Philippine Art Movements PDF

Philippine Art Movements ABRIGO | AQUINO | DRUGA | OSBUCAN | PILUDEN | SUGUITAN Topic Outline I. What is Philippine Art? II. Brief Timeline of Philippine Art III. Key Movements IV. 18th to 21st Century Art V. Conclusion What is Philippine Art? What makes art Filipino? What is...

Philippine Art Movements ABRIGO | AQUINO | DRUGA | OSBUCAN | PILUDEN | SUGUITAN Topic Outline I. What is Philippine Art? II. Brief Timeline of Philippine Art III. Key Movements IV. 18th to 21st Century Art V. Conclusion What is Philippine Art? What makes art Filipino? What is Philippine Art? ▪ Our historical background makes the Filipino distinct from their neighbors, but Philippine visual art has no singular aesthetic. What constitutes “We cannot define it because you can’t have a static answer to that,” Philippine Art? Philippine art expert Ramon N. Villegas said recently, adding that the “Filipino-ness” of an artwork cannot be determined solely by referring to the artists’ name or decoding his strokes or his subjects. Is there a Filipino Soul? This insistence to create something relevant to one’s nationality is not unique to the Philippines. …sometimes, trying to find the Filipino in certain Philippine art is like trying to milk a cow when the cow isn’t a cow after all.  THE QUESTION OF PHILIPPINE ART IS A QUESTION OF PHILIPPINE IDENTITY.  PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM, A BLACK LEGEND?  Philippine Identity? The Filipino is a “work in progress” The Filipino as a product of cultural influences is especially skillful at taking these influences and making it their own. Philippine Identities Vilroy Godoy Culzon: “Kung ano ang pinanggalingan mo, ilagay mo sa canvass.” Brief Timeline of Philippine Art Pre-colonial to present period Art Form Pre-Colonial Spanish Period (1521- American Period (1898- 1898) 1946) Painting Body adornment, ornament Religious (icon and Genre paintings, landscapes, ecclesiastical) still life, portraits Secular (portraiture) Sculpture Pottery, carving and Santos, furniture, reliefs, altar Free standing, relief, public woodwork expression, pieces, jewelry, metal work, jewelry, metal crafts ornamentation Architecture Dwellings and houses, Church, plaza complex, town City planning, parks, shelters, worship areas, planning, fortification, civic waterfront, civic government official residences, mosque buildings and installations, structure, public works, private residences, apartments, residences, commercial structures, offices, health and public cemeteries, bridges, education, business lighthouse  Pre-Colonial Period ▪ Traditional art that has religious symbols, day to day activity such as fishing, farming, etc., or a specific decorative art pattern to the community ▪ Either influenced by animistic (local religion) or Islam-based Painting  Sculpture ▪ Discovered in 1965, the Angono Petroglyphs are believed to be the oldest known artworks in the Philippines. Dating to the third millennium B.C., they are a collection of 127 figural carvings engraved on the wall of a shallow cave of volcanic tuff. ▪ The petroglyphs of Angono are among the oldest surviving examples of rock engravings in Asia, and are believed to be the oldest in the Philippines. Archaeological excavations of the site have yielded fragments of earthenware and obsidian flakes, which suggest the cave may have first been used sometime during the Neolithic period. The surviving carvings are a unique collection at this distant period of Philippine history. Pottery, Carving, and Woodwork ▪ Examples: Manunggul Jar and Maitum Jar Jewelry Example: Ling Ling-o Architecture ▪ Houses were made of light materials like wood, bamboo and nipa palm ▪ Some of them built tree houses to protect themselves against their enemies, or from being attacked by wild animals Other Form of Art Weaving ▪ An ancient art form would weave fibers such as abaca, pineapple, ramie, maguey, cotton, and bark cloth ▪ Virtually all attire was hand woven. Examples include G-string, Maranao Malong, Bontoc Tapis, Ilong patadyong, T’boli T’nalak, etc. Unchanged