Aquatic Resources Board Exam Pre-Test/Review - PDF

FISH 4401: BOARD EXAM PRE-TEST/REVIEW TOPIC: Aquatic Resources 🞂 ​ Limnology is the study of inland waters - lakes (both freshwater and saline), reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands, and groundwater - as ecological systems interacting with their drainage basins and the atmosph...

FISH 4401: BOARD EXAM PRE-TEST/REVIEW TOPIC: Aquatic Resources 🞂 ​ Limnology is the study of inland waters - lakes (both freshwater and saline), reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands, and groundwater - as ecological systems interacting with their drainage basins and the atmosphere. 🞂 🞂 ​ Freshwater Environment 🞂 ​ Lake 🞂 ​ Pond 🞂 ​ River 🞂 ​ Swamp 🞂 ​ Marsh 🞂 ​ Bog 🞂 ​ Fen 🞂 ​1. Lotic - running water series (ex. river) - continuous and with a definite direction. Sequence: 🞂 ​2. Lentic- standing brook water creek river series Sequence: lake,pond, swamp 🞂 ​ Lake is a body of water occupied in a basin and lacking continuity with the sea. It has a considerable area and deep enough to stratify. 🞂 🞂​ Pond is a small shallow body of water either formed through depression or man-made. 🞂 🞂 ​ Marsh is a type of wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species. Marshes can often be found at the edges of lakes and streams, where they form a transition between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. They are often dominated by grasses, rushes or reeds. 🞂 🞂 ​ Swamp is a wetland that is forested. Many swamps occur along large rivers, where they are critically dependent upon natural water level fluctuations. Other swamps occur on the shores of large lakes. 🞂 ​ Bog is a wetland that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material—often mosses. , and in a majority of cases, Sphagnum moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire and muskeg. 🞂 ​ Fen is one of the four main types of wetland, and is usually fed by mineral-rich surface water or groundwater. 🞂 ​ Fens are characterized by their water chemistry, which is neutral or alkaline, with relatively high dissolved mineral levels but few other plant nurients. They are usually dominated by grasses and sedges, and typically have brown mosses in general 🞂 ​LakeEcology – is the study of the lake’s biotic and abiotic interaction/relationship.  I. INTRODUCTION Philippine Lakes  216 Lake Lakes Location Area (ha) 1. Laguna de Bay Laguna and Rizal 90,000 2. Lake Lanao Lanao del Sur 34,700 3. Taal Lake Batangas 23,400 4. Lake Mainit Surigao del Norte & Agusan del Norte 14,000 5. Naujan Lake Oriental Mindoro 11,000 6. Lake Buluan South Cotabato 6,500 7. Lake Bato Camarines Sur & Albay 3,800 8. Lake Buhi Camarines Sur 1,800 9. Lake Dapao Lanao del Sur 1,800 10. Lake Sebu South Cotabato 964 Source: BFAR CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION (2019)  I. INTRODUCTION Philippine Rivers  421 Major Rivers  21 River Basins – Luzon (8) River Basin Province(s) Area (ha) 1. Abra River Basin Abra, Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province 492,366 2. Agno River Basin Benguet, Tarlac, Pangasinan, Ifugao, Pampanga, 621,966 Nueva Vizcaya, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Zambales 3. Apayao-Abulug River Cagayan, Apayao, Ilocos Norte, Abra 377,600 Basin 4. Bicol River Basin Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay 317,100 5. Cagayan River Basin Cagayan, Apayao, Kalinga, Mountain Province, 2,749,349 Ifugao, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Aurora 6. Marikina River Basin Rizal, Bulacan 69,826 7. Pampanga River Basin Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, 1,043,400 Bulacan, Zambales, Bataan 8. Pasig-Laguna River Basin Metropolitan Manila, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, 