ARPLANN1.docx

1.0 **OVERVIEW** This topic discusses the importance and significance of site planning and landscape architecture to architectural design. It will also tackle the site planning principles, fundamentals of landscape architecture and definition of site planning and landscape architecture. In this to...

1.0 **OVERVIEW** This topic discusses the importance and significance of site planning and landscape architecture to architectural design. It will also tackle the site planning principles, fundamentals of landscape architecture and definition of site planning and landscape architecture. In this topic the student will learn the value of site planning and landscape architecture to design. ----- ------------------- 2.0 **SITE PLANNING** ----- ------------------- - - - A map of a city Description automatically generated ----- --------------- 2.1 **SITE PLAN** ----- --------------- - Locates structures and activities in three-dimensional space and when appropriate, in time. The differences that arise from that spatial and temporal arrangement are the meat of the matter: they include differences in proportion, density, shape, duration, grain, rhythm, pattern, succession, or linkage. The site is not simply a collection of buildings and streets but a system of structures, surfaces, spaces, living things, climate and details  ----- --------------------------- 2.2 **SITE PLANNING PROCESS** ----- --------------------------- 1. **Understanding of persons** for whom the site is being planned and a definition of what their role will be in creating or deciding the features of that plan. 2. **Analysis of the situation**: a study of the site itself and also of the whole structure of power, value, and technology within which the work must be carried out. 3. Purpose of the plan are stated in concrete terms leading to a program that details the behavior that the plan will support, the required physical characteristics, and expected costs. 4. **Design is created**- a form that the site will be given to fulfill the program. ----- ---------- 2.2 **SITE** ----- ---------- Every site, natural or man-made, is to some degree unique, a web of things and activities. That web must be understood: it imposes limitations; maintains some continuity with the preexisting locale. Understanding a locality demands time and effort. The site planner properly suffers a chronic anxiety about this "**spirit of place**". ----- -------------------------- 2.3 **PURPOSE OF SITE PLAN** ----- -------------------------- - The human purposes to be met by any site plan are in practice strangely distorted. Stated objectives are usually a mixture of a few explicit and measurable ends, such as cost and capacity, numerous important but ill-defined values that lurk behind "reasonableness" and "good practice" - Objectives like the site itself, are always specific and particular. They depend on the situation and the values of the client. Who sets those objectives? Ideally, it will be the user of the site, but there are problems of absent, voiceless or uninformed clients of user complexity and conflict, and of distinctions between users and nominal clients that make a rational program difficult to achieve. ----- ---------------------------- 3.0 **LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE** ----- ---------------------------- - Is concerned with the arrangement of land, water, plants form and structures for their best use and greater enjoyment. - It deals with land-planning problems such as building sites, gardens, outdoor-living areas, playgrounds, and parks. - It requires a knowledge of design and construction that overlaps in the fields of architecture, engineering, horticulture, botany and other branches of arts and science. ----- ---------------- 3.1 **IMPORTANCE** ----- ---------------- - It provides a beautiful setting of buildings and add to the comfort of the occupants by providing shades and windbreakers and by screening off undesirable views. - It increases the value of buildings. 3.2 **ANCIENT TIMES** ------- ----------------------------- 3.2.1 **GARDEN OF ANCIENT EGYPT** - Reflected climatic, physical, and religious influences. The gardens of a high official, for instance, usually occupied a square of land and were surrounded by lofty walls. - Dwelling houses within the walls were carefully hidden away and shaded by trees, and the grounds were enlivened by ponds, waterfalls and green borders. In the middle of the gardens were vineyards and rows of trees. An aerial view of a garden Description automatically generated ------- ------------------------ 3.2.2 **GARDEN OF PERSIANS** ------- ------------------------ - Rectangular and enclosed by high mud walls. - Divided by interesting raised paths and low fences and embellished with little tunnels and blue-tiled pools, pavilions, kiosks, and canopied summer houses. - Outdoor features in the early Greek cities included baths, stadiums, open-air theaters, porticoes, and colonnades.  ------- ---------------------------------------------- 3.2.3 **MONASTERIES OF THE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE** ------- ---------------------------------------------- - Monasteries were group around central courtyards that were framed by colonnades and enriched with central fountains, beds of flowers, and statues of the Christian saints. A garden with a building in the background Description automatically generated ------- ------------------------- 3.2.4 **RENAISSANCE GARDENS** ------- ------------------------- - Villas were distinguished for their beauty. They were built upon and closely adapted the Italian hillsides. - Villas followed the slopes, with three or four terraces faced with stone and equipped with balustrades and steps. - The lower levels contained the flower garden proper and the upper levels included the woodland. - Water was used to achieve spectacular effects.  ------- ---------------------------------------- 3.2.5 **SPANISH GARDENS OF THE RENAISSANCE** ------- ---------------------------------------- - They occupied lofty sites and had arcaded courts - Made use of channels, fountains and jets of water, row of potted plants and decorations. - Palms and orange trees framed more distant vistas. A garden with a fountain in the middle of a courtyard Description automatically generated ------- ----------------------------------- 3.2.6 **RENAISSANCE GARDENS OF FRANCE** ------- ----------------------------------- - The ground at palace of Versailles were developed in the so called grand manner, with no stinting of money, labor or talent. - Outstanding features were an intricate pattern of cross-connecting avenues, an amazing display of statues, cascades and fountains and a canal mile or more length. - Basic characteristic of Renaissance garden was its formality; it was balanced and orderly. Its planes, patterns and shapes were those of geometry, not of nature.  ------- -------------------------- 3.2.7 **CHINESE AND JAPANESE** ------- -------------------------- - Two important concepts accepted by the landscape artist in the orient,; first is that nature itself is beautiful and good. Chinese painting reflects this attitude towards nature. Second concept is that if native forms are the most beautiful, they copied literally, thus man-made forms are abandoned in favor of naturalistic ones. - Chinese gardens represented or suggested actual scene, hills and streams. - Path ran through the gardens in pebbled patterns, doors were often circular or octagonal - Weird, contorted, water-worm rocks and petrified plant forms were used as sculpture, along with guardian dogs and other features of stone. - Japanese derived their landscape inspiration from the Chinese and included in their layouts meaningful stones and stone lanterns, trees, pagodas, arched bridges and characteristic fences and gates A pond with a building and trees Description automatically generated ----- -------------- 1.0 **OVERVIEW** ----- -------------- This topic discusses on how to choose a particular site for a certain project. It will also tackle the site selection process, site planning process and how to formulate a site selection criteria. The student will be given an architectural problem and will be ask to conduct a site selection and analysis to the said problem. In this topic the students will be able to understand and apply the various principles and concepts on how to choose a perfect site for a particular project. ----- -------------------- 2.0 **SITE SELECTION** ----- -------------------- - Indicates the practice of new facility location, both for business and government. It involves measuring the needs of a new project against the merits of potential locations (Wikipedia) ----- ------------------------------------ 2.1 **FOUR FACTORS OF SITE SELECTION** ----- ------------------------------------ 1. Accessibility -- easy access going to the site. 2. Competitors -- check for compatibility with nearby store when researching a site. 3. Parking -- parking availability is very important for a business. 4. Cost ----- ---------------------------- 2.2 **SITE SELECTION PROCESS** ----- ---------------------------- - Involves measuring the needs of a new project against the merits of potential locations.  ----- ------------------------------- 2.3 **SITE SELECTION PRINCIPLES** ----- ------------------------------- 1. Separation or Buffer Distances 2. Site Suitability 3. Proximity to Waste Source 4. Zoning 5. Protection and Enhancement of Conservation Values ----- ----------------------------------------- 2.4 **FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF SITE** ----- ----------------------------------------- 1. Topography 2. Nature of sub-soil 3. Position of ground water table 4. Facilities 5. Neighborhood 6. Undesirable things near the site 7. Vegetation 8. Shape of the site ----- ----------------------------- 3.0 **SITE SELECTION CRITERIA** ----- ----------------------------- - It refers to factors of a location that should be present for it to be a successful site. A screenshot of a computer screen Description automatically generated ----- ----------------------------------- 3.1 **MAJOR SITE SELECTION CRITERIA** ----- ----------------------------------- - Factors should be based on the specific site needs of the project. - Consider Site Values ----- ----------------------------------- 3.2 **MINOR SITE SELECTION CRITERIA** ----- ----------------------------------- - Factors that is generally applicable to all type of projects. (Utility system, accessibility, etc.) ----- ------------------ 3.3 **RATING SCALE** ----- ------------------ Numerical rating: 3 -- Highly desirable 2 -- desirable 1 -- undesirable ----- --------------------------- 4.0 **SITE PLANNING PROCESS** ----- ---------------------------  ----- ----------------------- 4.1 **GATHERING OF DATA** ----- ----------------------- - Inventory of the natural environment and the associated physical characteristics of the site. - Detailed analysis of the users. - Assessment of site's potential - Assessment of possibilities - Impact assessment on the natural and visual environments ----- ------------------------------------ 4.2 **SYSTEMATIC SUMMARY OF FINDINGS** ----- ------------------------------------ - Organized information for easy evaluation - Mapping of natural determinants of the site for proper land uses - Illustrate the natural factors in maps (geology, soils, etc.) ----- ------------------------------ 4.3 **SUMMARY OF SITE ANALYSIS** ----- ------------------------------ - Illustrates the inter-relationship of site's spatial, natural and cultural conditions. - Analysis should be straight forward and present information in its most basic and meaningful form. - Graphical illustration of site features or conditions that will affect the development of the site. - Development of vegetation maps, wetlands and direction of prevailing breeze and unusual specimen trees. ----- ----------------------- 4.4 **MARKET EVALUATION** ----- ----------------------- - Evaluation of the project's market demand & site's realistic development and absorption potential. - Investigation of the following; - Economic Factors -- economic condition, trends, employment of target market - Demographic & psychographic factors -- income levels, age components, lifestyle ( potential market, local market differences from the metropolitan market) - Competitive Factor -- numbers of competitors, strength & weaknesses. - Site Evaluation -- examines area character, consumer's traffic pattern, area services and access routes. - Site Programming -- adopt market demand and development goals, theme, circulation patterns, relationship to adjacent sites, etc. inland planning design. ----- ------------------------------------ 4.5 **ALTERNATIVE PLANS AND CONCEPTS** ----- ------------------------------------ - Integrate land & site evaluations with preliminary market information for testing and evaluation of alternative layout concepts. ----- ---------------------------- 4.6 **FINAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN** ----- ---------------------------- - Requires constant adjustment and revisions ----- -------------- 1.0 **OVERVIEW** ----- -------------- This topic discusses the significance of ecological factors such as ground form, soil & geology, water resources microclimate and orientation in site planning. In this topic the student will be able to appreciate and understand the value of ecological factors in the formulation of site analysis and planning. ----- ------------- 2.0 **ECOLOGY** ----- ------------- - A branch of biology that deals with the relations of organism to one another and to their physical surroundings. (Oxford dictionary) - (From Greek: oikoc, "house" and oyia, "study of") is the study of the relationships between living organism, including humans, and their physical environment. (Wikipedia) - Is the study of how organism interact with one another and with their physical environment. The distribution and abundance of organism on earth is shaped by both biotic, living organism related, and abiotic, nonliving or physical factors. 