Eye Care Past Paper PDF

1. What is the main advantage of contact lenses for children with high refractive errors? A: Allows more normal development of visual acuity, motor and perceptual skills. 2. What percentage wider field of view do contact lenses offer compared to spectacles? A: 15% 3. Why are contact lenses s...

1. What is the main advantage of contact lenses for children with high refractive errors? A: Allows more normal development of visual acuity, motor and perceptual skills. 2. What percentage wider field of view do contact lenses offer compared to spectacles? A: 15% 3. Why are contact lenses sometimes preferred over spectacles for children? A: Difficulty keeping spectacles on a child's face, negative reaction to spectacles. 4. What is the principal reason for fitting a young child with contact lenses? A: Correction of high refractive error. 5. What is the main cause of high refractive error in young children? A: Aphakia. 6. What type of refractive error may not need immediate correction in young children? A: Low to moderate myopia. 7. What are the benefits of contact lenses for correcting high myopia in children? A: Increased field of view, more normal image size than spectacles. 8. Why are contact lenses often more readily accepted in children with hyperopia? A: Reduced accommodative demand, reduced convergence demands. 9. How do contact lenses help patients with anisometropia? A: Prevents or treats amblyopia. 10. What is the potential problem when fitting a child with a high minus powered contact lens? A: Lens may ride high due to lid attachment. 11. What type of contact lens design may be required for high plus powered lenses? A: Lenticular lens design. 12. What should patients or their parents possess in case of lens breakage or loss? A: A spare pair of contact lenses. 13. Why should a pair of spectacles be prescribed for children who wear contact lenses? A: As a back-up during periods when contact lenses cannot be worn. 14. What is orthokeratology primarily used to correct? A: Nearsightedness (myopia). 15. How do orthokeratology lenses work? A: Flattening the center of the cornea. 16. When are most orthokeratology lenses worn? A: Overnight. 17. What type of lenses are used in orthokeratology? A: Rigid, gas-permeable lenses. 18. What is the maximum myopia that orthokeratology can correct? A: -6.00D 19. What is the maximum astigmatism that orthokeratology can correct? A: -1.75D 20. What are the other names for Ortho-k? A: Accelerated Overnight Orthokeratology. 21. Some ortho-k fitting systems advocate the use of what for initial parameter selection? A: Diagnostic trial shaping lenses. 22. What is the purpose of baseline topography in Ortho-k? A: To guide the course of treatment. 23. What should be avoided when choosing an initial shaping lens in Ortho-k? A: Causing seal-off in the intermediate zone. 24. How long after insertion should the initial shaping lens be evaluated in Ortho-k? A: 10 to 30 minutes. 25. What is the purpose of evaluating the initial shaping lens in Ortho-k? A: To determine if the patient has a rapid flattening effect. 26. What should be done if the initial fit of the shaping lens is acceptable in Ortho-k? A: The patient may be allowed to wear it overnight and be evaluated the following morning. 27. What is the suggested duration for in-office wear of the diagnostic shaping lens in Ortho-k? A: 30 to 60 minutes. 28. What should be done with a tight-fitting Ortho-k lens? A: Replaced with a lens of lower sagittal height. 29. What is the importance of centration in Ortho-k shaping lenses? A: Critical to the Ortho-k  effect. 30. How much should Ortho-k shaping lenses move with blinking? A: Approximately 1 mm. 31. What is the primary value of fluorescein pattern evaluation in Ortho-k? A: Observing the position of the shaping lens, detecting adherence, evaluating corneal integrity, assessing reverse zone width and depth. 32. What filter is recommended for accurate evaluation of fluorescein patterns in Ortho-k? A: Yellow Wratten filter. 33. What induces structural changes in Ortho-k treatment? A: Ortho-k treatment. 34. What are the structural changes in the cornea due to Ortho-k treatment? A: Epithelial thinning/thickening, reduction in epithelial cell layers, stromal thickening, no endothelial cell changes. 35. What are the conjunctival changes due to Ortho-k treatment? A: Papillary hypertrophy, Meibomian gland distortion. 36. What changes occur in the tear film due to Ortho-k treatment? A: Increase in osmolarity. 37. What choroid changes occur due to Ortho-k treatment? A: Thickening of sub-foveal choroid. 38. What are the major benefits of Ortho-k? A: Non-surgical alternative for myopia management, reversible, easy adaptation. 39. What are cosmetic contact lenses used for? A: Changing eye color and appearance, therapeutic applications, special effects. 40. What is the difference between zero-powered and powered cosmetic contact lenses? A: Zero-powered lenses are non-corrective, while powered lenses correct refractive errors. 41. Why is biocompatibility crucial for cosmetic contact lenses? A: They may allow less oxygen to reach the cornea and disrupt the tear film. 42. What are the types of cosmetic contact lenses based on prescription? A: Prescription (corrects refractive errors) and Plano (no correction). 43. What are the types of cosmetic contact lenses based on tint? A: Visibility tint and Cosmetic tint. 44. What is the purpose of visibility tint in contact lenses? A: To enhance visibility during insertion and removal. 45. What is the purpose of cosmetic tint in contact lenses? A: To enhance or change the color of the eye. 46. What are the two forms of cosmetic tint available? A: Transparent and Opaque. 47. What is the purpose of opaque tint in contact lenses? A: To completely change or mask the underlying eye color. 48. What are the indications for fitting cosmetic contact lenses? A: To alter the color of the iris, to enhance the natural eye color, for theatrical purposes. 49. How are soft cosmetic contact lenses generally fitted? A: Using trial lenses with varying base curves, diameters, thickness, and color. 50. What are the serious complications associated with cosmetic contact lenses? A: Corneal ulcers, infections, conjunctivitis, corneal swelling, allergic reactions, corneal abrasion. 51. What is a prosthetic contact lens? A: A lens designed to normalize the abnormal appearance of the eye. 52. What are the indications for prosthetic contact lenses? A: Ocular disfigurement due to trauma, disease, or congenital abnormalities. 53. What are the types of prosthetic contact lens designs? A: Custom hand-painted lenses and Standard stock lenses. 54. What are the pupil options available for prosthetic contact lenses? A: Opaque, Translucent, Clear. 55. What are the iris options available for prosthetic contact lenses? A: Color Enhancing, Opaque, Clear. 56. What other options are available for prosthetic contact lenses? A: Underprinting, Double printing, Clear vs. Opaque edge, Decentration of pupil. 57. What is the purpose of an opaque pupil with a clear iris in a prosthetic contact lens? A: For a non-sighted eye with a central defect. 58. What is the purpose of no pupil with a tinted iris in a prosthetic contact lens? A: For a sighted eye with abnormal pupil location. 59. What is the purpose of a clear pupil with a painted iris in a prosthetic contact lens? A: For a sighted eye with a disfigured iris. 60. What are the tinting options available for prosthetic contact lenses? A: Type A (Iris clear, pupil tinted), Type B (Whole lens tinted), Type C (Iris tinted, clear pupil), Type D (Iris tinted, pupil tinted separately).