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Questions and Answers
Which painting is NOT attributed to Hidalgo?
Who won the first prize for the oil painting entry during the 1908 exhibition?
What characterizes Fabian de la Rosa's painting style?
Which of the following works was accomplished by Jorge Pineda?
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Where was the Philippine Art Gallery established?
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What type of subjects did sculptors focus on during the Spanish period?
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What historical period in the Philippines is associated with Alfonso Ongpin's contributions to art?
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Which of the following painters is known for creating the masterpiece 'Spolarium'?
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Which of the following is a notable characteristic of Baroque art?
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Who is known to have engaged in scenic painting alongside four decorators?
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Who was the sole faculty member of the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura when it was founded?
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What type of artworks was Lorenzo Guerrero particularly noted for?
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Which of the following artworks was created by Simon Flores y de la Rosa?
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In which city was the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura established?
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What significant collection is Alfonso Ongpin known for?
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Which artwork is associated with Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo?
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Which church is noted for its beautifully painted ceiling?
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Which of the following early churches is located in Ilocos Sur?
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What type of instruments did the Negritos traditionally use?
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Which architectural style is associated with Juan Arellano and Antonio Toledo?
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Which church is part of the early churches in Metro Manila?
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What was a significant change to folksongs in the 18th century?
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Which instrument is specifically mentioned as being used by the Muslims?
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Who was commissioned to design architectural structures in Baguio during the American period?
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Who was the sculptor that won the international competition for the design of a Rizal monument?
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Which monument honors Andres Bonifacio and is located at the site of the 'Cry of Balintawak'?
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What materials were traditionally used in constructing Filipino houses before the arrival of the Spaniards?
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What is the primary theme depicted in the monument located in Cebu City Plaza?
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Which sculptor was responsible for creating the Oblation statue at the University of the Philippines?
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Which figures are carved in high relief on the base of the Rizal monument in Sorsogon City?
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What type of materials were utilized to build churches during the Spanish period?
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What is inscribed on the monument of the fifteen martyrs located in Naga City?
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Which musical forms were still popular in the 19th century?
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What role did Francisco Santiago play during the American Period?
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How did the arrival of the Japanese influence musical contests in the Philippines?
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What was a significant change in music during the post-war period?
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Which short story was notably loved during the early period of literature (1900-1930)?
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What literary form showed the most rapid improvement from 1930 to 1960?
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Who were some of the famous poets mentioned in the middle period of literature (1930-1960)?
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What controversial work did Jose Garcia Villa write during the middle period?
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Study Notes
The Development of Visual Arts in the Philippines
- Angono Binangonan Petroglyphs are found in Rizal, Philippines, depicting human and animal figures engraved on a rock wall likely carved during the late Neolithic period (before 2000 BC).
- Painting in the Philippines is categorized into three periods: Spanish, American, and Modern.
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Spanish Period Painting saw the establishment of the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura in Manila in 1846. Notable artists include:
- Jose Dans, Damiano Domingo, Justiniano Asuncion, and Alfonso Ongpin
- Alfonso Ongpin was a significant art collector and the first art restoration specialist in the Philippines.
- Agustin Saez was the first director of the Academia.
- Lorenzo Rocha succeeded Saez as director.
- Simon Flores y de la Rosa was a student who created religious paintings like Saint John the Baptist, Madonna and Child, and Feeding Chickens.
- Lorenzo Guerrero was a master of non-religious painting, known for his watercolor piece From the Market.
- Felipe Roxas specialized in landscape painting, with works like Church of Antipolo.
- Rafael Enriquez later became director of the UP School of Fine Arts and is known for La Muerte de Simon de Anda.
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19th Century Masters:
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Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo achieved international recognition for their paintings:
- Juan Luna won a gold medal in the Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes for his masterpiece Spolarium. He also painted La Muerte de Cleopatra, El Puchio y Los Reyes, Blood Compact, and Portrait of Legaspi.
- Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Padilla studied under Agustin Saez and created paintings like Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas Al Populacho, La Barca de Aqueronte, Oedipua, and Antigone.
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Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo achieved international recognition for their paintings:
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Painting During the American Period (1908):
- Vicente Rivera y Mir won two first prizes in a competitive exhibition for his oil painting El Sueno Dorado.
- Gaston O. Farell won first prize in the same exhibition.
- Ramon Peralta won second prize with Cabeza de Estudio.
- Jorge Pineda won second prize for his landscape painting of the Cry of Balintawak.
- Fernando Amorsolo also won second prize for Leyendo Periodico.
- Fabian de la Rosa, a realist painter, was highly prolific during this period, creating works like Marikina Road, Quiet Street, and Planting Rice.
- Jorge Pineda (1879-1946) was a landscape artist known for his mastery of lithography and paintings like Playing Chongka, Lantern Makers, and Alayan.
- Juan Abelardo, Ramon Peralta, Toribio Antillon, and Emilio Alvero were decorators who engaged in scenic painting.
- Isidro Archeta was a figure painter whose studies at the Academia were cut short by the revolution.
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Painting During the Modern Period:
- In 1951, the Philippine Art Gallery was established on Calle Mabini in Ermita, which led to the emergence of the "Mabini Painters."
- These painters won major prizes in competitive exhibitions organized by the AAP (Art Association of the Philippines).
The Development of Sculpture in the Philippines
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Sculpture During the Spanish Period:
- With the spread of Christianity, sculptors focused on religious subject matter, carving statues of saints, crosses, crucifixes, and other religious objects.
- Examples: Magellan's Cross Pavilion, the bas relief Estaciones in the Tanay church, the La Purisima Concepcion image also found in Tanay, and the St. John and Christ statues in the Morong Church.
- The Patio of San Agustin Church features well-carved images and ornamentation in Baroque art, mostly done in the 18th century.
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Sculpture During the American Period:
- Monuments to Jose Rizal were erected in plazas throughout the Philippines.
- Ramon Martinez created a full-figure monument of Andres Bonifacio, known as the Bonifacio Monument, which was erected at the site of the "Cry of Balintawak" in 1905.
- Carlos Noli, an Italian sculptor, won first prize in an international competition for the design of a Rizal monument.
- The Quince Martires Monument in Naga City commemorates 15 martyrs, depicting them in bas relief on 15 medallions around a sub-vase.
- The Rizal monument in Cebu City features Rizal writing his "Last Farewell".
- In Sorsogon City, Rizal is depicted in a realistic pose.
- The Rizal monument in Carcar, Cebu, has an ornate base built on a wide platform.
- Guillermo Tolentino created the Oblation statue, originally at Rimi Hall and later relocated to the University of the Philippines in Diliman. He also created other Rizal statues.
- Other notable sculptors of this period include Ramon Martinez, Eulogio Garcia, Vidal Tampingco, and Guillermo Ambrosio Morales.
The Development of Architecture in the Philippines
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Architecture During the Pre-Spanish Period:
- Filipino houses were built using lightweight materials such as bamboo, palm, vine, grass, and wood.
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Architecture During the Spanish Period:
- The use of stronger materials like adobe stones became common.
- Churches were built on the eastern side of plazas, with the Casa Real or Casa Judicial located on the opposite side.
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Early Churches in Northern Luzon:
- San Fernando City, La Union
- Dagupan Church
- St. Paul's Metropolitan Cathedral in Vigan, Ilocos Sur
- La Purificacion Parish Church in Binmaley
- Laoag Church
- Paoay Church
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Early Churches in Pampanga and Bulacan:
- San Miguel de Mayuma Church in Bulacan is known for its beautifully painted ceiling.
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Early Churches in Rizal:
- Morong Church
- La Purisima Concepcion Church in Tanay, Rizal
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Early Churches in Laguna and Batangas:
- Paete Church
- San Jose Church
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Early Churches in the Visayas:
- Miag-ao Church in Iloilo, built using stones collected by the locals.