1. Organism 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem ----- -------------------------------------- 2.2 **ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION OF SITE** ----- -------------------------------------- - In site planning ecological consideration of the site such as ground formation, soil and geology, water resources, micro climate and orientation must be consider in the whole process of planning. It will help us to formulate a plan that is accurate at the same time functional. ----- ----------------- 2.3 **GROUND FORM** ----- ----------------- - Refers to the surface features of a plot of land which influences where and how to build a site development. - Soil minerals from the basis of soil. They are produced from rocks (parent material) through the processes of weathering and natural erosion. Water, wind temperature change , gravity, chemical interaction, living organism and pressure differences all help break down parent materials. - Topography ----- ------------- 3.0 **CONTOUR** ----- ------------- - Contour Lines -- an imaginary lines in plan view that connect points of equal height above a datum or bench mark. ----- --------------------------- 2.1 **FOUR TYPES OF ECOLOGY** ----- --------------------------- ----- -------------------------------- 3.1 **CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOUR** ----- -------------------------------- 1. Contour lines represents the form in which the site acquires over a specified elevation. 2. Contour lines are continuous and never intersect each other, they change in shapes but never in elevation. 3. Contour lines are continuous and never intersect each other, they change in shapes but never in elevation. 4. Contour lines spaced far apart indicate a flat surface. 5. Contour lines spaced evenly describe a constant slope 6. Contour lines spaced closed together designate a steep rise/fall in elevation A diagram of a bridge Description automatically generated  A diagram of a mountain range Description automatically generated 7. Contour must match existing grades at property lines - Each contour line is placed with an elevation marker, states the height of the contour relative to the site. - Elevation markers are documented in intervals depending on the size of the plat. - Smaller sites having gradual slopes may show 1,2 or 5 feet markers - Larger or steeper sites may show markers in 10, 20 or 50 feet marker.  8. Contour lines before grading are usually shown by continuous lines A diagram of lines and a square Description automatically generated with medium confidence  Architecture Site Analysis Guide - Data Collection to Presentation ----- ---------------------- 4.0 **SOIL AND GEOLOGY** ----- ---------------------- ----- -------------------- 4.1 **SOIL FORMATION** ----- -------------------- - The combination of natural process by which soils are formed. It is also known as pedogenesis, the most important soil-forming factors are parent materials, terrain, climate, aspect, vegetation cover, microorganisms in the soil and the age of the land surface. ------- ---------------------------- 4.1.1 **SOIL FORMATION FACTORS** ------- ---------------------------- 1. Parent Materials 2. Relief or topography 3. Organism (including human) 4. Climate 5. Time (if the parent material is exposed to different climates then a different soil individual will form. ----- ------------------------ 4.2 **HOW DOES SOIL FORM** ----- ------------------------  A diagram of a tree and soil layers Description automatically generated  O -- Horizon (Organic), composed of plant debris and barely mineral matter A -- Horizon, humus has decayed further and has mixed with mineral grains (clay, silt and sand. ----- -------------------------------------- 4.3 **TYPES OF SOIL IN THE PHILIPPINES** ----- -------------------------------------- A diagram of soil layers Description automatically generated  A close-up of a list of cities Description automatically generated ----- ------------- 4.4 **GEOLOGY** ----- ------------- - Is an earth science comprising the study of solid earth, the rock of which it is composed, and the process by which they change. - It refers to the study of solid features of any celestial body (such as the geology of moon and mars. - Geology gives insight into the history of the earth by providing the primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life and past climates. - Other areas of application in the fields of engineering, environmental, architectural and urban geology are broadly concerned with applying the findings of geologic studies to construction engineering and to problems of land use. ------- -------------------------------- 4.4.1 **IMPORTANT STUDY OF GEOLOGY** ------- -------------------------------- 1. The materials of which it is made, 2. The structure of those materials, 3. The processes acting upon them, 4. The study of organisms that inhabited our planet, and 5. The study of how earth's materials, structures, processes and organism have changed over time. ----- ------------------- 5.0 **TYPES OF ROCK** ----- ------------------- ----- ------------- 5.1 **IGNEOUS** ----- ------------- - Formed through the cooling and solidification of magma and lava - this rock can be weathered and eroded, and then redeposit and lithified into a sedimentary rock, or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content. ----- ----------------- 5.2 **SEDIMENTARY** ----- ----------------- - A type of rock that formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at the earth surface, followed by cementation. ----- ----------------- 5.3 **METAMORPHIC** ----- ----------------- - Arise from the transformation of existing rock to new types of rock, in a process called metamorphism. The original rock (protolith) is subjected to temperatures greater than 150 to 200°C and often elevated pressure 100 megapascals or more, causing profound physical or chemical changes ----- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.0 **SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION SITE VALUE / SOCIAL IMPACT** ----- -----------------------------------------------------------------------  ----- ------------------------------------ 1.1 **SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA)** ----- ------------------------------------ - Is a methodology to review the social effects of infrastructure projects and other development interventions - Used to evaluate the social impact of unplanned events (disasters, demographic change and epidemics). - Important in applied anthropology, as its main goal is to be able to deliver positive social outcomes and eliminate any possible negative or long term effects. ----- -------------------------------- 1.2 **CULTURAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT** ----- -------------------------------- - A process of evaluating the likely impacts of a proposed development on the way of life of a particular group of people, both beneficial and adverse, that affect, for example, the values, beliefs system, relationships with the local environment and particular species, social organization and traditions of the affected community. ----- --------------------- 1.3 **RISK ASSESSMENT** ----- --------------------- - Is a structured procedure, which is dependent upon the correct identification of hazards and appropriate assessment of risk arising from them for purpose of their control and avoidance. ----- ------------------------------------- 1.4 **ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT** ----- ------------------------------------- - Refers to the study to predict the effect of a proposed