art is still existing ▪ The Okir (motif) is an artistic cultural heritage of the Maranaos of Lanao, Philippines 1521 - 1898 Spanish Period ▪ Formal painting, sculpture, and architecture ▪ Catholic-based work of arts  Painting ▪ Religious (icon and ecclesiastical) ▪ Secular (portraiture)  Esteban Villanueva, Basi Revolt, 1821 (14 paintings) Inspired by: Maître â la Ratiêre, Battle of Marignano 1515) Byzantine Painting Style Byzantine art is an artistic product of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. These are more Christian- based art. Byzantine frescoes: Langit, Lupa at Impierno, Josef Luciano Dans ca. 1850 (Inspired by: 11th-12th century Church of Panavia Phorviotissa Cyprus)  Sculpture ▪ Santos, furniture, altar pieces, jewelry, metalwork, ornamentation ▪ Rococo Art Architecture ▪ The plaza complex consisted of an open space, usually rectangular or square in shape, a chapel or church, a convent, a municipio or tribunal, a market place, a cemetery, and the residences around it. The physical set- up enabled the Spaniards to effectively manage and control the natives, and bring them closer to Catholicism.  Baroque Style Miagao Church (Inspired by: Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia, Spain) 1898 - 1946 American Period ▪ Educational and value formation ▪ Art illustration, advertising, and commercial design  Painting ▪ Art Nouveau ▪ A style of decorative art, architecture, and design prominent in Western Europe and the US from about 1890 until World War I, and characterized by intricate linear designs and flowing curves based on natural forms  Sculpture ▪ Free standing, relief, public  Architecture City planning, parks, waterfront, civic government structure, public works, apartments, residences, offices, health and public education, business Neoclasscism City Hall of Davao (Inspired by: The White House)  Art Decoration in Philippine Architecture Metropolitan Theater (Inspired by: Chrysler Building)  Art Nouveau in Philippine Architecture Uy-Chaco Building (Inspired by: Old England building built in Art Nouveau style. Musée des instruments de musique - Bruxelles  Philippine Modern Art 1946 - 1970 The study of determining what is Philippine Contemporary Art Period is still being determined since the word has been used loosely even during the American Colonial Period. However, some Philippine art historians/critic has always been a follower of the Western Art Style and its trends at that point, and thus suggested that this was actually the point where Philippine Modern Art Period started but went only full swing after the war. This is set by the creation of the Art Association of the Philippines (AAP) that in a way has a strong leaning with the Modernist than the Conservatives (the traditional art also termed as the Amorsolo School)  Philippine Contemporary Art 1980s to Present It was on the on-set of the sudden rise of personal computers and new technology created a new art medium for the arts and human expression. But there were also countless revivals of old styles being done. This started a new direction for the arts, thus setting the name, momentarily, the Philippine Contemporary Period. 2 Filipino Art Style that Developed through Spanish Period 1. Miniaturismo Art style that pays attention to the embroidery and texture of the costume “Portrait of Romano Carillo” by Justiniano Asuncion 2 Filipino Art Style that Developed through Spanish Period 2. Letras y Figuras Art style that fuses letters with figures in every day activity amidst a common background Usually used in painting a patron’s full name Key Movements From Baroque to Pop Art Key Movements in PH Art Movements are styles in art shaped by artists with a common philosophy or goal. These movements can be borne out of the social climates that they became popular in, or be made as responses to previous movements. Most of the key art movements found in the Philippines have Western origin. Baroque ▪ An art movement that arose in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. This movement was characterized by extravagant