Art Appreciation Notes PDF

DRAMA -​ re-enactment of events. -​ Greek word Dram (act or to do). ELEMENTS ​ LITERARY ELEMENTS -​ elements of drama as literary art ​ DIRECTION -​ over all incharge of the dramatic performance ​ ACTING -​ members of the cast perform. ​ EDITING -​...

DRAMA -​ re-enactment of events. -​ Greek word Dram (act or to do). ELEMENTS ​ LITERARY ELEMENTS -​ elements of drama as literary art ​ DIRECTION -​ over all incharge of the dramatic performance ​ ACTING -​ members of the cast perform. ​ EDITING -​ sequences the scenes to be presented. ​ SET DESIGN -​ does the layout of the set. ​ CINEMATOGRAPHY -​ charge of the photography. ​ PRODUCTION DESIGN -​ tasked to do the overall design. ​ COSTUME DESIGN -​ creates the clothes. ​ MAKE-UP -​ beautifies or uglifies the actors and actresses. ​ PROPERTIES -​ actors and actresses carry or bring with them. ​ LIGHT/LIGHTING EFFECTS -​ sources of light needed. ​ SOUND EFFECTS -​ sources of the sound needed. ​ VISUAL EFFECTS -​ charge producing those sights that are not usually captured by the camera. ​ THEME SONG -​ song composed to represent the theme. ​ MUSICAL SCORE -​ played to set the mood. ​ STORY -​ most important aspects of the play MEDIUMS ​ STAGE PLAY - performed on stage.  ​ RADIO PLAY - aired on the radio. ​ TELEVISION PLAY - shown on television. ​ MOVIE OR FILM - shown on the wide screen. HISTORY ​ PREHISTORIC PERIOD - -​ earliest recorded theatrical event 2000 B.C , -​ story of God OSIRIS, -​ beginning of a long relationship between theater and religion. -​ Ancient Egypt ​ GREEK PERIOD - -​ Earliest days of western theater remain obscure -​ evolved from staged religious choral performance, -​ during celebrations to DIONYSUS (Greek God of WINE AND FERTILITY) -​ Tragic and satyr plays were always performed at the festival. -​ Ancient Greek ​ ROMAN PERIOD -​ Ancient roman theater was heavily influenced by the greek -​ Dramatists tended to adopt and translate from the Greek as writers in other literary genre. -​ Less influenced by religion and was more aesthetic appeal. ​ MEDIEVAL PERIOD -​ theater was reborn as LITURGICAL DRAMA, written in Latin -​ dealing with Bible stories -​ Performed by priest or church members -​ Vernacular drama (one act dramas) 3 TYPES MYSTERY OR CYCLE PLAYS MIRACLE PLAYS SECULAR PLAYS ​ RENAISSANCE PERIOD -​ Comedies (Italy, England, Spain during 16th and early 17th century) -​ Early part of this period was simple -​ Latter part ; more elaborate theaters were constructed to satisfy the needs of the actors and the viewers. ​ MODERN PERIOD -​ drama was not only performed live on stage but also enjoyed through the mediums of radio, television, and cinema. -​ Stage performers became television and movie actors to gain more popularity -​ They received a higher pay. ART -​ latin ars ( craft or specialized form of skill) -​ Expression or application of human creative skill and imagination. HUMANITIES - records of man’s experiences ( his values, sentiments, ideals,goals) -​ Ultimate expressions of man's feelings and thoughts. CAVE PAINTINGS (The Galloping Wild Boar Altamira, Spain 1897) THE STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE PROCESS AND DOCUMENT HUMAN EXPERIENCE.  ​ PHILOSOPHY ​ LITERATURE ​ RELIGION ​ ART ​ MUSIC ​ HISTORY ​ LANGUAGE ASSUMPTION OF ARTS ​ ART IS UNIVERSAL -​ In every country and in every generation, there is always art. ​ ART IS NOT NATURE -​ Art is man’s expression of his reception of the nature. -​ Way of interpreting nature. -​ Ex. Juan Luna (1884) ​ ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE. -​ Art is just experience -​ In order to know what an artwork is, we have sense it, see and hear it. FILM -​ Also known as CINEMA, FILM, MOVIE, MOVING PICTURE. -​ series of still photographs on films -​ Optical phenomenon ( persistence of vision) (gives illusion) MOVING IMAGES BEFORE FILM ​ ZOETROPE -​ illusion of movement ​ PERSISTENCE OF VISION (THEORY) -​ flip-book -​ Modern movie :24 frames per second -​ IMAX : 48 frames per second FILM VS. DIGITAL ​ Flexible, culluloid, light sensitive ( splice-able, high production cost) VS ​ Equipment/software ( cheaper , long term) EADWEARD MUYBRIGDE ​ galloping horse wager -​ All 4 legs off ground at once? SILENT FILM/BLACK & WHITE ​ no soundtrack ​ NICKELODEONS: small storefront movie theatres/ live piano & drums, sometimes lecturers ​ 1896 : movies shown all over Europe and U.S. EDWARD MÉLIÈS’ TRIP TO THE MOON (1902) ​ 1861-1938 –magician, filmmaker, theatrical magic show ​ Multiple settings, repeated scenes, cuts (time moving forward) D.W GRIFFITH’S BIRTH OF A NATION (1915) ​ Hollywood's first blockbuster ​ Epic story ​ Original editing styles -​ Symbolism -​ Gesture -​ Intertitles ​ Reinforcement of racist views? ​ Propaganda tool ORSON WELLES CITIZEN KANE (1941) ​ Wrote/directed/starred in it ​ Box-office failure; critics