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• The Philippines is an archipelago composed of 7,107 islands and is located at latitude 4° 23' and 20°N and longitude 116° and 126° E.
• The country is bordered by the South China Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Celebes Sea.
• The total territorial water (EEZ) is 2,200,000 km2.

Coastal, Oceanic Shelf and Coral Reef Areas

• Coastal, Oceanic shelf and coral reef areas make up 266,000 km2, 1,934,000km2, 184,000 km2 and 27,000 km² respectively.

Inland Resources

• Swamplands cover 246,063 ha, divided into 106,328 ha of freshwater and 139,735 ha of brackish water.
• Existing fishponds cover a total of 246,063 ha, including 14,531 ha of freshwater and 239,323 ha of brackish water.
• Other inland resources cover 250,000 ha: Lakes - 200,000 ha; Rivers - 31,000 ha; Reservoirs - 19,000 ha.
• Limnology is the study of inland waters, including lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands, and groundwater, as they interact with drainage basins and the atmosphere.
• Freshwater environments include lakes, ponds, rivers, swamps, marshes, bogs and fens.
• Inland waters are classified by water flow as Lotic (running water series like rivers) and Lentic (standing water series like lakes or ponds).

Inland Water Bodies/Wetlands

• Lakes are bodies of water in a basin, lacking sea continuity, with considerable area and depth to stratify.
• Ponds are small, shallow water bodies formed either through depression or by human intervention.
• Marshes are wetlands dominated by herbaceous plants, often found at the edges of lakes and streams, forming a transition between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, dominated primarily by grasses, rushes, or reeds.
• Swamps are wetlands that are forested, often occurring along large rivers, dependent on natural water level fluctuations, or along the shores of large lakes.
• Bogs are wetlands that accumulate peat, deposit of dead organic matter with Sphagnum moss.
• Fens are one of the four main wetland types, fed by mineral-rich surface or groundwater, characterized by neutral or alkaline water chemistry with high dissolved mineral levels.
• Lake Ecology is the study of biotic and abiotic interactions and relationships within a lake.

Lakes of the Philippines

• The Philippines has several lakes, including Laguna de Bay (90,000 ha, Laguna and Rizal), Lake Lanao (34,700 ha, Lanao del Sur), Taal Lake (23,400 ha, Batangas), Lake Mainit (14,000 ha, Surigao del Norte & Agusan del Norte), and Naujan Lake (11,000 ha, Oriental Mindoro).
• Lake Buluan (6,500 ha) is located in South Cotabato; Lake Bato (3,800 ha) is in Camarines Sur & Albay; Lake Buhi (1,800 ha) is in Camarines Sur; Lake Dapao (1,800 ha) is in Lanao del Sur; Lake Sebu (964 ha) is in South Cotabato.

Rivers of the Philippines

• The Philippines contains 421 major rivers.
• Luzon has 21 major river basins, like the Abra River Basin (492,366 ha, Abra, Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province), Agno River Basin (621,966 ha, Benguet, Tarlac, Pangasinan, Ifugao, Pampanga, Nueva Vizcaya, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Zambales), and the Apayao-Abulug River Basin (377,600 ha, Cagayan, Apayao, Ilocos Norte, Abra).
• The Bicol River Basin (317,100 ha) covers Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, and Albay. The Cagayan River Basin (2,749,349 ha) crosses Cagayan, Apayao, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Ifugao, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, and Aurora.
• The Marikina River Basin (69,826 ha) flows through Rizal and Bulacan. The Pampanga River Basin (1,043,400 ha) drains Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Zambales, and Bataan. The Pasig-Laguna River Basin (410,874 ha) covers Metropolitan Manila, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Cavite and Bulacan.
• The Visayas has 21 River Basins, like the Central Cebu River Basin (67,870 in Cebu), the Iloilo Batiano River Basin (10,870 ha in Iloilo), Ilog-Hilabangan River Basin (211,817 ha in Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental), Jalaur River Basin (150,300 ha in Iloilo), and Pan-ay River Basin (271,792 ha in Iloilo, Capiz, Aklan).
• Mindanao has 21 River Basins, like the Agusan River Basin (1,193,655 ha, Compostela Valley, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Misamis Oriental, and Bukidnon), Buayan-Malungon River Basin (150,509 ha, Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental, Sarangani, South Cotabato), Cagayan de Oro River Basin (137,383 ha, Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon, Lanao del Norte), Davao River Basin (175,960 ha, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur), Mindanao River Basin (2,085,941 ha, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao, North Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, Bukidnon, Agusan del Sur, Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur), Ranao (Agus) River Basin (198,708 ha, Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur), Tagoloan River Basin (137,383 ha, Misamis Oriental and Bukidnon), and Tagum-Libuganon River Basin (311,900 ha, Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley, and Agusan del Sur).