activity/project on the environment - A decision making tool, EIA compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental cost and benefits. ----- ------------------------------------------- 1.5 **PROJECT PRORGAM AND POLICY EVALUATION** ----- ------------------------------------------- - A method to analyze the tasks involved in completing a given project. - Focus is paid to the time needed to complete each task, and identifying the minimum time needed to complete the total project - Policy evaluation refers to the assessment of the public policy impact with respect to cost and benefits of the project. ----- ------------------------- 1.6 **ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT** ----- ------------------------- ----- ----------------------- 1.7 **HAZARD ASSESSMENT** ----- ----------------------- - Refers to the comparative analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both their costs and their consequences. - Refers to an evaluation of a work place, or work situation, as to potential for hazards that an employee may encounter while performing the job. ----- ---------------------------------------------------------- 2.0 **STEPS OF AN EFFECTIVE SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA)** ----- ---------------------------------------------------------- 1. Formulate a public plan or policy that involves all potential parties 2. Describe what your plan is or policy 3. Describe the environment or area specific to your public plan or policy and its conditions 4. Formulate practical understanding of your proposal, recognize the potential social impacts will be communicated to those who are affected 5. Identify the potential social impacts. 6. Establish the consequences of social impacts 7. Identify future impacts and growing social impacts. 8. Plan an alternative public plan or policy and its outcomes. 9. Formulate a mitigating plan 10. Formulate a program that monitors every aspect of the plan. A graph showing the impact of a group of people Description automatically generated with medium confidence ----- ------------------------ 3.0 **BEHAVIORAL SETTING** ----- ------------------------ Interaction between human behavior and non-human environment is a two-way process, first the environment has a definite impact on the individual and our response may be adapt the imposed conditions, and second we are continually manipulating or choosing our physical surroundings in any attempt to make a life physically and psychologically more comfortable (innovation, intervention) ----- -------------------------------- 3.1 **TWO MAIN SETS OF VARIABLES** ----- -------------------------------- 1. The environment that surrounds and affects the individual. 2. The inner condition of the individual, which has two parts; psychological, related to the body's biological mechanism and psychological, related to the cultural background, motives, and experiences of the individual and his basic needs. ----- ------------------- 4.0 **HUMAN FACTORS** ----- ------------------- ----- --------------------- 4.1 **PHYSICAL FACTOR** ----- --------------------- - Analysis of average measurements and posture, movements and growth results in a set of dimensions for parts of buildings and detailed landscape design. ----- -------------------------- 4.2 **PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTOR** ----- -------------------------- - Result from interaction of the inner biological condition of an individual with surrounding environment. (People need food, water air, exercise and protection) - Consider the human comfort zone in which maximum and minimum temperature and humidity are specified. ----- -------------------------- 4.3 **PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR** ----- -------------------------- - Human psychological needs and perception of the environment differ according to a multitude of variables including age, social class, cultural background, past experience and motives and daily routine of the individual. These factors influence and differentiate the need structures of individuals and groups. ----- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.0 **GENERALIZED GROUPINGS OF MOTIVATIONAL FORCES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS** ----- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- ------------ 5.1 **SOCIAL** ----- ------------ - Includes the need of individual for social interaction. ----- ----------------- 5.2 **STABILIZING** ----- ----------------- - Need to be free from fear, anxiety and danger. - Need for a clear orientation - Implication of imageability, the ordering of space so that it is free from ambiguity, and the selection of paving surface to provide information about a place and its use. ----- ---------------- 5.3 **INDIVIDUAL** ----- ---------------- - Similar to needs of self-expression. - Recognize the need of people at a certain moments in their experience and development of self-awareness to be utterly alone in a period of time, the need of privacy. (circulation) ----- --------------------- 5.4 **SELF-EXPRESSION** ----- --------------------- - Include the need for self-assertion and exhibition, for dominance and power - Need for status which is related to the need of territory. ----- --------------- 5.5 **TERRITORY** ----- --------------- - Identified as one of the three fundamental human drives, the two being status and sex. - Consider relationship between space and behavior, space limitations or crowding can force people into stressful situation. - Pronounced variations in spacing mechanisms and personal space exhibited by people of different cultural background and nationality. ----- ---------------- 5.6 **ENRICHMENT** ----- ---------------- - Need to require the provision of information about environment so that our understanding of what we see may be increase in detail. ----- ------------------------------------------- 6.0 **ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOR** ----- ------------------------------------------- ----- ----------------------- 8.1 **EXISTING LAND USE** ----- ----------------------- - Behavior results from the interaction of the individual (social Environment) and with the surrounding (physical environment). - Environmental designer must be interested in the structure of environment and its effect on the individual. - Consideration on the general behavioral reaction to situations, social and physical. - Our sensitivity to the environment and our adaptation or response to environmental conditions can result in specific behavior - Perception is a more complex process than just seeing. Through it, people select, organize and interpret sensory stimulation into a meaningful and coherent images of the world ----- ---------------------------- 7.0 **AESTHETIC SATISFACTION** ----- ---------------------------- - The requirements for aesthetic enjoyment are simply the requirements for visual perception. - Have a pattern which contains the unexpected. This seems to be the heart of what we call "beauty". - Two complementary neurophysical principles; "the principle of response to novelty, change and stimulation"; "principle of response to repetition or pattern. ----- -------------------------------------- 8.0 **CULTURAL/HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE** ----- -------------------------------------- - Every city and municipality provide a Land use plans which determine the use of land such as commercial, institutional, industrial, residential and open space. It is planned or arranged according to the most rational use of land in relation to the natural and socio-economic factors and in accordance with the adjacent land uses. - Each project or development shall conform to the city or municipality land use plan. ----- -------------------------------- 8.2 **TRAFFIC AND TRANSIT SYSTEM** ----- -------------------------------- - Consider the relationship of traffic pattern to each other and to the site for adjacency of access and efficiency of circulation within and outside the site. - Efficient traffic and transportation systems will result in successful integration of the different developments in the vicinity - Direction of dominant traffic flow, both vehicular and pedestrian will also establish points of highest visual impact for the site. - Consider pedestrian movement. ----- ------------------------ 9.0 **DENSITY AND ZONING** ----- ------------------------ - Density refers to the population per unit land area. - Density will determine whether existing utilities and land areas will be sufficient to sustain additional future development, which will add to the existing population and bear on the capacity of these utilities. - Density is expressed in number of families or dwelling units per hectare. It may also be expressed in Floor Area Ratio (FAR) - Density influence the privacy, social contact among people, and freedom of movement of an individual or group of people. - Zoning regulations, laws and codes are present in any city or municipality, to regulate the type of development. - Zoning divides the city or municipality into land use areas that are designated by building height, building coverage, density of population and open space. ------ ---------------------------- 10.0 **SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS** ------ ---------------------------- - Refers to the study of the community and its social and economic structures are done to determine whether there is a need, an interest, or any objections on the project. - The social structure of the community must be taken into consideration to ensure that a proposed project or development will not result in any displaced families, and any major disruptions in their businesses and other activities. - Any proposed development must be compatible with the economy of a particular community ------ ------------------------ 11.0 **UTILITIES/SERVICES** ------ ------------------------ - Existing utilities on site must be taken into consideration in terms of adequacy and efficiency, such as; - Sanitary / Sewer System - Electric Power Supply - Water Supply - Drainage - Most water system will supply domestic, industrial and fire stand-by supply from distribution system. - Storm drains collect surface water and conduct it to rivers, creeks or other bodies of water. ------ ---------------------- 12.0 **HISTORIC FACTORS** ------ ---------------------- - Historic buildings, landmarks and archeology must be taken into consideration in site planning. - This historic factors will be the basis in the formulation of community's or municipalities' identity and character. - Preservation, conservation and restoration is likewise to be consider in planning. ------ ----------------------- 13.0 **AESTHETIC FACTORS** ------ ----------------------- ------ ---------------------- 13.1 **NATURAL FEATURES** ------ ---------------------- - Sites characterized by outstanding features of the earth, rock, water or plants materials may be incorporated in the site development as natural assets of the land. ------ ---------------------- 13.2 **SPATIAL PATTERNS** ------ ---------------------- - Refers to as the way an open space of a given site is configured according to an arrangement of elements that evoke activity or flow, either physically or visually. ------ ----------------------- 14.0 **USER REQUIREMENTS** ------ ----------------------- - Also considered as space management or planning - From the model of system components in our generic system, the user components is at the highest layer. - The term user represents primarily the end beneficiary of the design or structure when finished but it can be expended to include everyone involved in the system, such as network and system administrators and management. - User requirements are the basis of our design. - Referred to as user needs, describe what the user does with the system, such as what activities that users must be able to perform.   ------ ----------------------------------------- 15.0 **ACTIVITY AND COMMUNCIATION LINKAGES** ------ ----------------------------------------- - Studying the location of the site to adjacent properties and to the community, all existing ties or linkages, if any should be specified - Linkages may involve movement of people, goods, communication or amenities. - Parkways, parks and pedestrian overpass or underpasses needs strengthening. - Community facilities such as nearby shopping centers, employment hub, residential areas, churches, school, parks and playground should be inventoried in relation to the site. - Determine whether adequate linkages exist and if not decide how they can be established or improved by future development. - The aim in creating communication system, whether for the movement of people and freight, the transportation of materials through pipelines, or the transmission of power by cable, is to obtain maximum coordination and minimum disturbances to the environment. - Traffic and transit should be consider such as the inventory of existing vehicular networks, trips, including their origin and destination, purpose, time of the day and volume. - Determine whether additional routes are necessary. ----- -------------- 1.0 **OVERVIEW** ----- -------------- This topic discusses the significance of aesthetic and physical consideration in site planning. It will also tackle the site context, image/symbols, sensuous qualities, vocabulary of space and sensuous forms. In this topic the student will learn the value of aesthetic and physical consideration in the formulation of a good plan. ----- ------------------ 2.0 **SITE CONTEXT** ----- ------------------ - It refers to the specific character, quality, physical, social and historical characteristics of a building\'s setting. Depending on the nature of the proposal, the context could be as small as a suburban street or as large as a whole town. - The key to good design is in understanding the context of the site. - All new development should fit into the context. - Identify any existing consistent streetscape features prevailing in the street and use those to guide future development. - Some of those streetscape features include: 1. Front setbacks and front projections; 2. Side setbacks; 3. Roof shapes, forms and pitches; 4. Verandahs and their location; 5. Window and door openings and 6. Original roof and wall materials - Design for new buildings, or additions which will be visible from the street, should incorporate those features to ensure consistency with the streetscape. - Understand the design principles, rather than simply copy period building designs when building a new dwelling or building or adding to an existing dwelling or building ----- ------------------------------------------ 2.1 **PURPOSE OF SITE AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS** ----- ------------------------------------------ - A site and context analysis investigates the existing conditions that apply on the site and in surrounding context before the design process commence. - - - - 1. Minimize overshadowing, loss of privacy and views. 