loved it ​ Loosely based on newspaper tycoon ​ William Randolph Hearst, questions values of American Dream ​ Fabricated newspaper reels ​ Flashbacks ​ Dramatic lighting, natural sound ​ Elaborate sets ​ Moving camera shots/ Innovative editing/deep focus/low camera angles ​ Trailer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyv1gb goscg SOUND AND COLOR (1920s) ​ The Wizard of Oz (1939)-black-white to color ​ Singin' in the Rain (1952) - integrated sound http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w4 OushYAaYA -​ synchronizing sound with lip movements/dubbing -​ Songs/sounds recorded separately; no longer "live” ANIMATION & SPECIAL EFFECTS ​ Wladyslaw Starewicz (1882-1965) ​ The Cameraman's Revenge (1912) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vICoSb 6pLvl ​ Walt Disney "Snow White" (1938) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7Z kWfDOELE ​ CEL-DRAWING ​ Spirited Away (2001) -​ 12-30 drawings for every second! -​ 125 min: 90,000-200,000 drawings! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6az 9wGfeSgM GEORGE LUCAS STAR WARS ( 1977) ​ Blockbuster: $194 million ​ Tunisia, Guatemala, Death Valley, CA -footage on location ​ Super-realist paintings ​ Detailed models ​ Computer-generated/digitally-timed effects FILM GENRES ​ Musicals ​ Sci-fi ​ Romantic ​ Westerns ​ Horror -​ German Expressionism: The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) -directed by Robert Wiene (1873-1938) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =YoAosfxM6AE ​ Documentary FILM AS ART ​ Meshes of the Afternoon (1943) - Maya Deren (1917-1961) and husbund, cinematographer Alexander Hammid http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=4503Aw5HULU ​ Flat is Beautiful (1998) -Sadie Benning -​ Toy camera, Super 8 film, collages VIDEO ARTWORKS ​ Global Groove (1973)-Nam June Paik -​ Paik-Abe Synthesizer: device to modulate video signals http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =InLcRXfd3NI ​ The Raft (2004), Bill Viola http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faA KOXACgAw WESTERN ART HISTORY STONE TOOL FOR ART MAKING ​ PEBBLE TOOLS -​ first cutting device -​ rounded stone struck with some blows ​ BIFACIAL TOOLS -​ hand ax with two faces or side -​ Used as knife, pick, scraper or weapon -​ Paleolithic period and the Acheulian culture ​ FLAKE TOOLS -​ Hand tool during the stone age -​ formed by crushing off a small and large fragment then used as a tool. -​ Both cores and flakes could be use as stone -​ New flakes were sharp very sharp, but quickly became blunt during use and had to be sharpened again by further flaking, a process called ”RETOUCH” ​ BLADE TOOLS -​ created by striking a long narrow flake from a stone core. -​ LITHIC REDUCTION (procedure of cutting the stone and creating blades) -​ Integrated into larger tools, such as spears. MEDIEVAL ART IN EUROPE -​ The primitive art of the Western world covers an extensive range of time and place over 1000 years. Specifically, Medieval art in Europe grew out of the artistic  culture of the Roman Empire and the iconographic practices in the church of the early Christian (Oliquiano, 2012). These sources were mixed with the influential "barbarian" artistic culture of Northern Europe to make an extraordinary creative legacy. Medieval art portrayed in Pietistic painting (religious art) displayed in ceramic, fresco and mosaic paintings, goldsmith and silversmith, stained glass, illuminated manuscript, metalwork, tapestry, and heraldry in churches. ​ ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS (ILLUMINATION) -​ colorful religious text (gold and silver) -​ Latin word illuminate ( to adorn or to enlighten) -​ Illuminators (artist who produced) ​ METAL WORK -​ Metalworkers ( created the religious object) -​ Expert in bronze art produces beautiful jewel, sculpture, and even church door. ​ SILVERSMITH AND GOLDSMITH -​ produce jewelry with small pieces of color glass, stone or other material. ​ PAINTINGS -​ skillful in iconography use fresco and panel painting with the religious theme. -​ Fresco is performed mostly on wall covers or ceilings. ​ BAYUEX TAPESTRY -​ embroidery in colored wool. -​ consist of 8 ling strips of unbleached linen. -​ sewn together to form continuous panel of 230 feet long and 20 inches high. ​ CERAMICS -​ hand-shaped cooking pots, jars, and pitchers. ​ STAINED GLASS -​ applied exclusively to the windows of medieval churches, castles, and cathedral. -​ small pieces of glass are arranged to form pictures or patterns. ​ HERALDRY -​ manner of designing coats of arms and insignia. -​ Specimens of coast of arms were worked using embroidery, paper, painted wood, stonework and stained glass. FAMOUS ARTISTS IN WESTERN EUROPE DONATELLO -​ a.k.a. Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi -​ Born in 1386 ( Italy) -​ Son of Nicolo di Betto Bardi ( a wool merchant in Florence). -​ one of the greatest Italian Renaissance artist -​ Noted specially for his sculpture in marble, bronze, and wood. -​ Died on December 14, 1466 FAMOUS ARTWORK ​ Statue of David -​ first unsupported standing work of bronze cast during the Renaissance. -​ first freestanding rude make sculpture made since antiquity. ​ Mary Magdalene  -​ appears penitent for her sins with an expression that pleads forgiveness. ​ Pazzi Madonna -​ 1425 to 1430 -​ thought to have been commissioned for private devotions and represent Donatello’s collaboration with Michelozzo -​ sculpture became excessively popular leading to copies by other artists. ​ Zuccone -​ created for the Florence cathedral in 1423-1425 -​ Sculpture is made of marble and zuccone is other known as PROPHET. ​ St. Mark -​ carved from marble -​ large tribute that stands at 93 inches tall -​ part of a broader campaign to adorn the exterior of Orsanmichele in Florence, Italy. ​ St. John the Evangelist -​ Italian sculpture -​ One of fourteen sculpture commissioned by the guilds of Florence to decorate the external niches of the Orsanmichele church. ​ St. George and the Dragon -​ a marble sculpture -​ One of fourteen sculpture commissioned by the guilds of Florence to decorate the external riches of the Orsanmichele church. GIOTTO DI BONDON -​ Born in 1266 (VEspignano Village, Florence). -​ Son of George Vasari (small landed farmer) -​ He worked with other artists for the cathedral of San Francesco in Assist and began painting a fresco cycle there with scenes from the old and New Testaments. -​ In 1300, he was invited by Pope Benedict XI in Rome to paint a mosaic over the entrance to St. Peter's Basilica. -​ He died on January 8,1377, in Florence FAMOUS MASTERPIECE Fresco Cycles -​ is organized along four tiers -​ Each contains episodes from the stories of the protagonist of the sacred history. -​ It focuses on the life of the virgin and celebrates her role in human salvation. LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI -​ was born in Genoa on February 14, 1404, in Italy, -​ considered the father of Early Renaissance art theory and, because of his great adaptability, the archetypal "universal man". -​ He is perhaps revered first-and-foremost as the founder of modern architecture. -​ As an architect, he was hired by Pope Nicholas V in the renovation of the papal palace and of the Roman bridge of Acqua Vergine. -​ He died in Rome on April 25, 1472 FAMOUS MASTERPIECE Basilica of Sant’ Andrea -​ based on the scheme of the ancient Arch of Trajan at Arcona.  -​ It largely a brick structure with hardened stucco used for the surface. GIOVANNI CIMABUE -​ was born in Florence in 1240. -​ He was a pioneering Italian artist active in the 13th and early 14th centuries, -​ known for his frescoes, panel paintings, and exquisite mosaics. -​ He died in 1302. FAMOUS ARTWORK SANTA TRINITA MAESTA -​ large paintings featuring the Virgin Mary and the Christ Child seated on a throne were a common sight in Italian churches. -​ Larger-than-life panels with this theme, a kind of image that came to be known as a Maesta (meaning “majesty”), were adaptations of traditional Byzantine icons for use in devotion in Western Europe. FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI -​ was born in Florence in 1240. -​ He was a pioneering Italian artist active in the 13th and early 14th centuries, -​ known for his frescoes, panel paintings, and exquisite mosaics. -​ He died in 1302. FAMOUS ARTWORK FLORENCE CATHEDRAL DOME -​ most famous churches in the world. -​ Without a Doubt the most remarkable achievement of Filippo Brunelleschi -​ Completed between 1419 and 1436. FRA ANGELICO -​ (Also known as Beato Angelito, which means "Blessed Angelic One) -​ He was born in 1395 in Florence, Italy. -​ He was a Dominican friar and Italian painter of the Early Renaissance, described by Giordio Vasari in his lives of the Artist as having "A rare and perfect talent". -​ He died on February 18, 1455, in Rome Italy. FAMOUS ARTWORK ANNUNCIATION -​ represent the perpetual virginity of mary via the announcement by the angel Gabriel that Mary would conceive a child to be born the son of God. THE MADONNA AND THE CHILD WITH SAINTS -​ shows Madonna enthroned and surrounded by four Saints. -​ Designed with lavish gilding and fine brushwork. -​ Undoubtedly served as a demonstration of refined art connoisseurhip and equally as a portrait for distinct devotions. -​ The saints are John the Baptist, Peter, Paul, and Anthony abbot. LORENZO GHIBERT -​ He was born in 1380 in Florence, Italy. -​ He is best remembered for "The Gates of Paradise", -​ the magnificent doors of the baptistery of St John, cast in glittering bronze. -​ He died in 1445. FAMOUS ARTWORK THE GATES OF PARADISE -​ The doors consist of 10 richly decorated, -​ sculptural panels depicting scenes from the Old Testament, -​ including God's creation of Adam and Eve, -​ Abraham's near-sacrifice of Isaac, and  -​ Moses on the mountain, receiving God's Commandments. MUSIC -​ Art of arranging sounds. The Properties of Musical sound 1.