Archaeology of Italy PDF

**Archaeology**- the study of the human past, based on material remains\ **Material culture**- Art, architecture, artifacts, and ecofacts\ **Geography of Italy**- Etruscans to the north, Villanovans in far north, Latins in the middle, Greeks in the south\ **Sorgenti della Nova**- huts in Etruria mad...

**Archaeology**- the study of the human past, based on material remains\ **Material culture**- Art, architecture, artifacts, and ecofacts\ **Geography of Italy**- Etruscans to the north, Villanovans in far north, Latins in the middle, Greeks in the south\ **Sorgenti della Nova**- huts in Etruria made of waddle and daub during the final bronze age (11^th^-10^th^ c BCE).\ **Villanovan Culture**- distinct 'other' culture with different material culture (urns). Biconical and hut urns. Warrior culture, social hierarchies, religion, trade, and wealth. 900-700BCE.\ **Orientalizing art**- Copying near eastern art. Not a full period/era, just a shift in art. Shows an increase in wealth and travel. 700-600BCE.\ **Satricum**- Latin town south of Rome. Shift from organic Latin town to Greek style in Archaic period 550BCE. Planned plots, permanent structures, temple.\ **"Nestor Cup"**- cup from Pithekoussai late 8^th^ c BCE. Greek inscription, Greek religion, Greek culture. Shows Greekness of southern Italy.\ **Temple of Hera II/Apollo, Paestum**- doric temple to Greek god(dess). Shows Greek influence 460BCE.\ **Architectural terms: cella, column, capital, frieze, triglyph, metope, pediment** Cella- room where devotional statue is placed Column- vertical support beam Capital- top of column Frieze- flat face below triangular roof Triglyph- Doric. Carving of 3 lines repeated on frieze Metope- Doric. Space between triglyphs Pediment- flat face on triangle\ **Doric and Ionic Orders**- doric- Triglyphs, boring capitals. Ionic- no triglyphs, cool swirly capitals.\ **Temple C, Selinus-** doric temple with carvings. 540-530BCE 1. Apollo in chariot 2. Perseus beheading Medusa 3. Herakles stringing up cercopid Greek mythologies, static art (looks posed and unnatural). Feet sideways with torso and heads frontal. Stocky build. **Tomb of the Diver, Paestum**- Greek painting on ceiling of tomb. Landscape of pond, platform, and diver. Odd for Greek world as it is natural and not about a symposium or ritual. Metaphor for entering the underworld.\ **Gabii**- practiced inhumation (burial) and cremation. Both hut and biconical urns (Villanovan influence). Possible Greek influence from inscription on ceramic.\ **Etruscans**- ethnic group that Romans recognized as being a large influence on culture and language. More wealthy than Rome (metal and mineral deposits). **Banditaccia Necropolis, Cerveteri (Caere)**- 7^th^-2^nd^ c BCE burial site. Above ground mounds, digging down. Multiple graves in one tomb (kin). Later, die tombs (individual squares).\ **Tomb of the Hut**- interior resembles a hut (curved roof and benches) 7^th^ c.\ **Tomb of the Shields and Chairs**- 550-500BCE resembles a house with furniture, rooms, doors, terracotta figures, imitated beams on ceilings.\ **Sarcophagus of the Spouses**- 520BCE. Urn of pottery depicting a couple on a dining chair (life size). Etruscan vs Greek art. Shows more natural movements, more sleek and sharp, large hand and finger motions, looks happier.\ **Tarquinia**- underground chamber tombs. Fresco paintings (plaster while wet). 3% known tombs painted (wealth gap)\ **Tomb of the Bulls**- 530BCE. Tarquinia tomb painted almost like a house ish. Guy on horse + goat-lion-snake monster (Greek myth but not Greek tomb). Lots of nature and sex.\ **Tomb of the Augurs-** 520BCE. Tarquinia tomb. Painted beam (house). Plants and agriculture. Athletic funeral competitions. Men in grief, priest with staff thing idfk. Lmao.\ **Tomb of the Leopards**- Tarquinia. Wild animals and plants. Dining with women. Tent setup. Resembles tomb of the diver but not Greek style.