410,874 Cavite, Bulacan Source: CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION http://rbco.denr.gov.ph/  I. INTRODUCTION Philippine Rivers 21 River Basins – Visayas (5) River Basin Province(s) Area (ha) 1. Central Cebu River Basin Cebu 67,870 2. Iloilo Batiano River Basin Iloilo 10,870 3. Ilog-Hilabangan River Basin Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental 211,817 4. Jalaur River Basin Iloilo 150,300 5. Pan-ay River Basin Iloilo, Capiz, Aklan 271,792 Source: http://rbco.denr.gov.ph/ CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  I. INTRODUCTION Philippine Rivers 21 River Basins – Mindanao (8) River Basin Province(s) Area (ha) 1. Agusan River Basin Compostela Valley, Davao Oriental, Davao 1,193,655 del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, and Bukidnon 2. Buayan-Malungon River Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental, Sarangani, 150,509 Basin South Cotabato 3. Cagayan de Oro River Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon, Lanao del Norte 137,383 Basin 4. Davao River Basin Bukidnon, Davao del Sur 175,960 5. Mindanao River Basin South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, 2,085,941 Maguindanao, North Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, Bukidnon, Agusan del Sur, Davao del Norte ,Davao del Sur 6. Ranao (Agus) River Basin Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur 198,708 7. Tagoloan River Basin Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon 137,383 8. Tagum-Libuganon River Source: Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley, Agusan del 311,900 Basin Sur http://rbco.denr.gov.ph/ CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  I. INTRODUCTION Philippine Caves  1,500 Caves Lake Location Length (km) 1. Langun-Gobingob Cave Samar 7 2. Tulingon Cave Aklan 20 3. Odessa Cave Cagayan 12.6 4. Odloman Cave Negros Oriental 8.87 5. Capisaan Cave Nueva Vizcaya 4.2 Source: BMB (2017) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION 🞂 ​Glacial lake -lake formed by glaciers. Ex. Pingo lake ​ Tectonic lake- Lake formed by movements of the earth’s crust ◦ Graben lakes – formed between faults and adjacent highlands. ◦ Ex. Lake Baikal of Siberia – deepest lake in the world, Lake Tahoff – California, Lake Tanganyika – East Africa, 2nd deepest lake. ◦ Uplift lakes – result of epeirogenesis 🞄 Epeirogenesis – wide reaching tectonic events that raise large crustal blocks and sometimes bring about the formation of enormous basins. Ex. Caspian Sea ◦ Earthquake lakes – water is spilled through a series of earthquake events forming lakes. Ex. Reelfoot lake – United States - spilled from the Mississippi River.  Lake Lake Baikal Tanganyika Caspian Sea Reelfoot Lake ​ Landslide lakes – formed from the impoundment of stream valleys by rock slides, mud floods and other mass movements of rocks. 🞂 ​Volcanic lake- formed through volcanic actions. ◦ Crater lake- Lakes formed by volcanoes. ◦ Lava lake- formed by lava depression ◦ Caulee lake – magma hardened and formed a basin. 🞂 ​Ice-scour lake- Where ice sheets move over relatively flat surfaces of hard jointed or fractured rock, hollow basins are formed and subsequently filled with water 🞂 ​Solution lakes – lakes in carbonic substrates (lakes in salt collapsy bases) 🞂 ​Aeolian lake – formed due to the erosive force of the wind. 