Aquatic Resources And Ecology PDF

Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Classif...

Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Classification of Aquatic Resources Biotic – from the biosphere Abiotic – non-living AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY - forests and products - water, air, minerals, rocks, - animals, marine organisms soil, oars (gold, iron, - coal and petroleum copper, silver, etc. Non-Living Aquatic Non-living Natural Resources Resources - are the non-biological components found in aquatic environments, such as oceans, lakes, rivers, and wetlands. These resources play crucial roles in supporting aquatic ecosystems and providing various benefits to humans. Marjorie G. Ramos Mentor Date of Lecture: March 16, 2024 1 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Non-living Natural Resources Resource 1: Water Contents Uses: Drinking, irrigation, industrial processes, transportation, 1. Water recreation, and habitat for aquatic life. 2. Minerals and Salts Formation: Water exists in the Earth's hydrosphere through the 3. Energy Resources continuous cycle of evaporation, condensation, 4. Sand and Gravel precipitation, and surface runoff. 5. Marine Hydrocarbons Importance: Water is essential for life and supports various 6. Aquatic Landscapes economic activities, ecosystems, and human well-being. Question: If water quantity is constant, then why do we have shortage of water? 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Municipal Drinking Water Drinking water In most cities and towns, municipal water comes from large wells, lakes, rivers, or reservoirs. Most cities and towns process the water at treatment plants before the water is tested for EPA compliance and is then piped to residential homes and industries. 5 6 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 1 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 Steps: Water Stressed Areas Desalination 1. Pretreatment: Remove solids, organics, contaminants from saline water. 2. Pressure application: Pump saline water at high pressure through semi-permeable membranes. 3. Reverse osmosis process: Water molecules pass through membrane pores, retaining salts/minerals. 4. Permeate and concentrate streams: Desalinated water (permeate) separated from concentrated brine. 5. Post-treatment: Further treatment of permeate (remineralization, disinfection). Brine disposal/processing. semi-permeable membranes 7 8 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Desalination Statistics Resource 2: Minerals and Salts Desalination currently provides approximately 1% of the Uses: Industrial processes, chemical production, water treatment, world’s drinking water. and sources of essential nutrients for aquatic organisms. This percentage is growing steadily year-on-year. Formation: Minerals and salts are dissolved from rocks and soil An expected investment of US$10 billion over the next five through weathering processes and transported by water years is projected to add 5.7 million cubic meters per day of bodies. new desalination production capacity. Importance: Minerals and salts regulate water chemistry, support By 2030, this capacity is anticipated to double. aquatic life, and have various industrial applications. In Saudi Arabia, water desalination has doubled over the past decade, reaching 2.2 billion cubic meters in 2021, up from 1.1 billion cubic meters per year in 2010. This achievement is attributed to plant upgrades and the adoption of new technologies. (https://www.arabnews.com/node/2160116/business-economy) 9 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Minerals Minerals Sea salt Sea salt halite Halite Metals In sea water there is typically close to 35 grams Manganese Nodules of dissolved salts in each Diamonds and Gold liter (35 ‰) Copper black iron sand Whatipu Beach in West The normal range of ocean Auckland, New Zealand. salinity ranges between 33- 37 grams per liter (33‰ - 37‰). 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 2 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 Question: Where do the salts dissolved in the ocean originally came from? Question: Where do the salts dissolved in the ocean came from? The rain that falls on the land a. From the contains some dissolved seawater itself carbon dioxide from the surrounding air. This causes b. From the sky the rainwater to be slightly c. From salt mines acidic due to carbonic acid. The rain physically erodes d. From eroded the rock and the acids chemically break down the rocks rocks and carries salts and minerals along in a dissolved state as ions. The ions in the runoff are carried to the streams and rivers and then to the ocean. 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Marine evaporite deposits Minerals formed by evaporation of sea water and other natural brines Sea salt harvested from in geologic basins of restricted circulation, sea water comprise mainly anhydrite and gypsum (calcium sulphates), sodium and magnesium salts and potash-bearing minerals Because of the widespread occurrence of anhydrite, gypsum and common salt on land, and the ease of obtaining salt by evaporation from seawater in many coastal regions, these minerals are already widely available. 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Marine evaporite deposits Minerals Hydrothermal ore deposits ferrous sulfide along seafloor spreading ridges are a possible source of many materials – but they are too deep Red Sea contain sufficient concentrations of such gypsum metals as copper, lead, and Small amounts of anhydrite are used as drying agents in plaster, paint, and varnish. It is also used Crude gypsum is used as a zinc along with gypsum to produce plaster, joint fluxing agent, fertilizer, filler in Most extraction techniques compound, wallboard, and other products for the paper and textiles, and construction industry. Anhydrite has also been used currently used are energy retarder in Portland cement. as a source of sulfur in the production of sulfuric intensive and expensive acid. 