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Early Churches in the Visayas:
- Pardo Church
- Carcar Church
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Early Churches in Metro Manila:
- Mabate Church
- San Sebastian Church
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Architecture During the American Period:
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Daniel H. Burnham, a Chinese architect, was commissioned to design architectural structures in Baguio City and other parts of the Philippines, including the:
- Congress of the Philippines
- Finance buildings
- Agricultural building
- Post office
- Supreme court
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Concrete Buildings in Manila:
- The Philippine Normal School (now Philippine Normal University) and the Philippine General Hospital (PGH) in Taft Avenue were the first large concrete buildings erected in Manila.
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The Classic Style of Juan Arellano and Antonio Toledo:
- Juan Arellano and Antonio Toledo designed numerous Philippine government buildings, including the Congress of the Philippines.
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Daniel H. Burnham, a Chinese architect, was commissioned to design architectural structures in Baguio City and other parts of the Philippines, including the:
The Development of Performing Arts in the Philippines
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Early Filipino Music:
- Filipinos sang lullabies, planting songs, boat songs, and feasting and mourning songs.
- Negritos used the gitgit, a violin-like instrument.
- Cordilleras used the koleleng or balilin (nose flute), kolitong (3-11 strings), albon (rice drum), and solibao (conical drum).
- Muslims used the palendag (lip flute), sahunay (pipe flute), tumpong (chipon tube flute), kudyapi (boat flute), dabakan (conical drum), gabbang (xylophone), and gamelan (gong).
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Music in the Spanish Period:
- Native folksongs acquired the duple meter and pentatonic musical score in the 18th century.
- Religious hymns and singing of the pasyon and harana became popular.
- Kundiman and balitao remained popular in the 19th century.
- Church choirs formed rondallas, musical organizations.
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Music in the American Period:
- The zarzuela was introduced.
- Songs like "Mutya ng Pasig" and "Anak Dalita" were based on traditional forms like kumintang and kundiman.
- Jorge Bocobo, UP President, appointed Francisco Santiago to collect and study folksongs and Francisca Reyes Aquino to record Philippine native dances to preserve traditional culture.
- During Japanese occupation, the Manila Shimbun-su sponsored a contest for translating a song dedicated to the "New Philippines" into Tagalog.
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Music in the Post-War Period:
- Cumbancheros or combos became popular, replacing rondallas.
- Dr. Eliseo Pajaro introduced his "Lam-ang Suite", a symphony integrating Western concepts and native themes, including "The Life of Lam-Ang (Ang Biag ni Lam-Ang)."
The Development of Literature in the Philippines
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Literature in the Early Period (1900-1930):
- Thomasite teachers introduced English and American literature to Filipino schools.
- Early Filipino writers were influenced by works of Chaucer, Milton, Shakespeare, Emerson, Poe, Longfellow, Shelley, Joyce, Tennyson, and other famous writers.
- Short stories often focused on romantic tales of legendary figures.
- "Dead Stars" by Paz M. Benitez was a popular short story.
- Other notable short story writers include Jorge Bocobo, Amador Daguio, Pilar H. Lim, Jose Villa Panganiban, and Jose Garcia Villa.
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Literature in the Middle Period (1930-1960):
- Short stories demonstrated significant improvement in quality and depth.
- Poetry remained romantic.
- Notable poets of the time include Trinidad Subido, Jose del Castillo, Amador Daguio, NVM Gonzales, Abelardo Subido, and Jose Garcia Villa, whose erotic poetry collection "Man's Songs" became controversial.
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Description
Explore the rich history of visual arts in the Philippines, from ancient petroglyphs to various painting periods under Spanish, American, and Modern influences. Discover notable artists and their contributions to the art scene, including significant institutions like the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura. This quiz delves into the evolution of artistic expression in the Philippine context.