🞂 ​Fluviatile lakes – formed by founding of deltas. ◦ Levee lakes – shallow, elongate, parallel to stream ◦ Oxbow lakes – formed by isolated loops of meandering mature streams 🞂 🞂 ​Shorelinelakes – formed by wave actions in the shoreline. Ex. Beach pools 🞂 ​Lake basins impounded or excavated by organisms. Ex. Beaver  Maximum Depth (M ) 2 Surface Area (Km2) Lake 🞂 🞂 Superior (America) 83,300 307 🞂 Victoria (Africa) 63,800 79 🞂 Huron 59,510 223 🞂 Michigan 57,850 265 🞂 Tanganyika (Africa) 34,000 572 🞂 ​ Baikal (Siberia, Russia and China) 31,500 730 🞂 Malawi (Africa) 30,800 273 🞂 Erie (Canada) 25,820 64 🞂 Winnipeg 24,530 19 🞂 Ontario 18,760 225 🞂 Laguna de Bay 89,076.30 🞂 Lanao 33,999.70 🞂 Taal 24,356.40 🞂 Mainit 17,430.20 🞂 Naiyan 7,899.50 🞂 Buluan 6,134.20 🞂 Bato 3,792.50 🞂 Pagusi 2,531.50 🞂 Laabas 2,140.80 🞂 Lumo 1,192.00 🞂 Buhi 1,105.80 🞂 ​The lake is divided into different “zones” determined by depth and distance from the shoreline 🞂 ​littoral zone 🞂 ​limnetic zone 🞂 ​profundal zone 🞂 ​Photic zone 🞂 ​Benthic zone  ​Littoralzone- the shallow and warmest zone of the lake.  Limnetic zone- near-surface open water surrounded by the littoral zone  Profundal zone – cold and dense region of the lake. It is also called as the aphotic zone where light is reduced.  Photic zone- lighted zone of the lake Primary production in the photic zone is influenced by three major factors ◦ Nutrients ◦ Light- For photosynthesis ◦ Grazing pressure -the rate at which the plants are eaten by herbivores.  Benthic zone- bottom area of the lake. 🞂 ​Oligotrophic- poor nutrient 🞂 ​Mesotrophic- middle/intermediate 🞂 ​Eutrophic – high nutrient 🞂 ​ Epilimnion- an upper layer of circulating warm water, usually no more than 6 m (20 ft) deep, where dissolved oxygen concentrations are moderate to high. 🞂 ​ Metalimnion or thermocline- a layer of rapid temperature and oxygen decrease with depth, often quite thin, separating the upper and lower layers. 🞂 ​ Hypolimnion – a cold, deep-water, non- circulating layer in which oxygen is low or absent. 🞂 ​Lake overturn is a circulation which recharges oxygen and nutrients through the basin. In temperate lakes, the changing of the seasons help move water in the lake. Tropical lakes often stay stratified because warm water always stays on the top. In temperate lakes the winter months chill the surface water so that it gets colder than the water underneath, causing it to sink. This happens in the spring and fall 🞂 ​ Amictic: never mix as they are permanently frozen. 🞂 ​ Meromictic: mix only partially, the deeper layers never mix either because of high water density caused by dissolved substances or because the lake is protected from wind effects. 🞂 ​ Holomictic: mix completely. 🞂 ​ Oligomictic: do not mix every year as they are large and have higher heat storing capacity, the mixing depending on specific climatic conditions. 🞂 ​ Monomictic: mix only once each year, either in winter or summer. 🞂 ​ Dimictic: mix twice a year and are the most common lakes in temperate latitudes. 🞂 ​ Polymictic: mixing frequently, they are 🞂 ​ Mixolimnion- the zone that mixes completely at least once a year 🞂 ​ Chemocline- The intermediate layer, where there is a sudden change in density at the upper edge of bottom layer accumulating salts or dissolved organic matter. 🞂 ​ Monimolimnion- the 🞂 ​Lakes are extremely variable in their physical, chemical and biological characteristics. 🞂 🞂 ​Physical (level of light, temperature and water currents) 🞂 ​Chemical ( nutrients, major ions and contaminants) 🞂 ​Biological( biomass, population numbers and growth) 🞂 ​Light 🞂 ​Temperature 🞂 ​Water Currents 🞂 ​density differences 🞂 ​Turbidity – turbid water absorbs more heat in a warm sunny day 🞂 ​No water inflow 🞂 ​Cooling the surface through evaporation 🞂 ​Inflow of cold water rain 🞂 ​Strong wind action – cause water turbulence 🞂 ​use of mechanical aerators 🞂 ​Disappearance of heavy phytoplankton blooms 🞂 ​Dissolved Oxygen 🞂 ​Carbon Dioxide 🞂 ​pH 🞂 ​Nitrogen 🞂 ​Phosphorous 🞂 ​ The chemical composition of a lake is a function ◦ Climate ◦ Hydrology ◦ Basin geology. 🞂 ​Megaplankton. > 20 cm 🞂 ​Macroplankton. 2-20 cm 🞂 ​Mesoplankton. 0.2 – 20 mm 🞂 ​Microplankton. 20- 200m 🞂 ​Nanoplankton. 