The Development of Visual Arts in the Philippines PDF

**The Development of Visual Arts in the Philippines** **The Development of Painting in the Philippines** **The Angono Binangonan -** Petroglyphs are petroglyphs carved into a rock wall in Binangonan, Rizal, Philippines. It consists of 127 human and animal figures engraved on the rockwall probably...

**The Development of Visual Arts in the Philippines** **The Development of Painting in the Philippines** **The Angono Binangonan -** Petroglyphs are petroglyphs carved into a rock wall in Binangonan, Rizal, Philippines. It consists of 127 human and animal figures engraved on the rockwall probably carved during the late Neolithic, or before 2000 BC. The historical development of painting in the Philippines may be traced into three periods **(1) Spanish period; (2) American period; and (3) Modern period** Some of the painters during this period were **Jose Dans, Damiano Domingo, Justiniano Asuncion**, and Alfonso Ongpin. **Alfonso Ongpin** Lolo Ponso is known as the first significant collector of Filipino. Also became the country's first art restoration specialist, developing the Proceso Ongpin. THE ACADEMIA A Royal Decree promulgated on March 13, 1846, founded the **Academia de Dibujo y Pintura i**n the City of Manila. **Agustin Saez,** the Director, was the lone faculty member. **Lorenzo Roch**a who succeeded Saez as Director joined the school in 1867. **Simon Flores y de la Rosa** was one of those who studied at the Academia. He created most of his religious canvases using paints. Some of his paintings. Include: - *Saint John the Baptist,* - *Madonna and Child, and* - *Feeding Chickens (displayed at the National Museum).* **Lorenzo Guerrero**, who also studied in the Academia, was a master in non-religious and creative painting. - *From the Market***-** a masterpiece rendered in watercolor. **Felipe Roxas** was a landscape painter. - *Church of Antipolo*- bears on-the-spot studio color. **Rafael Enriquez** later became director of the UP School of Fine Arts. - *La Muerte de Simon de Anda.* 19^th^ CENTURY MASTERS **Juan Luna** and **Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo** received high honors abroad for their works. - His **Spolarium** won him a gold medal in the Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes. - Prior to Spolarium he painted La **Muerte de Cleopatra** in 1881 in Rome. - He also painted **El Puchio y Los Reyes**, **Blood Compact,** and **Portrait of Legaspi** Luna succumbed to heart attack in 1899 in Hong Kong. - **'Holy grail of Philippine art'**: Juan Luna's long-lost painting unveiled. **Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Padilla** -He studied at the Academia under Saez. The paintings of Hidalgo include: - **Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas Al Populacho.** - **La Barca de Aqueronte** - **Oedipua** - **Antigone** PAINTING DURING THE AMERICANS PERIOD In 1908, the group sponsored a competitive exhibition on the Escolta, in which **Vicente Rivera y Mir** won two first prizes for his oil entry **El Sueno Dorado.** **Gaston O. Farell -** first prize winner **Ramon Peralta -** with his **Cabeza de Estudio** won second prize. **Jorge Pineda** for his landscape painting of the site of the *Cry of Balintawak* and **Fernando Amorsolo** for his entry *Leyendo Periodico* both won second prize. **Fabian de la Rosa,** a realist in the true sense of the word, was the most prolific painter of this period. - The **Marikina Road** was a painting on canvas. Quiet Street is one of the impressionistic pieces of de la Rosa. - **Planting Rice** is among the first genre paintings he accomplished. **Jorge Pineda** (1879- 1946) was an acclaimed landscape artist of the American period. He mastered the art of lithography. - Among his works are **Playing Chongka, Lantern Makers, and Alayan.** - Four decorators **Juan Abelardo, Ramon Peralta, Toribio Antillon, and Emilio Alvero** engaged in scenic painting. **Isidro Archeta** became a figure painter. His stint in the Academia was cut short by the Revolution. PAINTINGS DURING THE MODERN PERIOD In 1951, a gallery for the modern painting was established on a side street of **Calle Mabini in Ermita** This gallery was called the **Philippine Art Gallery** In time, the artists on Mabini street became known as the "**Mabini Painters."