​ PITCH -​ it refers to the highness and lowness of tone. -​ determined by the rate of vibration. -​ represented by a note. 2.​ DURATION -​ length of time 3.​ VOLUME -​ force or percussive effect -​ the degree of loudness or the intensity of a sound -​ how loud or soft the music is. 4.​ TIMBRE OF TONE COLOR -​ individual quality of the sound produced by the instrument. -​ differentiate one type of sound from another -​ Unique quality of sound 5.​ RANGE -​ has to do with the total number of tones it can produce from highest to lowest. -​ it determined largely by the size of the instrument. -​ distance between its lowest and highest tone. The two mediums in Music VOCAL MEDIUM -​ oldest and still most popular of all instruments is the HUMAN VOICE. ( most natural form of music) (Personal and direct) VOCAL REGISTER -​ Voices differ considerably in range and register. SIX CLASSES OF VOCAL REGISTER 1.​ SOPRANO ( high register female voice) 2.​ MEZZO-SOPRANO ( medium register female voice) 3.​ ALTO OR CONTRALTO (low register female voice) 4.​ TENOR (high register male voice) 5.​ BARITONE ( medium register male voice) 6.​ BASS (low register male voice) VOCAL QUALITIES -​ Voices are also classified according to their timbre or quality of sound. 1.​ The coloratura soprano -​ highest and lightest of all voices -​ Music written full of runs, thrills and light movements. 2.​ The Lyric soprano -​ Less high flute like voice -​ Sing less or ornamental music  3.​ The Dramatic soprano -​ heavier and convey intense emotions in dramatic situation. 4.​ The Mezzo-soprano voice -​ between soprano and contralto in quality and range. 5.​ The contralto voice -​ low and rich in quality 6.​ The Lyric tenor -​ suited to sweet songlike melodies ( like lyric soprano) 7.​ The Dramatic tenor -​ heavier voice and is capable or conveying intense emotions (like dramatic soprano) 8.​ The Baritone voice -​ range between tenor and bass 9.​ The Bass voice -​ lowest and deepest quality THE 5 MAJOR TYPE OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTAL 1.​ PERCUSSION ​ Percussionist (play many different instruments in one piece of music) ○​ timpani ○​ xylophone ○​ cymbals ○​ triangle ○​ snare ○​ drum ○​ bass drum ○​ tambourine ○​ maracas ○​ gongs ○​ chimes ○​ celesta ○​ piano 2.​ WOODWIND ​ family of musical instruments within the more general category of wind instruments. ○​ flute ○​ clarinet ○​ oboe ○​ bass ​ 2 main types ○​ flutes ○​ reed instruments 3.​ STRING ​ produces sound by the vibration of stretched strings. ​ Made of : ○​ vegetable fiber ○​ metal ○​ animal gut ○​ silk  Artificial materials such as: ​ plastic ​ nylon 4.​ BRASS ​ produce sound by the sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player’s lips. ​ called LABROSONES OR LABPROPHONES. ( from Latin and Greek elements meaning LIP AND SOUND) 5.​ KEYBOARD ​ a row of levers which are pressed by the fingers. ○​ piano ○​ organ ○​ various electronic keyboard ○​ synthesizer ○​ digital pianos COMBINATION OF INSTRUMENTS -​ The different instruments discussed are most commonly found not only in Western countries but also in the Philippines due to its contact with the Western nations. The composer uses them in any combination he wishes, but certain combinations or ensembles as they are usually called in music have been found to be particularly satisfying and consequently commonly used. ENSEMBLE MEDIA -​ When two or more performers are equally engaged in playing or singing a piece of music, the medium is called an ensemble (an samb’l) and the music is called ensemble music. -​ Instrumental ensembles exist in almost infinite combinations. Some of these are follows. ORCHESTRA -​ It is the most spectacular of ensembles, -​ composed of any sizable group of instrumental performers usually under the direction of a conductor. -​ In the orchestral ensemble, several instruments of the same kind usually play a given part. -​ This is particularly true of the strings. -​ An orchestra may vary in size from a relatively small groups to an ensemble of a hundred or more players. -​ The number of instruments used in orchestra varies according to the demands of the music. -​ The orchestra is constituted with a view of securing the best balance of tone. THE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA -​ The symphony orchestra is a large ensemble which includes all the principal instrument types. -​ The modern symphony orchestra has about 100 players, but this number varies according to the kind of music being played. -​ It is composed of four sections corresponding to the four instrumental groupings, the string section, the woodwind section, the brass section and