2- 20 m 🞂 ​Picoplankton. 0.2- 2 m 🞂 ​Femtoplankton. 0.02- 0.2 m 🞂 ​Holoplankton. Organisms that spend their entire lives in the plankton. 🞂 ​Meroplankton. Organisms that spend but a part of their lives in the plankton 🞂 🞂 ​Neuston.Small swimming organisms inhabiting the surface water film (10 cm) Epineuston- aerial side Hyponeuston- aquatic side 🞂 ​Pondlily (Nuphar spp.) and Pond weed (Potamegaton) Adaptation: Poorly developed root system but highly developed aerating system 🞭 Certain pond weed species (Chara muskgrass) Adaptation: Lacks cuticles. These plants absorb nutrients and gases directly from the water through thin and finely dissected or ribbon  Philippine Freshwater Fishes 53, 15% 84, 24% 214, 61% (351) Endemic Native Introduced CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  II. STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAGUNA DE BAY Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? curid=1536925 CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAGUNA DE BAY Leiopotherapon plumbeus (ayungin) Gobiopterus lacustris (dulong) Arius manillensis (kanduli) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAGUNA DE BAY Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) Photo: Pterygoplichthys https://fishingthephilippines spp. CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O UChitala R C E S ornata (GrayAND CONSERVATION RESEARCH 1831)  LAKE LANAO Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? curid=1536925 CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE LANAO’S CYPRINIDS STATUS Barbodes amarus Herre 1924 Valid Barbodes baoulan Herre 1926 Valid Barbodes clemensi Herre 1924 Valid Barbodes flavifuscus Herre 1924 Valid Barbodes disa Herre 1932 Valid Barbodes herrei (Fowler 1934) Valid Barbodes joaquinae (Wood 1968) Valid Barbodes katolo Herre 1924 Valid Barbodes lanaoensis Herre 1924 Valid Barbodes lindog Herre 1924 Valid Barbodes manalak Herre 1924 Valid Cephalakompsus pachycheilus Herre 1924 Valid as Barbodes pachycheilus (Herre 1924) Ospatulus palaemophagus Herre 1924 Valid as Barbodes palaemophagus (Herre 1924) Barbodes palata Herre 1924 Valid Mandibularca resinus Herre 1924 Valid as Barbodes resinus (Herre 1924) Barbodes sirang Herre 1932 Valid Ospatulus truncatulus Herre 1924 Valid as Barbodes truncatulus (Herre 1924) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE LANAO’S CYPRINIDS 2008 2016 Barbodes amarus Herre 1924 Barbodes baoulan Herre 1926 Barbodes clemensi Herre 1924 Barbodes flavifuscus Herre 1924 Barbodes disa Herre 1932 Barbodes herrei (Fowler 1934) Barbodes joaquinae (Wood 1968) Note: Barbodes katolo Herre 1924 Barbodes tumba Barbodes lanaoensis Herre 1924 Herre 1924 was presumably present Barbodes lindog Herre 1924   in the lake. Barbodes manalak Herre 1924 Cephalakompsus pachycheilus Herre 1924 Ospatulus palaemophagus Herre 1924 Barbodes palata Herre 1924 Mandibularca resinus Herre 1924 Barbodes sirang Herre 1932 Ospatulus truncatulus Herre 1924 CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  Siwagat River; Lake Uyaan; Lake Nunuñgan; outlet of Lake Dapao CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  a and b Barbodes lindog Herre 1924 and, c Barbodes tumba Herre 1924 Photo: Ismail, Sampson and Noakes (2013) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE LANAO Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE LANAO Photo: Barosa, Abamo & Kabirun (2016) Hypseleotris agilis Herre 1927 = Guiris margaritacea (Valenciennes 1837) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE TAAL Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? curid=1536925 CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE TAAL Photo: Reyes, Rodolfo B. / FishBase Sardinella tawilis (tawilis) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE TAAL Photo: https://kaylinq.blogspot.com/2008/10/sea-snake-of-taal- lake.html Hydrophis semperi Garman, 1881 CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE TAAL Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH1758) AND CONSERVATION  NAUJAN LAKE Source: Intex Resources CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  NAUJAN LAKE SCIENTIFIC NAME Naujan Lake Butas River Chanos chanos + + Anguilla marmorata + + Clarias batrachus + + Liza macrolepis + + Caranx sexfasciatus + + Ambassis urotaenia + + Mesopristes cancellatus + + Channa striata + + Anabas testudineus + - Scatophagus argus + + Redigobius tambujon + - Giuris margaritacea + + Hypseleotris cyprinoides - + Glossogobius aureus + + Glossogobius illimis + + Awaous melanocephalus + + Poecilia reticulata + + Poecilia sphenops + + Oreochromis niloticus niloticus + + Tilapia zillii + + Leiopotherapon plumbeus + + Stenogobius ophthalmoporus + + CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION+ + Trichopodus pectoralis Trichopodus trichopterus + + Cyprinus carpio carpio + - Carassius auratus + - TOTAL 25 22  NAUJAN LAKE Barbodes hemictenus (paitan) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  NAUJAN LAKE Leiopotherapon plumbeus (ayungin) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  NAUJAN LAKE Acrochordus granulatus (Schneider 1799) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  NAUJAN LAKE Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE BATO Source: GoogleMap CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE BATO Mistichthys luzonensis (tabios) Gulaphallus bikolanus CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S (balanak) RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE BATO Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE BUHI Source: GoogleMap CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE BUHI Photo: Emerson E. Sy Mistichthys luzonensis CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S (sinarapan) RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE BUHI Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) Traditional fishing gear, sarap or salap CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  Photos courtesy of Joie Matillano Puntius manguaoensis Puntius bantolanensis Nematabramis alestes alestes Oxyleotris expatria Dermogenys palawanensis Hito taytayensis Herre 1924 Rasbora argyrotaenia everetti LAKE MANGUAO CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE MANGUAO FISHES OF LAKE MANGUAO (Matillano 2003) STATUS Puntius manguaoensis (Day 1914) Valid as Barbodes manguaoensis (Day 1914) Puntius bantolanensis (Day 1914) Synonym of Barbodes manguaoensis (Day 1914) Nematabramis alestes alestes (Seale & Valid as Nematabramis alestes (Seale & Bean 1907) Bean 1907) Bosthrycus expatria (Herre 1927) Valid as Bostrychus expatrius (Herre 1927) Dermogenys palawanensis Meisner 2001 Valid Pterocryptis taytayensis Herre 1924 Valid as Pterocryptis taytayensis (Herre 1924) Rasbora argyrotaenia everetti Valid as Rasbora everetti Boulenger 1895 Brittan & Brattstrom 1952 Anabas testudineus (Bloch 1792) Channa striata (Bloch 1793) Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) Clarias macrocephalus Günther 1864 CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LAKE MANGUAO Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  Life inside the cave Langun-Gobingob Cave Calbiga, Samar Photo: Jobi A. Bonifacio CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  LANGUN-GOBINGOB CAVES Caecogobius cryptophthalmus Berti and Ercolini 1991 CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION  UGNOP CAVE SYSTEM Caecogobius personatus Larson and Husana 2018 CENTRE FOR AQUATIC R E S O U R C E S RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION