Plumbing System PDF

PLUMBING SYSTEM ENGR. DAVES GURON  The art and science of creating and maintaining sanitary conditions in building used by human. It is also defined as the art and science of installing, repairing and servicing the pipes, fixtures and appurtenances necessary for bringing in water supply and re...

PLUMBING SYSTEM ENGR. DAVES GURON  The art and science of creating and maintaining sanitary conditions in building used by human. It is also defined as the art and science of installing, repairing and servicing the pipes, fixtures and appurtenances necessary for bringing in water supply and removing liquid and water-borne wastes; PLUMBING  the art and science of installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures and other appurtenances for bringing in the water supply and removing liquid and waterborne wastes. It includes the fixtures and fixture traps; the soil and waste pipes; vent pipes; the building drain and building sewer; and the storm drainage pipes; with their devices, appurtenances and connections to all within or adjacent to the building. PLUMBING  A typicalhome plumbing system includes three basic parts: a water supply system, a fixture and appliance set, and a drain system PLUMBING SYSTEM A system in plumbing which provides and distributes water to the different parts of the building or structure, for purposes such as drinking, cleaning, washing, culinary use, etc.; it includes the water distributing pipes, control devices, equipment, and other appurtenances. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM  Asper the use, water supply system carries hot and cold water throughout the house. Pipes convey water from source to various appliances. The flow of water to appliances is controlled by valves and faucets (tap). The used water is conveyed to drain. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM  Cold Water System  Hot Water System TWO TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM  Cold water system provide water for the following purposes: 1. Drinking purpose 2. Cooking purpose 3. Sanitary purpose 4. Washing purpose 5. Gardening COLD WATER SYSTEM  Direct water supply system - all appliances in a house receives water from the rising main i.e of Municipal supply mains.  Indirectwater supply System - Water enters house from the rising main. After entering, it is branched off into kitchen sink and towards storage tank. Storage tank is first filled and then water is supplied to appliances from same. TYPES OF COLD WATER SYSTEM TYPES OF COLD WATER SYSTEM  Advantages: - Saving in pipe network especially in multi story buildings. This is due to the cold water distribution from the cistern being omitted. - Fresh drinking water may be obtained at any point. Disadvantages: - There is a danger of foul water from the sanitary fittings being siphoned back to the main water. - During peak periods there is a tendency for lowering of pressure. - If there is a main burst there is no store water DIRECT WATER SYSTEM  Advantages: - There is no risk of back siphoned age with this system - There is no tendency of pipe bursting due to the low pressure in the pipe work - In case of an interruption in the mains supply there is an adequate store of water Disadvantages: - Longer pipe runs are required - A larger storage cistern is necessary - Fresh drinking water is only available at the kitchen sink (or single point) INDIRECT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM  Service Pipe – The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply to the water distribution system of the building served.  Distribution Pipe/ Supply Pipe – A pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water from the water service pipe to point of utilization.  Riser – A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey water to branches or to group of fixtures.  Fixture Branch – The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water distributing pipe.  Fixture supply pipe – A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM  The Skeleton of the Plumbing System  Pipes are used to transport water from the main city line or well, throughout your home, and finally to the individual places it needs to go.  Fittingsare the parts that connect each pipe to the next one. Fittings allow the pipes to change angles and make the best use of the space inside your walls, ceilings, and floors. PIPES AND FITTINGS  PEX  COPPER PIPING  PVC  GALVANIZED PIPE  BRASS  CAST IRON PIPING  CEMENT PIPING PIPES  Coupling  Reducer  Valves  Elbow  Union  Tee  Cross  Cap  Barb PIPE FITTINGS  Flexible plastic piping  Popular selection in residential and small business application  Minimum maintenance and fast installation process.  Cannotbe used in outdoor application as UV rays can damage its outdoor plastic layer. PEX  Copper is most often used for supply of hot and cold tap water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC system (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning).  Two types of Copper Tubing: - Soft Copper – tubing that can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path tubing. - Rigid Copper – tubing that cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings to go around corners or around obstacles. COPPER PIPING  Used for hot and cold potable water as well with sewage application.  Vary on their thickness and configuration depending on the application where to be used. PVC (POLY VINYL CHLORIDE)  Less frequent used now as rust can build up inside small diameter pipes.  Can be used to transport grey water or non-potable water.  Used for high temperature or pressure manufacturing process  Commonly used in the petroleum industries GALVANIZED PIPING  Brass is an alloy made of copper and zinc.  Provide great rust resistance piping.  