imagery through use of extensive decoration and ornamentation. During this period, we adapted this art style from Spain. Santo Niño Paoay Church Neoclassicism ▪ This art style followed soon after the Baroque movement at the start of the 19th century. It harkens back to the style of the Classical period of the Greeks and Romans, with an emphasis on symmetry, order and simplicity. This movement became prominent in the Philippines during and after the American period, seen in our government structures and museums. Baguio City Hall National Museum  Romanticism An art movement characterized by an emphasis on the senses and emotion, sometimes seen as a response to the sober methods preferred in Neoclassicism, as Romanticism also became prominent during the 19th century. Juan Luna is the most prominent Filipino artist in this movement, with a blend of some impressionist style in his work. Spoliarium, Juan Luna (1884)  Realism This art movement from the 19th century heavily pushed for the art style of Naturalism that aimed to represent nature the way it truly appears. Notable artists here are Felipe Roxas and Fernando Amorsolo. Amorsolo, however, was one of the artists in the realism movement to paint nature such that he perfects it, with some stylized depictions. Tinikling in Barrio, Fernando Amorsolo (1951) Expressionism ▪ This art movement, made popular in the 20th century, went for a style that did not necessarily concern itself with observation, often using geometric shapes and highly intense colors, such as the work of Ang Kiukok. Other artists use distortion and dull colors to depics various kinds of emotion, like Onib Olmedo’s work. Dog Fight, Ang Kiukok (1982) CUBISM An art movement that started around 1907 made famous by Pablo Picasso, which utilized the use of figures like cubes, cones, and cylinders to depict everything in nature. Vicente Manansala created transparent cubism, where the human figure remained intact while the background or the environment was still depicted in the cubic figures. Madonna of the Slums, Vicente Manansala (1950) Flower Vendor, Onib Olmedo (1987)  Impressionism ▪ This art movement became famous in the 19th century with artists like Claude Monet of France. This movement was concerned with capturing the impression of light on objects and scenery, with artists like Emilio Aguilar Cruz and Andres Cristobal being known Filipino artists of this movement. Jones Bridge, Emilio Cruz Surrealism Made famous in the early 1920s by artists like Salvador Dali, this art movement aimed to depict the subconscious of the artist. Galo Ocampo is an artist of this movement. The River of Life, Galo Ocampo Abstract Expressionism Made famous by the works of Jackson Pollock, this art movement pointed out that the creation of the art was the art itself, not just the painting Social Realism ▪ A broad description on different artworks whose themes spew biting commentaries on socio- political issues of the country ▪ Aimed to effect social change through socio-political pieces ▪ Late 1800s revolutionary period, and then again in the First Quarter Storm in the 1970s (Martial Law) ▪ Art for the people (the masa), collective experience that a great number could relate to Martsa ng Bayan para sa Kalayaan, Katarungan, at Kapayapaan, Edgar Fernandez (1984) Bihag, Edgar Talusan Fernandez (1985) Krista, Pablo Baen Santos (1984) Figurative Art One of the most popular movements, as figurative art is representational, meaning it is derived from real object sources Early figurative art in the Philippines is mostly realistic and classical, but in modern times, surreal depictions of human figures and conditions entered figurative art. Kumot, Elmer Borlongan (1993)  Rehimen, Elmer Borlongan (1988) Conceptual Art In this movement, the idea is more important than the object, and encompasses site-specific art installations, three-dimensional assemblages of discards and non-art elements, performance, and video art. Some of the works are ephemeral or temporary, and therefore requires documentation. ROBERTO CHABET: Father of Philippine Conceptual Art  Pop Art is a distinctive genre of art that is POP primarily characterized by an interest in popular culture and imaginative interpretations of commercial products. Renowned for its bold imagery, bright color palette, and repetitive approach inspired by mass production, the movement is celebrated for its unique and recognizable style. ART The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects. Pop-Surreal and Lowbrow Art ▪ An underground visual art movement that is based on comic books, tattoos, punk music and other alternative-pop culture themes. American illustrator Dave McKean influenced a lot of young Filipino artists, who created informal movements within universities. On the other hand, graffiti art, which utilizes spray paint and even stickers, has recently caught on with a lot of young Filipino artists.  Regionalism ▪ Regionalism was an American art movement that centralized around artists working in the Midwest in states like Kansas and Missouri, it was art that focused on rural life in America. ▪ What’s unique about where you live? Is it urban or rural? Some kinds of art explore specific geographic areas and environments. LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO CORDILLERA 18th to 21st Century Art Remarkable artists up to the present FILIPINO ARTISTS Secular Artists ▪ Damian Domingo ▪ “First (known/recognized) Filipino painter” ▪ Founded the first art school in the country around 1815 to 1820, later named by the ▪ Agustin Saez ▪ Known as one of the teachers and inspiration of Juan Luna, Lorenzo Guerrero and their contemporaries The “Primitives” Known Artists: ▪ Isidro Arcejo ▪ Jose Asuncion ▪ Antonio Asuncion ▪ D. Gomez The “Primitives” ▪ Antonio Malantic ▪ Little Hidalgo and his grandfather, 1859 (left) ▪ Portrait of Soledad Francia, 1876 (right Late 19 Century th and 20 Century th Precursors Juan Senson (1847 – 1927) ▪ “Byzantine Style” ▪ Heavily depicted figures rendered with stiff lines; ▪ Pure colorations; ▪ Symbolic perspective; ▪ Stylized human figures ▪ “Baptism,” Juan Senson, Biga Church ▪ Attributed Scupltures: ▪ “Yellow Crucifixion” ▪ “Kristong Pagkabuhay” Juan Luna (1857-1899) ▪ Competed against the Westerner’s “cultural superiority-mongering” ▪ “Daphne y Cleo” (ca. 1879- 1880) ▪ Awarded a silver palette by the Liceo Artistico de Manila ▪ “La Muerte de Cleopatra” (1881) ▪ Silver medal at Madrird’s Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes  “Spoliarium” (1883-1884) “Las Damas Romanas” (1882) Gold medal at the Exposicion Nacional de Diploma of Honor at the Munich Art Museum Bellas Artes Felix Hidalgo (1855-1913) ▪ “Las Viergenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho” (1884), was awarded the ninth silver medal at the Exposicion General de Belles Artes in Madrid ▪ “La Barca de Aqueronte” (1887), and “Laguna Estigia” (1887), received a gold medal at the Exposicion General de Belles Artes in Madrid Fabian de la Rosa (1869- 1937) ▪ “Don Fabian” ▪ Teacher of Amorsolo, Tolentino, Manansala, Francisco, and Legaspi ▪ Mixture of rural countryside and female portraits using chiaroscuro method ▪ “Women Working in the Fields” (1902) Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976) ▪ “Memeng Tolentino” ▪ Works expounded on the value of Filipino sacrifice through accurate reproduction of their likeness but clothing and posing them in idealistic settings in Beaux Arts manner ▪ “Bonifacio Monument” (1932) Fernando Amorsolo (1892-1972) ▪ Tangible sense of historical detachment between subject and context ▪ Appreciation of “beautiful” motifs to argue the motifs of art as a continuation of the “classical” traditions of the academy ▪ “nationalism”, “earthiness”, “condition of the modern” “Portrait of Fernanda de Jesus” (1915) “Planting Rice with Mayon Volcano” “Antipolo Fiesta” (1949) (1947) Victorio Edades (1895-1985) ▪ Transformation of Philippine art to modern art; rebellion against conservative academism ▪ “new perceptions of the external world” ▪ Emphasis on distortion, emotional feeling, and radical coloration “The Sketch” (1928) “The