some pathogens that are very hardy and often survive common cleaning techniques).  Surgical asepsis is used for all procedures involving the sterile areas of the body.  Sepsis is the condition in which acute organ dysfunction occurs secondary to infection.  There are also acute and chronic infections.  Acute infections generally appear suddenly or last a short time.  Asepsis cont’d  Colonization is the process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora.  Infection occurs when newly introduced or resident microorganisms succeed in invading a part of the body where the host’s defense mechanisms are ineffective and the pathogen causes tissue damage.  The infection becomes a disease when the signs and symptoms of the infection are unique and can be differentiated from other conditions.  Infections can be local or systemic.  A local infection is limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.  If the microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body, the infection is a systemic infection.  When a culture of the person’s blood reveals microorganisms, the condition is called bacteremia.  NOSOCOMIAL AND HEALTH CARE– ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS  Nosocomial infections are classified as infections that originate in the hospital.  Nosocomial infections can either develop during a client’s stay in a facility or manifest after discharge.  Nosocomial microorganisms may also be acquired by personnel working in the facility and can cause significant illness and time lost from work.  Nosocomial infections are a subgroup of health care–associated infections (HAIs)—those that originate in any health care setting.  The microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections can originate from the clients themselves (an endogenous source) or from the hospital  Nosocomial infections & HAI cont’d  Most nosocomial infections appear to have endogenous sources.  E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and enterococci are common infecting microorganisms.  Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), a spore-forming bacillus that infects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract following treatment of other infections with antibiotics, is one of the few HAIs increasing in frequency.  C. difficile spores are transferred to clients mainly via the hands of health care personnel who have touched a contaminated surface or item.  Iatrogenic infections are the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. One example of an iatrogenic infection is bacteremia that results from an intravascular infusion line.  Another factor contributing to the development of nosocomial infections is the compromised host, that is, a client whose normal defenses have been lowered by treatments or illness.  The hands of personnel are a common vehicle for the spread of microorganisms. Insufficient hand hygiene is thus an important factor contributing to the spread of nosocomial microorganisms.  Most Common Microorganisms & Causes URINARY TRACT  Escherichia coli - caused by Improper catheterization technique  Enterococcus species– caused by Contamination of closed drainage system  Pseudomonas aeruginosa – caused by Inadequate hand hygiene SURGICAL SITES  Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains—MRSA) caused by Inadequate hand hygiene  Enterococcus species (including vancomycin-resistant strains—VRE); Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused by Improper dressing change technique BLOODSTREAM  Coagulase-negative staphylococci caused by Inadequate hand hygiene  Staphylococcus aureus; Enterococcus species caused by Improper intravenous fluid, tubing, and site care technique PNEUMONIA  Staphylococcus aureus – caused by Inadequate hand hygiene  Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Enterobacter species caused by Improper Effect of nosocomial infections  The cost of nosocomial infections to the client, the facility, and funding sources (e.g., insurance companies and federal, state, or local governments) is great.  Nosocomial infections extend hospitalization time, increase clients’ time away from work, cause disability and discomfort, and even result in loss of life.  Components of infection  An infection occurs as a result of a cyclic process, consisting of six components  These components are: Infectious agent Reservoir Portal of exit Means of transmission Portals of entry Susceptible host Review your MMP 201 note in this regard.  Stages of Infection  An infection progresses through the following phases:  Incubation period  Prodromal stage  Full stage of illness  Convalescent period  The course and severity of the infection, as well as the patient’s response, influence the type and extent of nursing care provided.  A person may continually pass through the four phases with the same infectious process, such as with herpes simplex.   Stages of Infection cont’d Incubation Period  The incubation period is the interval between the pathogen’s invasion of the body and the appearance of symptoms of infection.  During this stage, the organisms are growing and multiplying.  The length of incubation may vary.  For example, the common cold has an incubation period of 1 to 2 days, whereas tetanus has an incubation period ranging from 2 to 21 days. Prodromal Stage  A person is most infectious during the prodromal stage.  Early signs and symptoms of disease are present, but these are often vague and nonspecific, ranging from fatigue and  Stages of Infection cont’d Full Stage of Illness  The presence of specific signs and symptoms indicates the full stage of illness.  The type of infection determines the length of the illness and the severity of the manifestations.  Symptoms that are limited or occur in only one body area are referred to as localized symptoms, whereas symptoms manifested throughout the entire body are referred to as systemic symptoms. Convalescent Period  The convalescent period is the recovery period from the infection.  Convalescence may vary according to the severity of the infection and the patient’s general condition.  The signs and symptoms disappear, and the person returns to The Body’s Defense Against Infection  One of the first lines of defense against infection is the body’s normal flora.  Flora helps to keep potentially harmful bacteria from invading the body.  In addition to the normal flora that inhabit various body sites, other defense systems help a person combat infection.  These include the inflammatory response and immune response.  Inflammatory response  The inflammatory response is a protective mechanism that eliminates the invading pathogen and allows for tissue repair to occur.  Inflammation helps the body to neutralize, control, or eliminate the offending  In addition to infection, the inflammatory response also occurs in response to injury.  It is either an acute or chronic process. The cardinal signs of acute infection are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function and usually appear at the site of the injury or inflammation.  The vascular and cellular stages are the main components of the inflammatory process and these physiological processes are responsible for the appearance of the cardinal signs. Inflammatory response cont’d  During the cellular stage, white blood cells (leukocytes) move quickly into the area.  Neutrophils, the primary phagocytes, engulf the organism and consume cell debris and foreign material.  Exudate composed of fluid, cells, and inflammatory by-products is released from the wound.  The exudate may be clear (serous), contain red blood cells (sanguinous), or contain pus (purulent).  The amount of exudate depends on the size and location of the wound.  The damaged cells then are repaired by either regeneration (replacement with identical cells) or the Immune response  Another defense system is the immune response. The immune response involves specific body responses to an invading foreign protein, such as bacteria, or in some cases, to the body’s own proteins.  The complex mechanisms that constitute the immune response occur as the body attempts to protect and defend itself.  The foreign material is called an antigen, and the body commonly responds to the antigen by producing an antibody.  This antigen–antibody reaction, also known as humoral immunity, is one component of the overall immune response.  The other component that also helps the body defend against invaders is a cell-mediated defense, or cellular  Factors Affecting the Risk for Infection  Integrity of skin and mucous membranes, which protect the body against microbial invasion  pH levels of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, as well as the skin, which help to ward off microbial invasion  Integrity and number of the body’s white blood cells, which provide resistance to certain pathogens  Age, sex, race, and hereditary, which influence susceptibility. Neonates and older adults appear to be more vulnerable to infection. Factors Affecting the Risk for Infection cont’d  Immunizations, natural or acquired, which act to resist infection  Level of fatigue, nutritional and general health status, the presence of preexisting illnesses, previous or current treatments, and certain medications, which play a part in the susceptibility of a potential host.  Stress level, which if increased, may adversely affect the body’s normal defense mechanisms  Use of invasive or indwelling medical devices, which provide exposure to and entry for more potential sources of disease-producing THE NURSING PROCESS FOR INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL  It is imperative that healthcare practitioners safeguard the individuals entrusted to their care by controlling diseases and preventing the spread of infection.  Vigilant preventive care can limit exposure to potentially harmful infectious organisms and reduce the occurrence of infection.  Assessment  The nurse plays a critical role in preventing and controlling infection. This role begins with early detection and surveillance techniques.  The extent of nursing interventions depends on the susceptibility of the host, the virulence of the organism, and the patient’s signs and symptoms.  Inquire about the patient’s immunization status and previous or recurring infections.  