\ **Tomb of Hunting and Fishing**- Parallels of Tomb of the Diver scene\ **Portonaccio Temple (of Apollo?) at Veii**\ **Statues of Apollo and Goddess, Portonaccio Temple**\ **Palatine Huts-** 9^th^-7^th^ c BCE. Villanovan. Hut foundations, post hole, and drainage channels. Earliest archaeological proof of Roman occupation.\ **Roman Forum-** 625-600BCE. Space between two hills (Rome) that got filled in to work as a commons.\ **Cloaca Maxima-** Drainage system to dry out the swampy land of the forum.\ **Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus-** late 6^th^ c BCE\ **"Servian" Wall**- wall made of only stones, no mortar to protect rome\ **Marzabotto-** Early 5^th^ c BCE, etruscan, wide roads suggest density and some authority.\ **Roman Colony**\ **Orthogonal plan -- layout of city, grid-like**\ **Luna (city plan)**- Early 2^nd^ c BCE. Nearly perfect grid. 2 main roads (N to S and E to W). Forum in centre. Mini Jupiter temple (Capitolium). Theatres and amphitheatres.\ **Decumanus/Cardo Maximus, insula, forum**\ **Capitolium**- mini Jupiter temple placed in Roman colonies.\ **Pompeii:**\ **Forum and Surrounding Buildings**\ **Basilica**- public building for officials and magistrates, and for court. 2 stories, brick but made to look like stone.\ **Corinthian Columns-** column style used for tribunal (stage) and second floor. Natural elements.\ **Theater & Covered Theater**- Huge theatre for plays, and a smaller covered theatre made of concrete.\ **Amphitheater**- sat more than the population of Pompeii which shows the importance of gladiatorial games. Made of concrete.\ **House of Sallust --** mid 2^nd^ C. house with 1^st^ C. expansion focused on peristyle courtyard, near the Herculaneum gate\ **House of the Vettii --** owned by former slaves that became wealthy, it was a peristyle house, large atrium and no tablinum, multiple dining rooms, second atrium in slave courters?\ **House of the Faun --** Tuscan and tetrastyle atria, many mosaics like "alexander mosaic" in room 11. Wealthy household, two dining rooms, massive peristyle.\ **Alexander Mosaic --** 1.5 million tesserae, copy of original mosaic. Depicts alexander the great vs persian king Darius III, floor mosaic.\ **Roman houses: Atrium, Impluvium, Compluvium, Tablinum, Triclinium, Hortus, Peristyle**\ **Opus vermiculatum --** is a method of laying mosaic tesserae to emphasize the outline around an object.\ **First style painting** -- imitated marble walls and stucco decoration 150-80 bce Second style painting -- tricked viewer with illusionism, "looked like you were looking out of a window" 80-15 bce\ **Frescoes of House of Sallust --** first style frescos in the atrium, late 2^nd^ C. bce\ **Frescoes of the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor** -- second style paintings in the bedroom and also first style paintings around the home\ **Arch-** could handle more weight by dispersing the weight to the sides instead of downwards\ **The Pont du Gard**- 1^st^ c CE. 3 levels of arches as a road and aqueduct, made without mortar\ **Roman concrete (opus caementicium)-** 2^nd^ c BCE onwards. Lime (calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide), Water, Pozzolana (volcanic sand).\ **Opus incertum/reticulatum/testaceum** Incertum- rough stone façade Reticulatum- diamond pattern façade Testaceum- brick pattern\ **Market Hall at Ferentino-** Barrel vaults (extended arches) of concrete\ **Barrel vault**- prevents collapsing, could be build larger because it can sustain more weight and windows can be carved out afterwards\ **Pantheon-** Huge dome of concrete with large opening at the top to allow light. Large rocks in base of concrete, getting smaller as it goes up.\ **Caesarea Maritima**- Largest artificial harbour of the time. Possible because of concrete's ability to dry underwater.\ **Aqueduct --** gradient of 0.3-1.5%, 34cm drop per km\ **Castellum Aquae, Pompeii-** water distribution centre that has a levelled system to manage how much water goes to each collection centre\ **Fountain with water tower, Pompeii-** relieves the pressure in the aqueducts by having a constant flow out of a fountain for public use.