Excellent for hot-water and large distribution systems as pump fittings, water tanks, and wells. BRASS  Fittingis used in pipe plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow. FITTINGS A coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting may be called a reducing couple or reducer, or an adapter. COUPLING A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the systems, or to adapt to existing piping of a different size.  Reducersare usually concentric but eccentric reducers are used when required to maintain the same top-or-bottom of pipe level. REDUCER  Installedbetween two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90 degree or 45 degree. ELBOW A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement  Standard union pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut, a female end, and a male end. When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts then provide the necessary pressure to seal the joint UNION  Available with all female thread sockets, all solvents weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads.  used to either combine or split a fluid flow.  T-shaped having two outlets at 90 degree to the connection to the main line. TEE  Cross also called as four way fitting  If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross.  It has one inlet and three outlet or vice versa.  Common in fire sprinkler system due to their extra cost. CROSS  A cap is used like plug, except that the pipe cap screws or attaches on the male thread of a pipe. CAP  Used to connect flexible hoses to pipe.  Theother end of the fitting has either a single or multiple barbed tube having a tapered stub with ridges, which is inserted into the flexible hose to secure it. BARB  In plumbing and piping, a nipple is a fitting, consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually provided with a male pipe thread at each end, for connecting two other fittings. NIPPLE A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by opening, closing or partially obstructing various passageways.  The various types of valves are: Ball valve, Check valve, Gate valve, Zone valve, Butterfly valve, Locking valve, Diaphragm valve, Globe valve, Pressure Balanced valve VALVES  Itis the arrangement provided in a house or building for collecting or conveying waste water through drain pipes by gravity, to join either a public sewer or a domestic septic tank is termed as the house or building drainage. DRAINAGE SYSTEM  Wastewater: Water when used for different purpose like domestic commercial, industrial etc., receives impurities and become wastewater. Thus wastewater is used water and it has physical, chemical, and biological Impurities in it.  Sewage: The waste water coming from W.C. and containing human excreta is known as sewage.  Sullage: The Wastewater coming from bathrooms and kitchens which does not contain fecal matter is known as sullage.  Plumbing System: It is entire system of pipe line for providing water supply to the building or it is a system of pipes for disposal of wastewater from the building. TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO DRAINAGE  Sewer: A pipe carrying sewage/ wastewater is called sewer.  Soil Pipe: It is pipe carrying sewage from W.C.  Vent Pipe : A vertical pipe that provides circulation of air to and from the Drainage system.  Stack: A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste or vent piping.  Cleanout: An access opening to allow cleanout of the pipe  Waste Pipe: It is a pipe carrying sullage from bathrooms, kitchens, sinks, wash basins, etc. TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO DRAINAGE  Sewerage System: A system of sewers of different types and sizes in a town collecting wastewater from the town and carrying it to the wastewater treatment plant.  Sanitary Sewer: A sewer pipe that carries only sewage.  Storm Sewer: A sewer pipe that carries storm water or other drainage (excluding sewage).  Building Sewer: Part of the drainage system from the building to the public, private, or individual sewer Disposal system.  Sewer Main: A sewer pipe installed and maintained by public entity and on public property. TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO DRAINAGE  House Drainage should be preferable laid by side of the building to facilitate easy repair and better maintenance.  House sewer joints should be leak proof because leakage if any shall create an odor problem and leaked wastewater shall infiltrate in the ground and shall reduce bearing capacity of soil below foundation, which is not desirable.  The sewage or sullage should flow under the force of gravity.  The house sewer should always be straight  The entire system should be well ventilated from start to the end. PRINCIPLES OF HOUSE DRAINAGE  The house sewer should be connected to the manhole such that the invert level is sufficiently higher to avoid back flow of sewage in house sewer.  Rain water from roofs or open courtyards should not be allowed to flow through the house sewers.  Siphonage action can never be permitted and therefore adequate ventilation systems should be installed. PRINCIPLES OF HOUSE DRAINAGE  Traps  Pipes  Sanitary Fittings COMPONENTS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM A trap is a bent or depressed sanitary fitting which always remain full of water to prevent foul gases coming out of the soil pipe/ waste pipe  Plumbingtraps is designed to retain a small amount of water each time the sink drains, and this water standing in the bottom of the curved portion of the trap seals the drain and keeps sewer gasses from escaping the drain and entering your home.  