Observe nonverbal cues and gather information about the history of the current disease.  Nursing assessments include observing for signs and symptoms of a local or systemic infection.  A localized infection can result in redness, swelling, warmth in the involved area, pain or tenderness, and loss of function of the affected part.  Manifestations of a systemic infection include fever, often accompanied by an increase in pulse and respiratory rate,  Diagnosing  The focus of nursing care depends on a nursing diagnosis that accurately reflects the patient’s condition.  The following are examples of nursing diagnoses related to an infectious process:  Risk for Infection related to presence of chronic disease; altered immune response; effects of medication; altered skin integrity; malnutrition; presence of invasive or indwelling medical device; lack of proper immunization  Social Isolation related to presence of communicable disease (AIDS)  Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane related to ineffective dental hygiene; trauma; side effect of medication; presence of invasive medical device  Deficient Diversional Activity related to lack of visitors;  Outcome Identification and Planning  The following examples of expected patient outcomes are appropriate for preventing infection and using infection-control techniques. The patient will:  Demonstrate effective hand hygiene and good personal hygiene practices  Identify the signs of an infection  Maintain adequate nutritional intake  Demonstrate proper disposal of soiled articles  Use appropriate cleansing and disinfecting techniques  Demonstrate an awareness of the necessity of proper immunizations  Demonstrate stress-reduction techniques  Verbalize an understanding of health risks associated Implementing  The practice of asepsis includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection.  The nurse uses aseptic techniques to halt the spread of microorganisms and minimize the threat of infection.  There are two asepsis categories: medical asepsis and surgical asepsis.  Using Medical Asepsis  Medical asepsis techniques are used continuously both within and outside health agencies. The transfer of pathogens from person to person can be decreased by limiting the dissemination of pathogens.  The most practical way to accomplish this is through the use of barriers that prevent common vehicles from transmitting the pathogens.  Barriers are ways to decrease the spread of pathogens and include hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and other barrier techniques.  Nurses must understand the various precautions or barrier techniques if they are to use them correctly and minimize infection risks to patients as well as to themselves  Performing Hand hygiene  Hand hygiene is the most effective way to help prevent the spread of infectious agents.  According to the CDC, the term hand hygiene applies to either handwashing with plain soap and water, use of antiseptic handrubs including waterless alcohol-based products, or surgical hand antisepsis.  Techniques  If the healthcare worker’s hands are not visibly soiled, alcohol-based handrubs are recommended because they save time, do not require a sink, are easy to use, reduce bacterial count, and efficiently kill many fungi and viruses on the hands.  In these situations, an alcohol-based handrub can be used to decontaminate hands in the following clinical situations:  Before and after direct contact with patients  Before and after using gloves  Before inserting urinary catheters, peripheral vascular catheters, or invasive devices that do not require surgical placement  If moving from a contaminated body site to a clean body site during  Preventing Healthcare- Associated Infections  To address HAIs, healthcare agencies have found the following measures to be successful in reducing their incidence:  Instituting constant surveillance by infection-control committees and nurse epidemiologists.  Their work can reduce infections significantly when aggressive control measures are initiated based on their findings.  Having written infection-prevention practices for all agency personnel.  Adherence to hand hygiene recommendations and infection-control precaution techniques can prevent many HAIs.  Using practices to promote and keep patients in the best possible physical condition.  STERILIZING AND DISINFECTING  Cleansing, disinfection, and sterilization help to break the cycle of infection and prevent disease.  Healthcare agencies usually maintain a central supply unit where most reusable equipment is cleaned, kept in good working order, and sterilized as indicated.  Disinfection destroys all pathogenic organisms except spores; sterilization destroys all microorganisms, including spores.  Disinfection can be used when preparing the skin for a procedure or cleaning a piece of equipment that does not enter a sterile body part.  Sterilization is usually performed on equipment that is entering a sterile portion of the body.  