** Mabini painters garnered major prizes in the AAP competitive exhibitions. **The Development of Sculpture in the Philippines** **Sculpture during the Spanish Period** In time, Christianity spread, and so sculptors turned to religion for their subject matter. They carved images of saints, crosses, crucifixes, and other religious objects. *Ex. Magellan's Cross Pavilion* - The best examples of 18^th^ century images are the **bas relief Estaciones** in the church of **Tanay** the image of the **La Purisima Concepcion** presumably left by Salcedo's men, also in **Tanay**, and the St. John and Christ at the Morong Church. - The well-carved images and ornamentations in **The Patio Of San Agustin Church** were of Baroque art They were done mostly in the 18^th^ century. - *Ex. Detail of San Agustin Church Door* - **Sculpture during the American Period** - *The **monuments of Jose Rizal** were constructed in plazas all over the archipelago.* - In 1905, a full-figure monument was undertaken by Ramon Martinez. The monument was erected at the site of the **"Cry of Balintawak"** in honor of Andres Bonifacio. Popularly known as **Bonifacio Monument.** *Ex. Monument of the Heroes in 1696.* At the turn of the second decade, an international competition for the design of a Rizal monument was held. **Carlos Noli**, an Italian sculptor, won first prize. - In **Naga City** are the impressive monuments of the fifteen martyrs (**Quince Martires)**, located at the Quince Martires Plaza. - The *15 martyr*s are carved in bas relief on 15 medallions around the sub-vase. Four vases with female figures holding electric bulbs surround the monument The monument bears the following inscription: "*El Pueblo de Camarines Sur a sus Quince Martires"* - In the Cebu City plaza, Rizal is depicted writing his **"Last Farewell.** An oil lamp sits beside the parchment on the four-legged table. - In **Sorsogon City** the monument of Rizal was done in realistic proportions. The figure stands with an overcoat in the crotch of his left hand. Three figures **(doctor, priest, and officer)** are sculpted in high relief on the base below the main Rizal figure. - In **Carcar, Cebu,** the Rizal monument has an impressive setting with an ornate hase built on a wide, tapering platform with balustrades and form stairs of twelve steps. **Guillermo Tolentino** - He was commissioned to do the statue of the **Oblation** which was constructed at the Rimi Hall area. - Later, it was transferred to the **University of the Philippines in Diliman.** Other sculptors like Ramon Martinez, Eulogio Garcia, Vidal Tampingco, and Oblation, Guillermo Ambrosio Morales were also engaged in the making of Rizal. **The Development of Architecture in the Philippines** Architecture during the Pre-Spanish Period Before the coming of the Spaniards, Filipino houses were made of light materials **bamboo, Palm, vine, grass, and wood.** Architecture during the Spanish Period Later on, stronger materiala like adobe stones were used Churches were built on the eastern side of the pliza and **Casa Real** or **Casa judicial** in the opposite side. Early Churches in Northern Luzon - **San Fernando City, La Union** - **Dagupan Church** - **St. Paufs Metropolitan Cathedral** in **Vigan, Ilocos Sur** - **La Purificacion Parish Church** In **Binmaley** - **Laoag Church** - **Paoay Church** Early Churches in Pampanga and Bulacan The **San Miguel de Mayuma Church** in **Bulacan** is noted for the beautifully painted ceiling of the nave and dome. Early Churches in Rizal **-Morong Church** **-La Purisima Concepcion Church in Tanay Rizal** Early Churches in Laguna and Batangas -**Paete Church** -**San Jose Church** Early Churches in the Visayas The **Miag-ao Church** in Iloilo was constructed in the 18^th^ century using stones gathered by the town folks. Early Churches in the Visayas **Pardo Church** **Carcar Church** Early Churches in Metro Manila **Mabate Church** **San Sebastian Church** Architecture During the American Period **Daniel H. Burnham**, Chines architect was commissioned in design architectural strict in Mom Baguio, and other parts of the Philippines. [Including: Congress of the Philippines, Finance buildings, agricultural building, Post office and supreme court.] Concrete Buildings in Manila The **Philippine Normal School** (now Philippine Normal University) and the **Philippine General Hospital** (PGH) in Taft Avenue were the first big reinforced concrete bridings erected in Manila. The