the percussion section. -​ Each of these sections has at least one instrument which falls into each of the four basic ranges: soprano, alto, tenor and bass. CONCERTO  -​ The concerto is a form written for orchestra and usually one solo instrument (piano, violin, and the like) is given a prominent role in music. BAND -​ A band is an instrumental ensemble, large like the orchestra but consisting mainly or exclusively of wind and percussion instruments. -​ Although the band is closely associated with outdoor events (parades, funerals, football games, among others), it is also used as a concert ensemble. THE RONDALLA -​ This is the best-known instrumental group in the Philippines today. -​ It is a band made up mostly of stringed instruments: ​ The banduria, which assumes the lead part and plays the melody; ​ the laud and the octavina, which carry the alto and contrapuntal parts; ​ the piccolo, tuned above the banduria, which plays the ornamental passages; ​ and the guitarra and the banjo, which give solidity to the rhythm and support the harmony. ​ Some percussion instruments have found their way into the rondalla to add color and varied tonal rhythmic effects. MIXED ENSEMBLES -​ A considerable literature of music exists for large mixed ensembles which include instruments and voices. -​ Such musical types as an opera, oratorio, cantata, Mass, Requiem Mass, and even symphonies may employ vocal soloist, chorus and orchestra. -​ Mixed chamber ensembles have made their appearance in the 20th century. CHAMBER ORCHESTRA -​ The term chamber orchestra is applied to small instrumental ensembles in which there are only a few performers for a part. Chamber orchestras are in a category of ensemble between a chamber ensemble and the full orchestra. CHAMBER ENSEMBLES -​ Chamber music is a medium which calls for only a few performers (from two to about eight or nine instruments) with one player to each part. -​ The most common chamber music ensembles are listed below: SOLO SONATAS -​ Music written for a solo instrument (violin, cello, flue, oboe, horn, and the like), with an accompaniment by such instruments as the piano or harpsichord, belongs to the category of chamber music ensemble. STRING QUARTET -​ The most common medium of chamber music appears to be the string quartet. -​ It consists of two violins, a viola, and a cello. -​ When the piano replaces one of the four instruments, the ensemble is called a PIANO QUARTET. DUOS, TRIOS, QUINTETS, AND OTHER -​ Music in which two instruments have equal importance is called a duo; -​ music for three instruments is a trio; -​ for five, a quintet; -​ for six, a sextet; -​ for seven, a septet, -​ for eight, an octet; -​ for nine, nonet. -​ These ensembles may consist of any combination of instruments, including strings, woodwinds, brass, keyboard, and percussion instruments. SPECIAL ENSEMBLES -​ As music evolves composers search for new media more years has been the development of electronic Instruments which many contemporary congenial to their changing musical ideas. -​ A particularly significant trend in recent years has been the development of electronic instruments, which many contemporary composers feel are more versatile than traditional instruments and more suitable for achieving the sounds they want for the music. -​ In the Philippines, a new kind of ensemble has developed. The Filipinos are lovers of music and perhaps due to strong family ties, have featured family ensembles. The FIGUEROA AND THE TAJANLANGIT families, for example are worthy of mention. THE CONDUCTOR -​ Today, the size of the orchestras and the complicated music have made the conductor essential. -​ The conductor is the director of the orchestra. -​ He has to know every detail of the music and be able to give the most precise directions with baton and hands. The Elements and Organization of music MUSICAL NOTATION -​ Notation is a system of signs by means of which music is written down. -​ Serves mainly to indicate two properties of tone which are pitch and duration. NOTATION OF PITCH PITCH -​ the relative highness or lowness of a sound. Staff (picture above) is a group of five parallel lines in which the note heads are placed. NOTE HEADS -​ is a written pitch uses circular symbols CLEF -​ Each line or space of the staff have corresponding letter sign in order to indicate the pitch of the notes. -​ In English-speaking countries, we use the first seven letters of the alphabet to name the notes on a staff. -​ Alphabetical order (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) the pitch gets higher while reverse alphabetical order (G, F, E, D, C, B, A) the pitch gets lower. NOTATION DURATION -​ One has to know not only where a note is but also how long a time it is held. -​ Duration of silence between notes is indicated by rest. -​ Every kind of note has a corresponding kind of rest to indicate