ARC1446 - Module 03a (Week 6) (1).pdf
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Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts MODULE 3: PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS Module Overview The module introduces the different plumbing system...
Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts MODULE 3: PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS Module Overview The module introduces the different plumbing system components and how they work. Module Objective At the end of this module, the student should be able to: 1. Define terms associated with the Water Distribution System 2. Learn how the water distribution in buildings work 3. Critique the different elements of sewage disposal systems, treatment and recycling approaches. 4. Identify the different materials used in the different plumbing system components 5. Formulate the different Storm Drainage Solutions in a given situations 6. Identify the different Firefighting systems as well as the Fuel Gas Piping Systems, and how they work. Module Learning Materials Under this module, the students are provided with the following materials: Lecture Notes PPT Presentation Video Clips Module Output-base Work The module will last from Week 6 until Week 17 with the following outputs to be submitted on the scheduled date: Formative Assessment 4 – Week 6 (Same-day submission) Formative Assessment 5 – Week 6 (Release of initial instruction) Week 7 (Checking of requirements) Week 8 (Application – Same-day submission) Summative Assessment 1 – Written Examination Summative Assessment 2 – Week 11/12-13 (Application of Plumbing Components on a given project) Formative Assessment 6 – Week 14 (Same-day submission) Formative Assessment 7 – Week 15 (Same-day Submission) Formative Assessment 8 – Week 17 (Same-day Submission) References: FLEA 2010 REVIEW UTILITIES SANITARY AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS o Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/Liguidliguid/presentation-plumbing Architecture Utilities 1: Plumbing & Sanitary by George S. Salvan International Plumbing Code 2009, International Code Council International Mechanical Code 2009, International Code Council R. Dodge Woodson, Plumber’s Quick-Reference Manual Tables, Charts, and Calculations, 1st edition, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1996. Plumbing Design and Estimates by Max B. Fajardo, Jr. A Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis DK Ching ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 1 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts MODULE 3: PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS WEEK 06 LECTURE 3.1 Water Supply and Distribution System 3.1.1 Water Supply System A water supply network or water supply system is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components that provide water supply. A water supply system typically includes the following: 1. A DRAINAGE BASIN (see water purification - sources of drinking water on Module 1). 2. A RAW WATER COLLECTION POINT (above or below ground) where the water accumulates, such as a lake, a river, or groundwater from an underground aquifer. Raw water may be transferred using uncovered ground-level aqueducts, covered tunnels, or underground water pipes to water purification facilities. 3. WATER PURIFICATION FACILITIES. Treated water is transferred using water pipes (usually underground). 4. WATER STORAGE FACILITIES such as reservoirs, water tanks, or water towers. Smaller water systems may store the water in cisterns or pressure vessels. Tall buildings may also need to store water locally in pressure vessels in order for the water to reach the upper floors. 5. Additional WATER PRESSURIZING COMPONENTS such as pumping stations may need to be situated at the outlet of underground or aboveground reservoirs or cisterns (if gravity flow is impractical). 6. A PIPE NETWORK for distribution of water to consumers (which may be private houses or industrial, commercial, or institution establishments) and other usage points (such as fire hydrants) 7. CONNECTIONS TO THE SEWERS (underground pipes, or aboveground ditches in some developing countries) are generally found downstream of the water consumers, but the sewer system is considered to be a separate system, rather than part of the water supply system. Water supply networks are often run by public utilities of the water industry. Retrieved form: https://www.slideshare.net/nuraishah31/water-supply-system-42612905 ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 2 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Typical Piped Water Supply System SOURCE TREATMENT STORAGE DISTRIBUTION (Distant/Local) (Primary or Secondary (Primary or Secondary (Gravity or pumped) Treatment for local and Storage raw bulk water) GROUND WATER Primary Elevated Storage Pipe o Well Screening/Sedimentation Tap o Hand Pump o Tube Well SURFACE WATER Filtration-sand/gravel On Ground Storage Pipe and Stand Post o River o Pond RAIN WATER Chlorination/Disinfection Underground Storage Water softening- reverse osmosis etc. Site Consideration for Water Source Deepwell source Availability of main water line (Local Water) 3.1.2 Wells and Pumps A WELL is defined as the vertical hole made into the ground for the purpose of drawing water. It is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. Wells are important sources of water supply for the population especially for rural people. A. Types of Wells (General/Based on the Aquifer Tapped) Shallow wells A shallow well is well which derives its supply from the upper most aquifer i.e, unconfined aquifer. The level of water in the well before pumping will be at the water table. As pumping proceeds, the water level is depressed and thus a depression head is created. The flow into the wells take place only by gravity due to this depression and hence also called as Gravity well or Water table well. ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 3 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Deep wells Deep well is one which is taken into the aquifers below the first impervious layer. In other words the well is taken up to confined aquifer in which water exists under pressure. The well derives water from one or more confined aquifers sandwiched between impervious layers. The yield of the well is large and uniform as there are no quick variations in the water levels. The quality of water is also good as much pollution is removed by larger travel of water straining. B. Types of Wells (According to Method of Construction) 1. Dug Well (manual dig) - most common type - dug around 15 meters deep - Also referred to as shallow well Components of a dug well. Source: SMET & WIJK (2002) 2. Bored Well - Similar to dug well but constructed using an auger driven by hand or with power tools. - Seldom hand driven below 15 meters, but can reach 40+ meters with power tools ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 4 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts 3. Jetted Well - Use of extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing foundations in the vicinity. - Makes use of a suction pump above, while casing acts as the pump riser - Used only where ground is relatively soft, hence sometimes referred to as “Sand-Point Wells” 4. Driven Well - dug with driven point attached to the pipes. 