Disinfection and sterilization of contaminated or infected  Factors influencing the choice of sterilization and disinfection methods Nature of organisms present: The CDC recommends that all supplies, linens, and equipment in a healthcare setting should be treated as if the patient were infectious. Some organisms are easily destroyed, whereas others can withstand certain common sterilization and disinfection methods. Number of organisms present: The more organisms present on an item, the longer it takes to destroy them. Type of equipment: Equipment with small lumens, crevices, or joints requires special care. Certain articles that may be damaged by various sterilization and disinfection methods require special handling. Intended use of equipment: The need for medical or surgical asepsis influences the preparation and cleaning of equipment. Available means for sterilization and disinfection: The choice of chemical or physical means of sterilization and disinfection depends on the nature and number of organisms, the type and intended use of the equipment, and the availability and practicality of the means. Time: Time is a key factor when sterilizing or disinfecting articles.  Methods of sterilization  Moist Heat: To sterilize with moist heat (such as with an autoclave), steam under pressure is used because it attains temperatures higher than the boiling point.  Gas: Ethylene oxide gas destroys microorganisms by interfering with their metabolic processes. It is also effective against spores. Its advantages are good penetration and effectiveness for heat- sensitive items. Its major disadvantage is its toxicity to humans.  Boiling Water: This is the most practical and inexpensive method for sterilizing in the home. The main disadvantage is that spores and some viruses  Methods of sterilization cont’d  Radiation: Both ionizing (such as alpha, beta, and x-rays) and nonionizing (ultraviolet light) radiation are used for disinfection and sterilization. The main drawback to ultraviolet light is that the rays do not penetrate deeply.  Chemical solutions: Generally used for instrument and equipment disinfection and for housekeeping disinfection. Chlorines are useful for disinfecting water and for housekeeping purposes. A solution of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) in a 1:100 dilution effectively inactivates human  Infection Prevention and Control The following techniques are recommended for cleaning equipment:  Wear waterproof gloves at all times.  Rinse the articles first with cold running water to remove organic material. Heat coagulates certain organic material, which makes removal more difficult.  Wash the articles, after rinsing them, in warm water that contains detergent or soap. The combination of warm water and soap facilitates emulsification and removal of dirt and debris.  Use a brush with stiff bristles, as indicated, to clean the articles thoroughly.  Friction aids in the removal of organisms and debris from difficult-to-reach areas.  Rinse and dry the article thoroughly. USING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES  Healthcare agencies must provide employees with the equipment and supplies necessary to minimize or prevent exposure to infectious material.  This personal protective equipment (PPE) includes gloves, gowns, masks, and protective eye gear.  USING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES CONT’D Gloves  Gloves, not a substitute for good hand hygiene, are worn only once and discarded appropriately according to agency policy.  Then hands are thoroughly decontaminated with meticulous hand hygiene.  Each patient interaction requires a clean pair of gloves, and some care activities for an individual patient may necessitate changing gloves more than once.  Gloves should always be changed prior to moving from a contaminated task to a clean one.  When care activities do not involve the possibility of soilage of hands with body fluids, gloves are not necessary.  While wearing gloves, never do the following: leave the patient’s room (unless transporting a contaminated item or a patient requiring transmission-based precautions), write in the patient’s chart, or use the computer keyboard or telephone in the nurses’ station.  Also, healthcare workers should not touch their pagers or cell phones without performing good hand hygiene first.  USING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES CONT’D  GOWNS  Gowns are usually worn to prevent soiling of the healthcare worker’s clothing by the patient’s blood and body fluids.  They provide barrier protection and are donned immediately before entering the patient’s room.  Individual gown technique is recommended; this means that a gown is worn only once and is then discarded appropriately according to agency policy.  A waterproof or impervious gown is used if there is an increased likelihood of contact with the patient’s blood or body fluids.   USING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES CONT’D  Masks- Masks help prevent the wearer from inhaling large-particle aerosols, which usually travel short distances (about 3 feet), and small-particle droplet nuclei, which can remain suspended in the air and travel longer distances.  