that nothing shall be sounded It takes two notes of one kind to make the same time value of the next larger kind note: two half notes make one whole note, two sixteenth notes make one eighth note. TRIPLET GROUPS -​ Sometimes note values are divided by three's of two's. -​ Indicated by the sign 3. METER -​ Is a series of regular pulses, as in the ticking of a clock. -​ If we are to think of them as being grouped in two's, three's, or fours, we are in this way measuring the pulses. -​ This indicated the time signatures which show the number of beats to a measure. -​ Measures are indicated by means of vertical lines or bars down through the staff The time signature of a composition appears on the staff or staffs at the beginning of the score. -​ It consists of two numbers: ○​ The upper number indicates the number of beats to a measure.. ○​ The lower number indicates the kind of note that will receive one beat. ACCENT MARK -​ Above a note gives extra stress to the note it accompanies It means play the note louder. CRESCENDO MARK -​ Indicates a gradual increase in loudness. -​ Also called DIMINUENDO MARK, gradually decreases the loudness. FERMATA -​ Means the holding of a note or chord longer than its normal value -​ A dot over or under a note indicates Staccato, Detached or shortening the sound. LEGATO -​ A curved line above or below or more notes. -​ Connected, no silence between notes. KEY SIGNATURE -​ The group of flats or sharps appearing at the beginning of a piece. -​ Each sharp or flat, appearing on the line of the staff, means that the tone is to be raised or lowered by a half tone throughout the entire composition unless it is temporarily cancelled for duration of the measure by the use of a natural sign appearing immediately before a note. -​ Every key signature may indicate either a major or a minor key. -​ A chart of key signatures and the keys, major or minor, can be seen in the appendix. SOUND -​ Music is an art whose basic material is sound. -​ Musical sounds have no meanings beyond themselves and therefore may be said to deal with pure sound.  -​ The performers who make it possible for the listener to hear or understand the composition. TONE -​ It is a sound produced by regular vibrations of air. Components of tone 1.​ Pitch - Refers to the highness or lowness of tonal sounds. 2.​ Duration - Is determined by the length of time the vibration is sustained. 3.​ Intensity of volume - Tone may vary in their degree of loudness and softness. -​ The fundamental to musical rhythm and it provides the basis for a separate musical element. 4.​ Timbre - Enables one to distinguish one sound from another, one instrument from another THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ELEMENTS THE ORGANIZATION OF PITCH ​ In western music, pitch spectrum is limited to a total 12 different pitches. SCALE -​ Is a series of consecutive tones -​ Is an ordered sequence of notes -​ It is a group of pitches organized in ascending and decending order. TONALITY -​ Element for a music into which one should have a clear insight for a better understanding of it. -​ It is the quality of tone, the combination of colors used in a painting, or how the tones of musical composition are combined. -​ It is the overalls relationship between melody and harmony and how they create a unique sound set when combined. The organization of duration DURATION -​ It is an amount of time or how long or short a note, phrase, section, or composition lasts. -​ Or it is a length of time that a tone persist or the sounds occupy. RHYTHM -​ Considered the most basic element. -​ From Greek word RHYTHMOS derived from RHEIN which means “to flow" -​ It also a placement of sounds in time. And it also the arrangement notes and tones, the order of long and short notes. -​ It is the movement that we do on each beat of music. Or the organization of particular sound by their respective length. METER -​ It is a way of measuring durations on fixed regular pattern, so that the listener becomes aware of a basic pulse or beat. -​ It is the arrangement of rhythms in a repetitive pattern of the beats its either strong or weak. -​ The organization of rhythm into certain regular pattern. -​ It is classified by counting the number of beats from strong beat to the next one TEMPO -​ Italian word which means time. -​ The underlying beat of the music  -​ It is the speed at which the music should be played SPEED MELODY -​ Make the most direct appeal. -​ Consists of a series of pitches and durations. -​ It is the aesthetic product from given a succession pitches in musical time. -​ It is used by every musical instrument. -​ It was timely arranged in linear sequence of pitched sounds that the listener perceives as a single entity. -​ Coherent succession of single pitches Four characteristics or properties 1.