Water remains in trap is water seal, which is measured as the vertical distance between crown and dip of a trap. TRAPS  Good Traps should have following Qualities: - Should provide enough water seal ( around 50 mm) with large surface area. - Interiors surface should be smooth so that the flow is not obstructed which enables self cleansing. - An assess door should be provided for cleaning the trap. - It should be made of non- absorbent material. TRAPS  Based on Shapes: - P trap - S trap - Q trap CLASSIFICATION OF TRAPS  Based on the Use: - Floor Traps (Nahni Trap) - Gully Traps - Intercepting Trap - Grease Trap CLASSIFICATION OF TRAPS  Floor Trap ( Nahni Trap): This trap is generally used to admit sullage from the floors of rooms, bathrooms, kitchen etc. in to the sullage pipe. - This is provided with cast iron or stainless steel or galvanized gratings at its top so that the entry of larger matter is prevented thereby chances of blockage are reduced. - A commonly used name of trap is Nahni Trap. FLOOR TRAPS A Gully trap or gully is provided at a junction of a roof drain and other drain coming from kitchen or bathroom.  Gullytraps may either have a P shaped or Q shaped water sealing arrangement. The water seal is normally 50 mm to 75 mm deep. GULLY TRAPS  Intercepting Traps: Intercepting traps is provided at junction of a house sewer and municipal sewer for preventing entry of foul gases of municipal sewer in to the house drainage system. INTERCEPTING TRAPS ADVANTAGES  Foul Gases of larger municipal sewers are prevented from entering house drainage system.  Harmful pathogens can not enter in the house drains.  Well designed and constructed interceptors can quickly remove foul matter of house drain to municipal sewers. INTERCEPTING TRAPS  DISADVANTAGES - Heavy matter shall retain in the trap if the discharge of wastewater is small and the small decompose producing foul gases and thus the main purpose of preventing foul gases is not served at all. - Interceptor itself is an obstruction to the smooth flow. Omission of interceptor have not raised serious consequences. - When plug is broken the foul gases shall enter house sewers. - Cleaning through the inspection area is difficult. INTERCEPTING TRAPS  Grease Trap - These type of traps are used in large hotels restaurants or industries where large quantity of oils waste is generated. If the oily or greasy matter is not separated it will stick to the building drainage system resulting in formation of scum and consequent hinderance in aeration. GREASE TRAPS  Soil Pipe - A pipe carrying human extract  Waste Pipe - A pipe carrying sullage  Vent Pipe - It is a pipe installed to provide flow of air to or from the drainage system or to provide circulation of air in the drainage system to provide circulation of air in the drainage system to protect the water seal of traps against siphonage and backflow.  Antisiphonage Pipe - It is the pipe which is installed to preserve the water seal in the trap through proper ventilation  Rainwater Pipe - A pipe carrying only rain water is called rain water pipe. PIPES Following Sanitary fittings are used in the house drainage system. - Wash basin - Sinks - Bath tubs - Water closets - Urinals - Flushing Cisterns SANITARY FITTINGS WASH BASIN  Sinks are the plumbing fixtures provided in kitchens for cleaning utensils. Sinks are also provided in laboratories for cleaning laboratory glass wares etc. SINKS  BathTub is the plumbing fixtures provided in the bathroom for taking bath. This is made of glazed earth ware or vitreous china, cement concrete finished with terrazzo or glazed porcelain tiles or marbles and enameled iron. A circular waste hole at the bottom of bath tub is provided for drainage purpose. BATH TUB A water closets is a pan like water flushed plumbing fixture designed to remove human excreta directly and dispose the same in to the soil pipe through trap.  Itis made of vitreous china or porcelain and is connected to soil pipe through the trap. WATER CLOSETS  Urinal is a sanitary plumbing for urination only  They are usually used in a standing position. Urinals can be with manual flushing, automatic flushing, or without flushing, as is the case for waterless urinals URINALS  Water that is stored in the cistern above the toilet bowl is released by pushing or pulling a lever. This allows the water to run into the bowl, mix with the excreta, and carry them away. WATER CISTERN  Single Stack System  One Pipe System  Partially Ventilated Single Stack System  Two Pipe System SYSTEM OF PLUMBING FOR HOUSE DRAINAGE  In single stack system a single vertical soil pipe is fixed and all the waste matter from baths, kitchen, water closet etc. is discharge into it.  This pipe is addition also act as vent pipe.  This system is economical, but its effectiveness entirely depend upon the water seal.  Therefore the water seal in traps should not be less than 75mm. SINGLE STACK SYSTEM  In this system a separate vent pipe is added in addition to waste collection pipe hence this method is more effective than the single stack system.  The vent pipe provides ventilation to the water seals of the entire trap.  The main pipe is directly connected to the drainage system.  If this system is provided in multistoried building the WC block of various floor are placed one over the other. ONE PIPE SYSTEM  The system is and intermediate arrangement between the one pipe system and single stack system.  In this system there is one soil pipe and all the waster matter from water closets, bath, sink etc. is discharge in this pipe.  The vent pipe provided ventilation only to trap of water closets. ONE-PIPE PARTIALLY VENTILATED  In this system two set up of pipe are laid.  One pipe i.e. soil pipe is connected to the soil fixture such as urinal and water closets.  Another pipe i.e. waste water pipe is used to collect the waste matter from bath kitchen etc.  The soil pipe and waste pipe provided with separate vent pipe.  It will require four vent pipe and hence it become costly. TWO PIPE SYSTEM