Caves of the Philippines

• The Philippines has about 1,500 Caves.
• The Langun-Gobingob Cave in Samar is 7 km long, Tulingon Cave in Aklan is 20 km long, Odessa Cave in Cagayan is 12.6 km long, Odloman Cave in Negros Oriental is 8.87 km long, and Capisaan Cave in Nueva Vizcaya is 4.2 km long.

Origin of lakes

• Glacial lakes are formed by glaciers, e.g., Pingo lake.
• Tectonic lakes are formed by movements of the earth's crust
• Graben lakes are formed between faults and adjacent highlands; Lake Baikal of Siberia and Lake Tanganyika, East Africa.
• Uplift lakes result from epeirogenesis e.g. Caspian Sea
• Epeirogenesis involves wide reaching tectonic events that raise large crustal blocks and sometimes bring about the formation of enormous basins.
• Earthquake lakes occur when water spills through earthquake events forming lakes; Reelfoot Lake, United States.
• Landslide lakes are impounded by stream valleys by rock slides, mud floods and other mass movements.
• Volcanic lakes are formed through volcanic actions. There are crater lakes (formed by volcanoes) e.g. Lava lakes(formed by depressions) and Coulee (magma hard)
• Ice-scour lakes are formed when ice sheets move over relatively flat surfaces of hard jointed or fractured rock, forming hollow basins.
• Solution lakes are found in carbonic substrates.
• Aeolian lakes are formed due to the erosive force of the wind.
• Fluviatile lakes are formed by founding of deltas; Examples: Levee lakes -- shallow, elongate, parallel to stream.
• Shoreline lakes are formed by wave actions in in the shoreline e.g. beach pools.
• Lake basins are impounded or excavated by organisms e.g. Beaver.

World's largest freshwater lakes

• Lake Superior (America) has a surface area of 83,300 km² and maximum depth of 307 meters. Lake Victoria (Africa) has a surface area of 63,800 km² and a maximum depth of 79 meters. Lake Huron has a surface area of 59,510 km² with 223 meters in depth. Lake Michigan has an area of 57,850 km²with approximately 265 meters deep.
• Lake Tanganyika (Africa) is 34,000 km² with 572 meters in depth while Baikal (Siberia, Russia and China) is 31,500 km² and around 730 meters in depth. The area measurement of Lake Malawi (Africa), Lake Erie (Canada), Lake Winnipeg and Ontario measures 30,800 km², depth is 273 m; 25,820 km², 64 m; 24,530 km², 19 m and 18,760 km², 225m respectively.

Major Lakes in the Philippines

• Laguna de Bay is 89,076.30 in size, Lanao is 33,999.70. Taal has approximately 24,356.40 while Mainit is 17,430.20, Naiyan 7,899.50, Buluan 6,134.20, Bato 3,792.50, Pagusi 2,531.50, Laabas 2,140.80, Lumo 1,192.00 and Buhi measures for around 1,105.80.
• Lakes are divided into "zones" based on depth and distance from the shoreline: littoral, limnetic, profundal, photic, and benthic zones. Shoreline=choralina
• Littoral zone: shallow and warmest part of any lake.
• Limnetic zone: near-surface open water surrounded by the littoral zone.
• Profundal zone: cold and dense zone (aphotic zone).
• Photic zone: lighted zone. Factors influencing primary production: nutrient, light and grazing pressure.
• Benthic zone: bottom part of a lake.

The Classifications of lakes:

• Oligotrophic: poor nutrient content, Mesotrophic: average nutrient content, and Eutrophic: high nutrient content.
• Lake Stratification: Epilimnion is the upper layer of circulating warm water (usually no more than 6 m, 20ft deep). Metalimnion (thermocline) is a layer where rapid temperature and oxygen decrease with depth. Hypolimnion is a cold, deep-water, non-circulating with low or absent oxygen concentration.