2. Improve energy efficiency 3. Integrated design with adjoining development and the wider streetscape ----- ------------------------------------------- 2.2 **PROCESS FOR SITE AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS** ----- ------------------------------------------- - A site and context analysis must be prepared prior to designing the development proposal as individual developments should not be considered in isolation - A site analysis involves two phases: 1. Site surveys to record site conditions such as existing vegetation, topography, drainage corridors and neighborhood character ; and 2. Analysis based on the relevant site survey information to form decisions about the existing site conditions, including what to retain through development (such as significant vegetation, views or landmarks) and or what site conditions may be compromised through development. o Site and context analysis may include photographs, perspectives and a photomontage to support the application. The level of detail to be include will vary according to the size and scope of development. ( Macro and Micro Site Analysis) ----- ------------------------------------------- 2.3 **CONTROL FOR SITE AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS** ----- ------------------------------------------- - Site and context analysis must be submitted for all new development excluding internal alterations and minor external alterations and additions. - Site and context analysis must demonstrate an appreciation of the site and its context, and the opportunities and constrains on the layout and design of the site. o Site and context analysis must demonstrate that development will integrate within the streetscape when considering scale, proportion and massing. - Site and context analysis must demonstrate that buildings is well proportioned, both as an individual element and within the streetscape. o Site and context analysis must demonstrate that the building will sit comfortably with surrounding buildings in terms of massing. - Site and context analysis must compromise an annotated plan and be accompanied by written information. It may also include graphical explanation showing the suitability of the site for the proposed use. - Site and context analysis plan must be based on a survey drawing produced by a licensed surveyor or alternatively, a site plan prepared by another suitably qualified consultant which includes all of the required information - Site related information: 1. Direction of true north; 2. Contour and levels to Australian Height Datum (AHD); 3. Land description including lot dimensions and scale 4. The footprint, height and use of existing and proposed buildings on the site 5. Any endangered ecological community, significant trees or other vegetation and any other existing trees upon the site or close to the boundaries with adjoining sites 6. Site characteristics such as orientation and lot dimensions and local climatic features such as wind direction. 7. Existing cause of overshadowing 8. Inherent site constrains including flood affected land, overland flow paths, land subject to slope instability, acid sulfate soil, contaminated land, landfill areas, heritage and archaeological features 9. Services and utilities including location of drainage infrastructure and connection for utility services 10. Easements, fences, boundaries and access to the site 11. The location of any sewer main upon the site where development involves the construction of basement level. 12. Views to and from the site and the existence of any significant nearby view corridors from the public. 13. Movement corridors including local streets and pedestrian pathways; and 14. Any other notable natural landform features or other characteristics of the site. - An elevation plan must show the height of the proposed development and the height of existing buildings located on either side of the development site - The site and context analysis must reference the character statements in strategic context to assist in determining the desired character of an area. This includes reference to the built form, scale, and character of surrounding and nearby development, including fencing and landscaping. ----- ------------------------- 2.4 **RESPONSE TO CONTEXT** ----- ------------------------- A diagram of a slope Description automatically generated ----- ----------- 3.1 **TOUCH** ----- -----------  A diagram of different directions Description automatically generated ----- ------------------------ 3.0 **SENSUOUS QUALITIES** ----- ------------------------ - Senses mediate between self and the built environment, concept and material, they also actively intervene between the mind and the physical body. Rodway has described the five senses as "geographical in that they contribute to orientation in space, an awareness of spatial relationships and an appreciation of specific qualities of different spaces" (1994, 37) - The sense of touch enlightens people about "being" in the world (Rodway 1994) o It is of a "sensorial snail" (Classen 1998), as touching does not capture the qualities of entities momentarily. The sense of touch is a gradual discovery of the outer world. o It is considered as the most potential in developing democratic spaces. o It offers an opportunity to help planners and designers to shape or mask certain sociovalues of places. ----- ----------- 3.2 **SOUND** ----- ----------- - Soundscape in the city represent a variety of social, cultural and political roles. o The sense of sound involves people with the external world, as Rodway noted people "do not merely hear", people "actively listen". However, for individuals, sound cannot be easily screened out like sight. - Control of soundscapes has often been employed by authorities to achieve certain atmospheric effects and order. (noise pollution) - Sound may act as linkage or barriers between places. o Sense of sound may act as an audio-control tool to introduce, include/exclude, or to foster/hinder certain social interactions. ----- ----------- 3.3 **SMELL** ----- ----------- - Sense of smell is often linked with taste: it is "the most evasive sense to describe. A feature that always escape; it is formless, it cannot be articulated, it cannot be defined in static term" (ibid). - Sense of smell is linked to the brain's limbic system that connected to emotion. - Odors can aid in identity shaping and further links the social space with the inhabitants. ----- ----------- 3.4 **TASTE** ----- ----------- - Taste is a relatively timely process that is culturally acquired. ----- ------------ 3.5 **VISION** ----- ------------ - Sense of sight is the most