Builders” (1928) “Bulul at Babae” (ca. 1930s) Juan Nakpil (1899-1986) ▪ “Father of Philippine Architecture” ▪ Utilized the Art Deco style in Filipino structures and later transitioned to the International lifestyle ▪ Quezon Institute Complex UP Diliman Administration Building (Quezon Hall) Madonna of the Slums (1950) Vicente Manansala (-1981) ▪ Transparent Cubism style ▪ National Artist for Visual Arts 1981 “Luksong Tinik” (1973) Carlos Francisco (1912-1969) ▪ Uses Figurative Modernism and Asian traditional art ▪ Murals depicting narrative sweep and epic proportions of Philippine history and society ▪ “Bayanihan sa Bukid” Modern Filipino Artists ▪ Have more freedom to explore ▪ They show their love for country and evolving culture ▪ Styles come from cross-cultural exposures from Eastern and Western world mixed with their Filipino roots ▪ Many use color to convey emotion rather than intellectual values  Jose T. Joya National Artist for Visual Arts, 2003; Filipino Abstract Expressionist painter Hills of Nikko (1964) Barter of Panay (1978) Oil on Canvas Oil on Canvas  Hernando Ruiz Ocampo National Artist for Visual Arts, 1991; Modernist Abstract Dancing Mutants “Children Playing” (1995) Oil on Canvas  Arturo Luz National Artist for Visual Arts; Modern Neo-Realist Red Sky (2007) Bagong Taon (1997) Acrylic on Canvas Serigraph  Mauro “Malang” Santos Woman Vendor (1993) Dancing Flower Mutants Vendor (1995) (1992) Oil Pastel Gouche “Children Playing” Oil on Canvas Post-Modern Filipino Artists ▪ The movement sought to contradict some aspects of modernism or aspects that emerged/developed in its aftermath ▪ The constituents of this movement believed that they should no longer try to create something “new” but instead “borrow, combine, explore” what was already existing to produce something new. ▪ Associated with the deconstruction of the idea, the disillusionment in life  Ian Quirante Post-modern artist Untitled (2004) The Secret (2011) Mixed media Acrylic on Canvas  Rocky Cajigan Multimedia artist Educated (2015) Frankincense, Gold and Myrrh Box construction, Atomizer, Cordillera weaving, Wooden phalluses, Brass (2015)  Ang Kiukok National Artist for Visual Arts 2001 Cockfight (1998) Oil on Canvas Fish (1958) Oil on Canvas  Lino Severino Modern Contemporary Painter Vanishing Scene #232 (1994) Untitled (1993) Acrylic on Canvas Acrylic on Canvas  Impy Pilapil A Dreamer’s Zone II Serigraph Oceanic Garden Series (2015) Print Charito Bitanga Abstract Artist Untitled 0000 (1992) Presentation Oil on Canvas Oil on Canvas Baguio Local Artists Kidlat Tahimik ▪ Father of Philippine Independent Cinema; National Artist of the Philippines for Film 2018 ▪ Film director, writer, and actor whose films are commonly associated with the Third Cinema movement through their critiques of neocolonialism Ben Cab ▪ Hailed as a master of contemporary Philippine Art; National Artist for Visual Arts 2006 ▪ Painter and printmaker, has exhibited widely in the Philippines and in Asia, Europe, and the United States ▪ Received the Gawad CCP Para sa Sining (Cultural Center of the Philippines Award for the Arts) Sabel in Blue (2006) ; Oil on Canvas Sabel Justine Amores ▪ Currently a senior History major at University of the Philippines Baguio ▪ Medium: Painting (watercolor and gouache) and photography ▪ Combines vibrant colors for her illustrations reflecting her cheerful, amiable, and animated character ▪ Particular interest on painting jeepneys, Filipiniana themes, and recently, on cats  Untitled (2019) Dyipni Series (2017-2018) Film Photography Gouache Painting Conclusion We do not have a distinct art movement, but when we adopt Western art movements, or any foreign art movements, we sure make it with our own flavor. Philippine Art and Key Movements constitute our “Filipino identity.” But Filipino Identity is vague, and to talk about Filipino identity is to also talk of inclusion and exclusion – the sameness and difference of different cultures and traditions (Zulueta, 2014) To appreciate Philippine Art is to appreciate the uniqueness of the culture behind it. THANK YOU!