​ DIMENSION -​ Length and range. -​ Many melodies are neither extremely short nor usually fong. -​ The length of the melody is relative to the number of measure which composes it. -​ The range of the melody is the pitch distance from its lowest to its highest. tone. 2 types of Dimension ​ The vertical and horizontal dimension. -​ Vertical dimension it is composed of relationships of notes while the -​ horizontal dimension it is composed of relationships among a succession of notes and silent pauses. 2.​ Register -​ The relative highness or lowness of the aggregate tones of a melody. -​ it is the set of tones that can produce by your voice 3.​ Direction -​ Upwards and downwards. -​ Melody may moves rapidly or gradually, ascending or descending. -​ indicating the passageways of the melody. 4.​ Progression -​ Refers to the intervals between the tones as a melody moves from one tone to the next. FUNCTION OF MELODY ​ MELODY -​ is the element of music that arouses interest. -​ It is what listener can easily identify. -​ It is the musical idea around which a composition is constructed. -​ This melodic idea or basic tune of the composition is called theme. -​ The theme is of paramount importance to composition, and it provides one of the most important approaches to intelligent listening. -​ The ability to recognize one or more themes, when the recur in a composition, is clear indication that you are moving toward full appreciation. HARMONY -​ Simultaneous sounding of two or more tones. -​ Combination of notes and the ensuing relationship of interval. CHORD -​ is two or more notes or tones sounded at the same time and conceived as entity. -​ it defined by their root note and their quality. TRIAD -​ the most common chord in our music is a certain combination of three tones or tones. -​ Consists of a root and the third and fifth above it. The most common triads are the following; ​ Major Triad-has a major third and a perfect fifth ​ Minor Triad-has a minor third and a perfect fifth ​ Diminished Triad-has a minor third and a diminished fifth ​ Augmented Triad-has a major third and a augmented fifth CHORD PROGRESSION -​ Chords not only are constructed in a variety ways, but also progress from one to another according to many different plans. -​ The scheme by which chords change. -​ creating emotional journey between the beginning to end Consonance and dissonance in Music Consonance and dissonance -​ refers to two different aspects of sound and the way we respond to them. CONSONANCE -​ certain combinations of tones produce a quality of repose or relaxation. -​ is the lack of dissonant sounds -​ Consonance is harmonious and pleasing to the ear -​ combination of two (or more) tones of different frequencies that results in a musically pleasing sound DISSONANCE -​ certain other combinations of tones produce a quality of unrest or tension. -​ is the lack of consonant sounds -​ Dissonance, on gives a jarring, harsh sound sensation and causes a sense of disharmony -​ combination of two (or more) tones of different frequencies that results in a musically displeasing sound. POLYTONALITY -​ From its own word "Poly" means several or more than one. -​ Music which two or more keys are combines simultaneously in a single composition,.. -​ is used to bring out the different levels or planes of the harmony. -​ The simultaneous occurrence of two or more different tonalities or keys (the interrelated of notes and chords used in a composition -​ a harmonic structure that characteristically introduces two or more simultaneous musical harmonies or strata of harmony. MULTITONALITY -​ Displaced tonality. -​ Music which shifts abruptly between two or more remotely related keys without modulation -​ Composed of more than two different musical tones a multitone alarm. 2: having or being more than two colors and especially similar but slightly different colors multitone leather. ATONAL -​ "Atonal" iterally means "not tonal", -​ It is music that rejects the framework of key. -​ the absence of functional harmony as a primary structural element. -​ Atonal is a style of music that does not adhere to the traditional harmonic concept of a key or mode. -​ Schoenberg's song cycle Pierrot Lunaire (1912) and Alban Berg's opera Wozzeck (1925) are typical examples of atonal works. -​ It's Like musical freedom (all notes are free to go anywhere) DYNAMICS -​ How quietly or loudly a piece of music should be played a piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases To the direction of dynamics 1.​ Crescendo - (becoming louder, song starts gradually getting louder or gradual increase in the volume of music.) 2.​ Diminuendo - (becoming soft, gradually reducing in force or loudness to decrease in volume and slow down.) 3.​ Sudden stress -​ sforzando(accent on a single note or chord). -​ played with prominent stress or accent -​ Sforzando is an indication to make a strong, sudden accent on a note or chord The number of terms embraces both tempo and dynamics 1.