immediate and most elaborate sensory dimension in the urban geography. - Vision is a subjective sense as seeing involves selective framings of landscape views. Throughout the time "it promotes fast and immediate appropriation of the surrounding objects" (Degan 2008) - The visual dimension have always played a dominant role in representations of urban geography ----- ------------------------- 4.0 **VOCABULARY OF SPACE** ----- ------------------------- ----- --------------- 4.1 **AESTHETIC** ----- --------------- A branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy that comes out of aesthetics. It examines subjective and sensori-emotional values or sometimes called judgments of sentiments and taste. ----- ------------------------ 4.2 **SENSUOUS QUALITIES** ----- ------------------------ it refers of, given to or furnishing satisfaction of the senses, applies to the senses involved in aesthetic enjoyment, as of art or music. ----- -------------------- 4.3 **SENSUOUS FORMS** ----- -------------------- - relating to the senses or sensible objects, producing or characterized by gratification of the senses, having a strong sensory appeal - highly susceptible to influence through the senses - characterized by sense impressions or imagery aimed at the sense. ----- ------------------ 4.4 **SITE CONTEXT** ----- ------------------ It refers to the specific character, quality, physical, social and historical characteristics of a building\'s setting. Depending on the nature of the proposal, the context could be as small as a suburban street or as large as a whole town. ----- -------------------- 5.0 **SENSUOUS FORMS** ----- -------------------- ----- ----------------- 5.1 **GROUND FORM** ----- ----------------- In an urban area, space may be defined by man-made structures, in less dense development by the basic natural materials: rock, earth, water and plat cover. The configuration of the floor is determined by the existing topography whose modeling must thoroughly understood before work begins. ----- -------------------- 5.2 **GROUND TEXTURE** ----- -------------------- - The texture of the ground can be a source of delight in itself. - It can also set a general visual character and scale. - Imparts sensations of touch as well as sight. - The pattern of surface activity can be expresses in the textural pattern and such differentiations play a role in guiding and controlling the activity: distinguishing roads and footpaths, bicycle and car stalls, drainage runnels, play areas or spot standing and sitting. ------- ------------------------- 5.2.1 **FINE GROUND TEXTURE** ------- ------------------------- Moss, monolithic pavement or close-cropped grass tend to emphasize the shape and mass of the underlying ground to increase its apparent size. ------- --------------------------- 5.2.2 **COURSE GROUND TEXTURE** ------- --------------------------- Rough grass, cobblestone, bricks or blocks; work in the opposite way, calling attention to the surface itself, rather than to underlying mass. ----- ----------- 5.3 **WATER** ----- ----------- - Water is equally elemental; simple but extremely varied in effect - Indicates its potential richness in design. - Moving water gives a sense of life. - Conveys unity and rest. ----- -------------- 1.0 **OVERVIEW** ----- -------------- This topic discusses the significance of movement system such as pedestrian circulation, vehicular circulation and road layout in site planning. It will tackle the various concepts and principles of circulation system. In this topic the student will be able to understand the different principle and concepts of circulation system and how to design infrastructure that work with the natural ecosystem. ----- --------------------- 2.0 **MOVEMENT SYSTEM** ----- --------------------- - - 1. 2. 3. - 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. - ----- ------------------------ 3.0 **CIRCULATION SYSTEM** ----- ------------------------ - - - - - -  3.1 **FORM/ TYPES OF CIRCULATION** ------- -------------------------------- 3.1.1 **GRID SYSTEM** - - - - - ------- ------------------- 3.1.2 **RADIAL SYSTEM** ------- ------------------- - - ------- ------------------- 3.1.3 **LINEAR SYSTEM** ------- ------------------- - - - - - - ------- ------------------------ 3.1.4 **CURVILINEAR SYSTEM** ------- ------------------------ - Responds to the topography of the land and aligns with natural contours. - Works best at small scale because the curving of the path reduces speeds. - (PUD's) employ this system for more interesting layout, better views, and site adaptability. - - Vehicular traffic flows in sequential order from low intensity to high intensity ------- --------------------- 3.1.5 **COMBINED SYSTEM** ------- --------------------- - Local access streets → collector / distribution streets → arterials streets → freeways ----- ------------------------------------------ 4.0 **BASIC CATEGORIES OF TRAFFIC ARTERIES** ----- ------------------------------------------ ----- -------------------------------------- 4.3 **COLLECTOR / DISTRIBUTION STREETS** ----- -------------------------------------- 1. Freeways / Expressways 2. Arterial Streets / Highways 3. Collector / Distribution Streets 4. Local Access Streets ----- ------------------------ 4.1 **FREEWAY/EXPRESSWAY** ----- ------------------------ 1. Designed to allow movement of large volumes of traffic between, around or through urban areas. 2. Velocity is reached because if high interval traffic interruptions (on-off ramps) 3. All cross traffic is accomplished by overpasses and underpasses eliminating all grade level intersections which would impede traffic ----- --------------------------------- 4.2 **ARTERIAL STREETS / HIGHWAYS** ----- --------------------------------- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. Serve as the transition between arterial streets and local access streets of a neighborhood 2. Provide access to adjacent residential properties 3. Usually discontinuous, thereby preventing through-traffic and reducing vehicular speed 4. Curb-side parking is allowed but only for certain times of the day and may be limited or prohibited. 5. Collector street intersect with arterial streets, traffic signals are used 6. Local and collector street are usually controlled by stop signs ----- -------------------------- 4.4 **LOCAL ACCESS STREETS** ----- -------------------------- 1. Provide access to low intensity uses fronting on them 2. Such street consist of loops and cul-de-sacs or combination of two 3. Unrestricted curbside parking 4. Unlimited pedestrian use. ----- -------------------------- 5.0 **ROAD DESIGN CRITERIA** ----- -------------------------- Road design includes such elements as; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Depending on traffic intensities, the materials often used for paving and roads include; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - The paved vehicular right-of-way usually slopes from a high point at the center, known as the crown, to the sides at a rate of 1/8 to ½ inch per foot depending on the finish surface to provide positive drainage. - Roads with heavier traffic are designed with a six inch curb and gutter - Residential streets can have 4 inch "roll curb" or simple gravel shoulders flanked by narrow drainage devices - For major roads, lanes should be between 11 and 12 feet wide - A two lane highway with 9 feet shoulders on either side is therefore 40-42 feet wide - Parking lanes should be 8 feet wide, for angle parking 2-2.5 times of that is typical - Planting strip should be 7 feet wide for trees and 4 ft. wide for simple ground cover - Actual roads consist of straight section called "tangents" which may or not level, and horizontal / vertical curves - Horizontal curves generally are arcs of a circle allowing a vehicle to negotiate the curve smoothly - There are certain types of intersections which should be avoided; 1. An acute angle intersection (two approaching streets at less than 80-85 degrees) is difficult to negotiate and limits driver visibility 2. Intersections that are (slightly) offset create difficult crossing situations and impede the intersection being crossed. Intersections with straight crossing or offsets (no less) than 150 ft. are preferred. 