Masks also discourage the wearer from touching the eyes, nose, and mouth, thus limiting contact of organisms with mucous membranes.  In some instances, all personnel and all the patient’s visitors wear masks; in other situations, a patient requiring specific precautions wears the mask when transported outside his or her room to protect healthcare personnel and other patients from any exposure to pathogens. USING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES CONT’D  A mask is worn only once and never lowered around the neck and then brought back over the mouth and nose for reuse.  According to CDC guidelines, either a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter respirator or N95 respirator must be worn when entering the room of a patient with known or suspected tuberculosis.  The respirators filter inspired air, whereas surgical masks filter only expired air. Caregivers have expressed difficulty wearing the HEPA-style respirator for extended periods of time, but the N95 respirator, which is designed to filter out particles as small as 1 mcm with 95% efficiency, fits more comfortably against the face  USING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES CONT’D Protective Eyewear  Protective eyewear, such as goggles or a face shield, must be available whenever there is a risk of contaminating the mucous membranes of the eyes.  For example, suctioning a tracheostomy or assisting with an invasive procedure that may result in splattering of blood or other body fluids requires protection for the caregiver.  Plain glasses are unacceptable because side shields are required.  HANDLING AND DISPOSING OF SUPPLIES  Used equipment may be disposed of after use or, if reusable, bagged according to agency policy, sent to a central cleaning area, and sterilized or disinfected.  Double bagging may be required if the single bag is not secure or is soiled on the outside.  A contaminated item must never be used for another patient.  Double bagging of trash and linen is usually needed only if the outside of the bag is visibly soiled. Some linen bags are soluble and dissolve in hot water, making it unnecessary for workers to handle the contaminated linen.  HANDLING AND DISPOSING OF SUPPLIES CONT’D  When collecting a specimen, take care to prevent the outside of the container from becoming contaminated with any secretions or body fluids.  Place all laboratory specimens in plastic bags and seal the bags to prevent leakage during transportation.  A bag marked “BIOHAZARDS” is used to dispose of trash that contains liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infective material (OPIM), trash contaminated with blood or OPIM that would release these substances if compressed, and trash that is caked with dried blood or OPIM and is capable of releasing these materials during handling.  Standard precautions  Standard precautions: precautions used in the care of all hospitalized individuals regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status.  These precautions apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat (whether or not blood is present or visible), non-intact skin, and mucous membranes.  New additions here are Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette, safe injection practices, and directions to use a mask when performing high-risk prolonged procedures involving spinal canal punctures.  Transmission-based precautions  Transmission-based precautions: precautions used in addition to standard precautions for patients in hospitals with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes.  Don personal protective equipment (PPE) when entering the room of a patient on contact or droplet precautions.  The CDC continues to recommend the use of puncture-resistant containers for disposal of all needles and sharps.  Since most needlestick injuries occur during recapping, never recap needles.  Those who are immunosuppressed more often than not become infected by organisms harboured in their own bodies, rather than by pathogens present in the environment or transmitted from other people.  As with all patients, standard precautions are required, but some additional measures are helpful when a patient’s ability to withstand any bacterial invasion is compromised.  Recommendations in this situation include the following:  Ensure that caregiver is healthy.  Restrict visits from friends and family members who have colds or contagious illnesses.  Avoid collection of standing water in the room (e.g., with flowers or in humidifiers) to prevent bacteria typically found in this water.  Surgical asepsis techniques  Surgical asepsis techniques, used regularly in the operating room, labor and delivery areas, and certain diagnostic testing areas, are also used by the nurse at the patient’s bedside.  Procedures that involve the insertion of a urinary catheter, sterile dressing changes, or preparing an injectable medication are examples of surgical asepsis techniques.  An object is considered sterile when all microorganisms, including pathogens and spores, have been destroyed.  For example, the needle for an injection must be handled so that it is sterile when inserted into a patient.  