​ Andante -​ fairly slow and majestic -​ Implies a stately pace and full sonority -​ Is a musical tempo marking meaning moderately slow. -​ The literal meaning of the Italian word 'Andante' is 'at a walking pace’, with suggestions of 'easy-going'; or it could be simply 'uniform', like the regularity of a walker's tread. 2.​ Morendo -​ Dying away indicates that the music is to become slower and softer. -​ Indicates a decrease in volume or tempo, but often affects both; to make the sound slowly die away. -​ Morendo creates the effect of a slow ritardando and a diminuendo with an extreme fade. 3.​ Scherzando -​ playful -​ Requires a light tone and brisk movement. -​ An instruction to perform "playfully” or to play in a joking, light-hearted, or happy manner. 4.​ Conbrio -​ (with vigor) suggests an energetic pace and vibrant sonority. -​ The music to be performed with liveliness or spirit, as in the phrase allegro con brio -​ Music with "spirit or animation" TEMPO -​ Refers to the rate of speed, the pace of the music. -​ It determines the speed of the beats in the measure, their duration in actual time. -​ In musical terminology, tempo (Italian for "time"; plural tempos, or tempi from the Italian plural) it means "speed or pace of a given piece. FREQUENCY -​ In a very slow tempo, usually considered to be slower than adagio, and with great dignity. Used chiefly as a direction. Most frequently encountered are the following: 1.​ Very slowsLargo (broad) -​ Largo is an Italian word means 'wide' or 'broad' in music it is a very slow tempo, 2.​ Grave (solemn) -​ The slowest tempo in music. -​ A directive to perform a certain passage of a composition in a solemn, grave, or slow manner 3.​ Slow Lento -​ A tempo instruction meaning the music is slow. 4.​ Adagio (gently, leisurely, slowly) -​ A tempo mark directing that a passage is to be played rather slowly and stately 5.​ Moderate:Andante (going at a walking pace) 6.​ Andantino (a little andante, somewhat faster than andante) ​ Moderato (moderate speed)  ​ Fairly fast: Allegretto (a little lively- not as fast as allegro) ​ Fast: Allegro (happy, cheerful, lively) ​ VeAndante at a walking pace (73-77 BPM) Moderato moderately (86-97 BPM) Allegretto moderately fast (98-109 BPMy fast: lively) Allegro multo (very lively) ​ Vivace (vivacious, lively) -​ The Italian musical term vivace it means "lively," is an indication to play in a very quick, upbeat tempo; "lively” ​ Presto (very quick) -​ Is the music term for fast and refers to how quickly the beat is moving in the music -​ Presto comes from Italian for "quickly" Presto is the second-quickest speed that music can be played (after prestissimo) ​ Prestissimo(as quick as possible) -​ To be played as fast as possible -​ A movement or passage marked to be performed in a very quick tempo ACCELERANDO -​ Gradual increase of speed. -​ "Accelerando" means "accelerating" or "speading up -​ accelerating or quickening in time RITARDANDO -​ gradual decrease. -​ With a gradual slackening in tempo -​ A ritardando is a gradual slowing down within a piece of music. TIMBRE -​ The tone quality. -​ Timbre is the tone color or tone quality of the music -​ It's is the ways used to describe the sound, like how its Light, Flat, Smooth, Smoky, Breathy, Rough, and many more. -​ Timbre, also called timber, quality of auditory sensations produced by the tone of a sound wave TEXTURE -​ Refers to the melodic and harmonic relationship of musical factors. -​ It is how the tempo, melodic, and harmonic materials are combined in a musical composition, determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece TYPES OF TEXTURE ​ Nonmelodic texture -​ Is created for special effects in which harmonic sounds obscure or partly exclude the melodic content of a composition. -​ Occurs in contemporary and modern music. -​ It results when harmonic sounds hide or partly exclude the melodic content of a composition ​ Sonority -​ Is an attribute of texture which is based more on harmonic than melodic consideration, -​ Refer to the quality of richness or thinness of texture. -​ Another word for timbre -​ The timbre or sonority of an instrument or voice is the colour, character or 66 quality of sound it produces Determined by: ​ Number of parts -​ Refers to the number of voices involved. ​ Spacing of tones -​ Refers to the musical intervals between parts. ​ Register tones -​ Refers to whether the tones are high, medium, or slow -​ The "height" or range of a note, set of pitches or pitch classes, melody, part, instrument, or group of instruments. -​ A higher register indicates higher pitch and lower registrar indicates low pitch. -​ "Pitch" music refers to the position of a single sound in the complete range of sound ​ Timbre -​ Refers to the tone quality or qualities of the mediums which will play the music.