3. Intersection on major arterial roads should be separated by 800 ft. 4. Freeway on-off ramps usually separated by one-half to one mile 5. On minor roads "T" intersection are permissible. - The length of a cul-de-sac should not exceed 400 ft. there must be a minimum turn-around of 80ft. In diameter. - Maximum depth loop streets is 700 ft. - Maximum block length is 1,600 ft. - Minimum radii at major road intersections is 50 ft., minor road intersection is 12 ft. - Types of control devices; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. - - - 1. Two curves in the same direction (broken --back-curves) should be separated by a "tangent" (straight line) no less than 200 ft. 2. Two curves in opposite directions (reserve curve) should be separated by "tangent" no less than 100 ft. 3. Two curves in the same direction with different radii (degree of turn / compound curves) should not be done. 4. Simple curves where a circular arc connects two tangents at either end (of the arc) can have any size tangent ----- ----------------------------------------------- 6.0 **VERTICAL CURVES ( change in grade/height)** ----- ----------------------------------------------- - Vertical road alignment is parabolic (flattened) - Good vertical alignment provides a comfortable transition between two different grades avoiding overly steep inclines, sudden bumps and hollows. - Freeway require considerable cutting and filling which is expensive and requires extensive reshaping of the landscape. - Slight distance are kept long, to maintain a relatively distant forward view for driver. o Most common type of grade separation intersection is the "cloverleaf" (type of interchange) configuration is based on a system of right turns. - The direct left turn interchange is used where two freeways intersect, this configurations is more complex and expensive than a cloverleaf but allows for more high speed lanes and transitions. - Diamond intersections are used where freeways intersect secondary roads. These are economical and use little space, the important characteristics of these are ramp grades. Up-ramp slopes are usually 3 and 6 percent; down ramps are 8 percent. ----- ------------- 7.0 **PARKING** ----- ------------- - - - - - - - - 20' (stall) + 24' (drive isle) + 20' (stall) = 64' wide o When valet or attendant parking is utilized, minimum standards can be 8' by 18' stall with a 20' drive isle for 90 degree parking. This is usually a result of attendant familiarity with the facility - - - - - - - - ----- ---------------------------- 8.0 **PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION** ----- ---------------------------- - The area covered by a person is approximately 3 SF - - - - - - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. - To provide safety, pedestrian-vehicular separation is desirable, this can be achieved by grade separation walkways above or below streets ----- ----------------------------------- 9.0 **PROVISION FOR THE HANDICAPPED** ----- ----------------------------------- - - 1. Non-Ambulatory disabilities confine persons to wheelchairs. This type is of particular concern because it influences the physical layout and configuration of sites and buildings. 2. Semi-ambulatory disabilities cause persons to walk with insecurity or difficulty and may necessitate the use of crutches, walkers, or braces. 3. Coordination disabilities are manifested by impairments of muscle control to the limbs. 4. Sight disabilities affect sight, totally or partially, to the extent that an individual functioning in public areas is insecure and prone to injury. ------ ------------------------------- 10.0 **ACCESSIBLE WALK STANDARDS** ------ ------------------------------- 5. Hearing disabilities affect hearing ability. Totally or partially, to the extent that an individual functioning in public areas in insecure or prone to injury due to an inability to communicate, or to hear warning signals. - The minimum turning space for a wheelchair is 60 inches, or 5'. - The minimum space required for two wheelchairs to pass each other is 60 inches or 5'. This suggests that all public walks should be no less than 5' wide. - Minimum walkway gradient for wheelchairs is 1:20 or 5% with a max cross gradient of 1:50 or 2% - Where an accessible walk crosses a curb, the width of the walk should be 3' minimum with flared sides that slope a maximum of 1:10. Where the curb height is 6 inches, a minimum curb cut out of 13' is necessary. - There must not be edges or cracks greater than ½ inch. - Whenever two walks join, they should blend to a common level. The blend should not exceed a gradient of 1:12 or 8 1/3 % - Curb cutouts should be identified by a 1/16 inch yellow abrasive anti-slip epoxy finish applied to the entire area of the curb cutout, or by abrasive strips 1/16 inch thick and 2 to 3 inches wide - These yellow strips and paint color should be placed wherever walkways intersect with streets no matter the type of curb or gradient treatment used. - Where traffic islands intersect pedestrian walkways, a 3' wide street level path (cutting through the island) must be provided - Ramps should be provided wherever a vertical drop is greater than ½ inch - As before, the gradient of the ramp must not exceed 1:12 or 8 1/3 percent. Preferably it should be 1:16 or 6 ¼ percent whenever possible. - Ramps should be a minimum 3' wide and not exceed 30' in length o At all ramp surfaces between inclinations, a 5' long level landing must be provided. - If a ramp rises more than 6" or runs longer than 72 inches, handrails must be provided. - A protective curb should be provided on either side of the ramp if above finish grade. ------ ------------- 11.0 **PARKING** ------ ------------- - - - 1. 7 to 50 spaces = 2 handicap required 2. 51 to 100 spaces = 3 handicap required 3. 101 to 150 spaces = 5 handicap required 4. 150 + spaces = 5 plus 2 for every additional 100 spaces Example: 550 spaces = 13 spaces required. - Other handicap requirements include special non grasp hardware for doors, and other characteristics for stairs, elevators, restrooms, drinking fountains, telephones, signage, and vending machines. - Special facility accommodations include: performing arts, school laboratories, and kitchens.