Classic Style of Juan Arellano and Antonio Toledo **Juan Arellano** and **Antonio Toledo** designed some of the Philippine government buildings. [Ex. Congress of the Philippines] **The Development of Performing Arts in the Philippines** The early Filipinos sung lullabies, planting songs, boat songs, and feasting mourning songs. - The Negritos have the **gitgit** which resembles the **violin**. - The Cordilleras have the **koleleng or balilin (nose flute),** and **kolitong** (3-11 strings). - They also have the drums like **albon** (rice drum) and **solibao** (conical drum). - The Muslims have the **palendag** (lip flute), **sahunay** (pipe flute), **tumpong** (chipon tube flute). - They have string instrument like the **kudyapi** or boat flute. - Their percussion instruments are the **dabakan** (conical drum), **gabbang** (xylophone) and **gamelan** (gong) *Music in the Spanish Period* In the 18^th^ century, native folksongs. Acquired the duple meter and the pentatonic musical score. - There were religious hymns and singing of the **pasyon** and the **harana.** - In the 19^th^ century, **kundiman** and **balitao** were still popular. - Musical organizations started from church choirs. They formed themselves into **rondallas.** *Music in the American Period* Musicians introduced the zarzuela. - Songs composed in the period like **"Mutya ng Pasig"** and **"Anak Dalita"** were based on traditional forms such as kumintang and kundiman. - To preserve our native culture the then UP President **Jorge Bocobo** appointed **Francisco Santiago** to gather records and study folksongs. - He also encouraged **Francisca Reyes Aquino** to record Philippine native dances. - When the Japanese came, the Manila Shimbun-su sponsored a contest in which participants were asked to translate into Tagalog the lyrics of a song dedicated to the **"New Philippines."** *Music in the Post-War Period* - During the post-war period, there had been a proliferation of **cumbancheros or combos,** easing out the rondalla in popularity. - Dr. Eliseo introduced his **"Lam-ang Suite"**, a symphony combining Western concepts and native themes. - **The Life of Lam-Ang (Ang Biag ni Lam-Ang) -- Eliseo Pajaro** **The Development of Literature in the Philippines** *Literature in the Early Period (1900-1930)* English and American literature were introduced in Philippine schools by the **Thomasite teachers** who replaced the American soldier-teachers. - The works of Chaucer, Milton, Shakespeare, Emerson, Poe, Longfellow, Shelley, Joyce, Tennyson, and other famous writers became the models of the early Filipino Writers. - Short stories dealt with romantic tales of legendary figures. - The **"Dead Stars"** of **Paz M. Benitez** was one of the most- loved short stories at the time. - Jorge Bocobo, Amador Daguio, Pilar H. Lim, Jose Villa Panganiban, and Jose Garcia Villa had also written short stories. *Literature in the Middle Period (1930-1960)* During this period, the short story showed the most rapid improvement in terms of quality and depth. - Poetry remained romantic. Among the well-known poets of the time were Trinidad Subido, Jose del Castillo, Amador Daguio, NVM Gonzales, Abelardo Subido and Jose Garcia Villa, whose series of erotic poems **"Man's Songs"** became controversial. *Literature in the Modern Period* Filipino essayists like Francisco Arcellana, Renato Constantino, Carlos Quirino, and Teodoro Valencia, among others, wrote essays that focused on injustices, moral corruption, and socio- economic reforms. **The Development of Dance in the Philippines** During the early times, Philippine dances were based on myths, traditions, and daily lives of the common tao. - The devoted efforts of **Dr. Jorge Bocobo** and **Francisca Reyes-Aquino** laid a firm foundation for the future leap of the native folkdance into the new age. - In 1954, Dr. Bocobo and his companions attended the **Asian Native Folk Dance Festival,** held in East Pakistan, in which they received a great amount of attention and praise. - In 1957, the **Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company** was established as the performing arm of the **Bayanihan Folk Arts Center.** - Other dance groups like the **Philippine Barangay Folk Dance Troupe and the FEU Dance Company** followed the footsteps of the Bayanihan group. - The **CCP Dance Compan**y and **Karilagan Dance Troupe** were among these dance groups.