Sterile forceps or gloves are used to handle sterile dressings to protect against contamination.  Surgical asepsis techniques cont’d OPENING A STERILE PACKAGE AND PREPARING A STERILE FIELD  Commercially prepared sterile items may be sealed in paper or packaged in plastic containers.  Sterile packages may be opened on a flat surface or while held in the hands.  A sterile item should be covered if it is not used immediately.  Reapply the cover by touching only the outside of the wrapper and reversing the opening order POURING STERILE SOLUTIONS  Care is necessary when pouring sterile liquids onto a sterile dressing or into a sterile basin.  The outer surfaces of the bottle and cap are considered unsterile, whereas the inside areas and the solution are considered sterile.  After a solution has been opened, the outer bottle should be labelled and dated if it is to be reused.  Most solutions are considered sterile for 24 hours after they are opened.   Surgical asepsis techniques cont’d ADDING STERILE SUPPLIES TO A STERILE FIELD  After establishing a sterile field, it may be necessary to add items such as instruments or additional supplies to the sterile field.  Once a sterile field is established, objects on a field may be handled only by using sterile forceps or with hands wearing sterile gloves. PUTTING ON STERILE GLOVES  Sterile gloves are donned in a way that allows only the inside of the gloves to come in contact with the hands.  After the gloves are on, only sterile items may be handled with the sterile-gloved hands. Careful removal of the gloves reduces any hand contact with contaminated materials.  Good hand hygiene technique before and after putting on sterile gloves is imperative.  Surgical asepsis techniques cont’d POSITIONING A STERILE DRAPE  The sterile drape, which ideally is waterproof, may be used to extend the sterile working area.  Using sterile gloves allows the nurse to handle the entire drape surface.  For protection when positioning, fold the upper edges of the drape  over the sterile-gloved hands.  When sterile gloves are not worn, the nurse can touch only the outer 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the drape.  Use caution when gently shaking the drape open so as not to touch one’s clothing or an unsterile object. Hold the drape by the 1-inch upper edge and position the drape over the desired area. Reporting Accidental Exposure  Nurses are accountable for their own safety.  Any needlestick injury or accidental exposure to blood or body fluids must be reported immediately so that appropriate interventions can be used.  Failure to notify an employer of an exposure may result in personal jeopardy as well as loss of  Reporting Accidental Exposure cont’d  An agency’s plan for this type of exposure typically includes the following: Washing the exposed area immediately with warm water and soap Reporting the incident to the appropriate person and completing an incident or injury report if required by the agency Informing the agency of the source (patient’s name) and nature of the exposure Consenting to an initial baseline blood test, if agreeable, to determine personal HIV and HBV status, with repeat blood testing 6 weeks after exposure and at 3-month, 6- month, and 1-year intervals Consenting to postexposure prophylaxis, if recommended, at the appropriate time Awaiting blood test results of the involved patient (with  Teaching About Infection Control  Patients should be taught to use basic principles of asepsis at home and in public facilities. These involve the activities of daily living.  Following are examples of medical asepsis practices recommended in the home: Washing hands before preparing food and before eating Preparing foods at temperatures high enough to ensure that they are safe to eat, the most common example being the preparation of fresh meat Washing hands, cutting boards, and utensils with hot, soapy water before and after handling raw poultry and meat Keeping foods refrigerated, especially those containing mayonnaise Washing raw fruits and vegetables before serving them Using pasteurized milk and fruit juices  Evaluation  Evaluation of the plan of care determines whether the individual’s need for safety is being met effectively.  Ongoing systematic evaluation is crucial for nurses who strive to maintain a secure environment for their patients as well as themselves.  If patient goals have been met and evaluative criteria have been satisfied, the patient will accomplish the following:  Correctly use techniques of medical asepsis  Identify health habits and lifestyle patterns that promote  Assignment  Considering the recent pandemic of Corona virus (COVID- 19), discuss infection control measures to curb the spread of this deadly virus.  Personal protective equipments and supplies (PPE) are important to preventing healthcare professionals from being infected by the highly infectious Corona virus. State the PPE expected to be used by the nurse while caring for patients and explain the importance of each stated equipment/ supply.  Highlight the possible effects of the ongoing pandemic on Nigeria.  State the lessons learnt from this world dreaded outbreak.