Lake Overturn

• Lake overturn is a circulation which recharges oxygen and nutrient to the basin.
• Annual Lake Cycling helps move water in those lakes during changing seasons.

Circulation Patterns in Lake

• Amictic water never mix as they are permanently frozen, Meromictic the mixes will only mix partially, Holomictic water will mix completely, Ogligomitic may not mix every year, Monomitic mixes fully once a year, Dimictic mixes twice a year, Polymictic mixes frequently.
• Zonation of Meromictic Lake: Mixolimnion is the zone where mixes completely at least once a year, Chemocline intermediate layer, accumulating salts and dissolving organic matter, or Monimoliminion.

Lake Factors:

• Factors that affects a lake includes extremely variable physical, chemical and biological characteristics.
• Physical (level of light, temperature and water currents), Chemical and biological (biomass, population numbers and water growth).
• Physical Variability includes light, temperature, water and currents.
• Thermal Stratifications happen from density differences, Turbidity and water inflow.
• To De-Strategic Factors; Cooling the surface through evaporation, Inflow of cold water rain, Strong wind action causing water turbulence, the use of mechanical aerators, and Disappearance of heavy phytoplankton blooms.
• Chemical Variability occurs through dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, PH, Nitrogren and Phosphorous.

Three factors affect lake's chemical composition:

• Climate. The climate impacts temperature, precipitation and evaporation.
• The Hydrology affects the water input and output in the lake from chemical resources and composition.
• Geology is defined by the basin shape, size, and mineral composition.
• Classification of Plankton according to size: Megaplankton (>20 cm), Macroplankton (2-20cm), Mesoplankton (0.2-20mm), Microplankton (20-200cm), Nanoplankton (2-20cm), Picoplankton (0.2-2cm), Femtoplankton (0.02-0.2m).
• Classification of Plankton according to life history: Holoplankton has all of its origins lives in the water like marine plankton but meroplankton only spends part of their origin.

Additional points:

• Neuston are small swimming organisms that inhabit the surface of the film, which is between 10 cm in size.
• Lastly, Epineuston- aerial side and Hyponeustron aquatic side.
• Floating Plants is a family of water plants that is the (Nuphar spp.) and Pond weeds (Potamegeton), they adapt to their environment, that is not very well supported, but they have high development in aerating systems.
• Submerged plants. Adaptation: Lack cuticles, absorb nutrients, gases directly from the water through thin or ribbon-like leaves. An example of this is Chara(Muskgrass), In the Philippines, some of the freshwater species comprise of 53/15% Edemic, Native comprise of 84/24% and introduced has a number of 214 or 16%.

Laguna de Bay

• Fishes found at the Laguna de Bay includes Leiopotherapon plumbeus (ayungin), Gobiopterus lacustris (dulong), Arius manillensis(kanduli), and ghitala ornata (CAYA) .
• Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppell, 1852)- is introduced into the area. Also includes: ghitala ornata (CAYA)-1831 Photo credits:BV.

LAKE LANAO

• It contains Barbodes amarus Herre 1924 Barbodes baoulan Herre 1926, Herre 1924 Barbodes flavifuscus Herre 1924 Barbodes Bisa Herre 1932Barbodes Herrel (Flower, 1948)
• Barbodes palata Herre 1924 ValidBarbades tumba and Hypseleotris agilis Herre 1927 Guiris margaritacea which is a snake fish specie. Photo credits: Barosa, Abamo and kabinum = Guiris margaritacea (Vakenciennes 1837)- is snake specie Photo credits bv and is 10mm

LAKE TAAL

• Lake Taal consists of Sardinella tawilis
• The lake also features sea snakes (Hydrophis semperi Garman, 1881:and the fishes consist if Parachromis managuensis and Sarotherodon melanotheron which is dugong. The Photo credits:bv Labators Jrs

NAUJAN LAKE

• Includes; Chanos chanos ; Anguilla marmorata ; and Batrachus Photo credits: Bv Labators Jrs It also consists of Stenopius Op

LAKE BATO

• Consists of Mistichthys luznonensi Photo; credits witherson

LANGUN GOBINGOB

• In Langun Gobiog there are Caves and Calbiga and Samar and photo joby .

UGNOP Cave systems

• The system consists of Caecogobius personatus Larson and husana, photo Also, photo.
• LAKE MAgua consist of Hito Tay Tayensis which photos contributed by Joe Mitilanno and consists of other species of fish.