5. Drilled Well - used for drilling oil - can reach depths of 1000 meters C. Types of Wells (According to Diameter) Open wells Open wells are constructed by open excavation and are provided with straining. The diameter generally varies from 2-10 m. Tube wells These are the holes drilled into the ground encased with pipes and strainers. The diameter varies between 0.15 - 0.6 m. D. Locating a Well 2 most common type of contamination - Septic Tank/ Leach Fields - Livestock feedlots Locating must not be less than 100 ft. away from such pollution sources. Locate on higher ground The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 5 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts E. Methods of Wall Screening Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass. Natural materials like stones and rock sediment provide additional screening ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 6 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts A PUMP is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries. It is also used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be directly piped to a building, tank or reservoir. A. Three Classes of Pump - Lifting water by suction to the level of a pump situated above the source - Raising the water by forcing it to an elevation above a pump situated in the course. - Both lifting the water to the pump by suction and in addition, forcing the water to an elevation above the pump B. Types of Pumps 1. Lift Pump – consist of a piston travelling up and down with a cylinder connected with a pipe extending down into the source. 2. Force Pump - used to deliver water to a point at a higher than the position of the pump itself. 3. Reciprocating Pump - Include that class of pumps in which the piston moves to and from, either horizontally or vertically. It operates with controlled speed. ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 7 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts 4. Centrifugal Pump - water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a centrifugal force. It possesses moving parts without valves, revolving around axis and centrifugal action is utilized in delivering the water under pressure. 5. Submersible Pumps - are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or other media storage receptacle. 6. Sump Pump - used in applications where excess water must be pumped away from a particular area. a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water collecting sump pit. ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 8 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts 3.1.3 Water Supply System the water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and all appurtenances in or adjacent to the structure or premises. involves Public to Household water supply systems. A. Classification of Public Water Distribution 1. Direct Pressure Contribution - water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake basin & extended into deep water. - Components: (a) Water Basin (b) Receiving Well (c) Filtration Plant 2. Indirect Pressure Contribution - Water is taken form a drilled well or underground water. - Involves individual special mechanical equipment. B. Types of Community Water Supply (according to availability) Continuous In this system, there is continuous water supply (for 24 hours). This is possible where adequate quantity of water is available. The major advantage of such system is that due to continuous water supply, water remains fresh and rusting of pipes will be low. However, losses of water will be more in case of any leakage. Intermittent In such system, supply of water is either done in whole village/town for fixed hours or supply of water is divided into zones and each zone is supplied with water for fixed hours in a day or as per specified day. Such system is followed when there is low water availability, however, in certain cases, wastage of water is more due to tendency of community for storing higher amount of water than required. In such system, pipelines are likely to rust faster due to wetting and drying. However, maintenance can be easily done during no-supply hours. ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 9 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts WATER MAIN refers to the public water connections which are laid underground along the streets where the house service is connected C. Domestic/Building Water System Main Water Meter Water Tank Storage - Cistern Tank (Concrete tank below grade) - Overhead of Ground Water Tank (Stainless or Galvanized Iron Tanks) Boosting System - Constant Pressure System (CPS) - Hydropneumatic with Bladder Tank ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 10 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts - Hydropneumatic with Pressure Tank Water Heaters - Heatpump with Calorifier Tank - Storage Type - Indirect Water Heater - Instantaneous Type (Single and Multipoint) - Solar Water Heater Pressure System - Gravity - Pressurized Pipes D. Household Water Supply Water is conveyed to the plumbing fixtures by means of pipes, which are classified as: - House Service - refers to the pipe connection from the public water main or any source of water supply to the building served - Riser - Refers to the vertical supply pipe which extend upward from one floor to the next. - Branches - Horizontal pipes that serve the faucets or fixtures 3.1.4 Cold Water Distribution A. Parts of the Cold Water Distribution System - Service pipe – street water main to building served - Water Meter – device to measure the amount of water - Horizontal Supply Main – principal water distribution pipe - Riser – extends vertically to one full storey - Fixture Branch – fixture supply pipe and water distribution pipe - Valves – control, isolation and repair of the water distribution system - Storage Tanks B. Types of Cold Water Distribution System The water supply system can either be direct or indirect. While in the direct water supply system all the water points of a house are directly connected to the main supply line of the municipality/city government/supply company; in case of the indirect water supply system it is only the kitchen sink and the storage tank which are connected to the main supply line while all the other appliances are fed with water from the storage tank located at the terrace of the house. ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 11 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Direct And Indirect Water Supply Retrieved from: https://gharpedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Direct-and-Indirect-Water-Supply-Systems-01-0601060004.jpg Upfeed (Direct) Distribution By Street Main Pressure Retrieved from: Plumbing Design and Estimates ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 12 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Direct Upfeed System – Triplex Pump Retrieved from: Plumbing Design and Estimates DIRECT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM is one where the raising main feeds directly the cold water taps and a multi-point water heater. The mains water comes in via a rising main and directly feeds all the cold taps and a multi-Point Water Heater - so all the taps and other water feeds are at mains water pressure. Direct Water Supply ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 13 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/varikriddhesh/water-supply-and-plumbing-services INDIRECT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM is the most common type found in modern houses. The mains water comes in via a rising main and directly feeds at least one cold tap at the kitchen sink with ‘potable’ water (i.e. water which is fit for drinking, cooking etc) and may also feed a washing machine, a shower and an outside tap etc. the rising main also feeds a storage tank at a high point in the building from where the water is fed to all the other taps etc using gravity. Figure 12: Indirect Water Supply Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/varikriddhesh/water-supply-and-plumbing-services a. Downfeed or Gravity System - Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building and is distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity. - Also known as overhead feed system ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 14 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts b. Hydro Pneumatic System/ Air Pressure System Tanks that use water and air under pressure are referred to as a hydropneumatic tanks, or pressure tanks. Three functions: - First is as part of a water delivery system set to deliver water in a preset pressure range - Second uses the pressure setting to monitor a pump from turning on too often - Third is to buffer or lower pressure surges, much like a power surge protector ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 15 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Comparative Analysis of Cold Water Distribution Systems 3.1.5 Hot Water Distribution A. Types of Hot Water Distribution System Upfeed and Gravity Return System - With a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water - Hot water rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation - Hot water is immediately drawn form the fixture any time - Provided economical circulating return of unused hot water - Larger pipe is installed at the top of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the lower floors of the building ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 16 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Downfeed and Gravity Return System - Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures via gravity (closed pipe system) - Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water & gravity. - Larger pipe is installed at the bottom of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the upper floors of the building Pump Circuit System - For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings. ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 17 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts 3.1.6 Defects in Water Distribution System A. Water Hammer - a knocking in the pipes caused when faucets in the lower levels are shut off abruptly or automatically. The force exerted by the decelerating water causes the pipes to shake and rattle. AIR CHAMBER TO PREVENT WATER HAMMERING B. Back Siphonage - the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such pipe. Back flow - the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood level rim of the receptacle. C. Expansion/Contraction - Pipes expand and contract due to continuous changes in temperature An air space should be provided to allow for breathing room. D. Friction - refers to the resistance produced by the flowing water with the fittings and interior surface of the pipe. In water supply distribution, friction is defined as the resistance between the molecules of water E. Defects related to Pressure. PRESSURE is the force required to move the water inside the pipe. It is the only means necessary to overcome friction. Static Pressure – pressured exerted by the water at rest. Nominal Pressure - refers to the pressure range measured over a period of 24 hours. CRITICAL PRESSURE - refers to the maximum and minimum pressure at which proper function of the water supply system can be maintained. HEAD LOSS BY FRICTION or FRICTION HEAD LOSS - The loss in the rate of flow, due to friction between the water and the walls of the pipe. ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 18 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts PRESSURE LOSS - refers to the variations in pressure between the water main and the outlet end of the water service. Pressure loss is generally caused by friction. Other causes of pressure loss: Simultaneous draw or use of water Height or distance of which the water must flow. Fluctuation of water pressure in the water main Mineral elements in water that adhere to the interior of the pipe reducing the diameter Inadequate size of the pipe Water supply coming from the public water main may also be affected by water fluctuations caused by: Peak load Emergency draw Breakdown of lines or pumping unit Insufficient water level at the water system reservoir 3.1.7 Maximum and Probable Demand MAXIMUM DEMAND - refers to the maximum water discharge of fixtures in terms of fixture units. The maximum demand of water is equal to the Total Fixture Units in the plumbing system, where one unit is valued at 8 gallons of water discharge per minute interval. Example: One water closet is valued at 6 fixture units, therefore 6 x 8 = 48 gallons ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 19 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts Illustration: PROBABLE DEMAND or PEAK LOAD “The fewer number of fixtures installed, the higher percentage of probability of their simultaneous use, and the greater the number of fixtures installed, the lower the percentage of probable simultaneous use.” “If a fixture can discharge, only a given quantity of water, wherein the water supply may not be overtaxed above this amount of water causing overflow of the fixtures being used, then, the maximum demand of water is the total sum of its fixture units wherein each fixture unit represents 8 gallons of water” ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 20 of 21 Far Eastern University 1st Semester A.Y. 2024 -2025 Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts ARC 1446 – Building Utilities 1 (Plumbing and Sanitary Systems) Page 21 of 21