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 3 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 Hydrothermal deposits Marine Polymetallic sulphides The majority of sub-sea polymetallic sulphides (PMS) are massive ore bodies containing varying proportions of pyrrhotite, pyrite/marcasite, sphalerite/wurtzite, chalcopyrite, bornite, and isocubanite Polymetallic mineral deposits on the seafloor are intimately related to the formation of new oceanic crust by seafloor spreading and volcanic activity. Some massive polymetallic sulphides located on spreading centres near deep-ocean trenches also contain galena (lead sulphide) M ap show ing the location of hydrotherm al deposits discovered on the seafloor and native gold. 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Minerals Manganese nodules are widely distributed on the ocean floors (15% covered) lumps to about 10 cm in diameter composed mostly of manganese minerals. They also contain lesser amount of copper, nickel, cobalt, platinum, and other metals. The most important use of manganese is in the manufacturing of steel. gives the steel strength and hardness. Without manganese, the steel used to Marine manganese nodules and crusts make armor plate, crusher jaws, and Manganese nodules grow when metal compounds dissolved in the water column impact tools would not be as durable. (hydrogenous growth) or in water contained in the sediments (diagenetic growth) are deposited around a nucleus. The growth core (nucleus) can be, for example, a shark’s tooth or a fragment of a clam shell, around which the nodule grows. 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Minerals Manganese nodules Manganese nodules occur in all oceans. But only in 4 regions is the density of nodules great enough for industrial exploitation. C LA R IO N -C LIP P E RTO N ZO N E (C C Z): 15 - 75 kilogram s of m anganese nodules/m 2 P E RU BA S IN : 10 kilogram s of m anganese nodules/m 2 P E N R H YN BA S IN : 25 kilogram s of m anganese nodules/m 2 IN D IA N O C E A N : 5 kilogram s of m anganese nodules/m 2 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 4 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 Minerals Minerals Phosphorites - may be derived from a variety of sources, including marine invertebrates Phosphorites – also called that secrete shells of calcium phosphate, and the bones and excrement of vertebrates. phosphate rock, rock with a high concentration of phosphates in nodular or compact masses. Phosphorites, which occur in the ocean as crusts or nodules, are a critical source of phosphate for fertilizer and are also being evaluated as a potential source for rare earth elements. 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Phosphorites are Marine Placer Deposits A placer - a surficial natural compounds mineral deposit formed by containing phosphate the mechanical in the form of a concentration of mineral cement binding particles from weathered sediments in tropical debris. to sub-tropical Marine placers are mostly regions. They tend to metallic minerals or gems occur in waters of which have been medium depth and are transported to the widely distributed on seafloor in a solid form. the continental They are mainly shelves and upper mechanically and slopes in areas of chemically resistant deep-water upwelling. minerals which have been liberated on breakdown of their parent rocks. 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals These include : Cassiterite (tin), The iron-titanium-rich placer mineral Marine Placer Deposits Marine Placer Deposits magnetite has been mined in large ilmenite (titanium), rutile quantities from the northwestern coast of (titanium), zircon (zirconium), New Zealand (North Island), Indonesia chromite (chromium), monazite (Java), the Philippines (Luzon), and Japan (thorium), magnetite (iron), gold (Hokkaido) and diamonds. monazite Magnetite is a magnetic and very dense (heavy) mineral of iron. Its chemical formula is Fe3O4. Magnetite is an important source of iron for the iron and steel industries but it also has other uses as an industrial mineral to produce many value-added products. High-grade magnetite is used in many chemical processes including the production of iron sulfate, which is used to purify water in many major cities. Cassiterite ilmenite rutile zircon 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 5 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 Minerals in the seafloor The seafloor contains deposits of minerals that we use in everyday life such as copper, zinc, nickel, gold, silver, phosphorus. Many nodules are rich in manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt Crusts that mainly contain iron and manganese can also have significant concentrations of cobalt, rare earth elements, nickel, tellurium, and platinum Rare earth elements 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Resource 3: Energy Resources Uses of WATER Uses: Hydroelectric power generation, tidal and wave energy Tidal Energy conversion, and offshore wind energy. It is estimated that if 0.2% of the Formation: Energy resources are derived from the movement of ocean’s untapped energy could water (currents, tides, waves) and the natural forces be harnessed, it could provide associated with aquatic environments. power sufficient for the entire Importance: Renewable energy resources from aquatic world. environments contribute to sustainable energy production and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Uses of WATER Resource 4: Sand, Gravel and other Sediments Uses: Construction materials, beach nourishment, and habitat for certain aquatic organisms. Hydroelectric Power Plants Formation: Erosion and weathering of rocks, followed by 1. Angat Hydro Electric Power Plant: Bulacan. transportation and deposition by water bodies. Capacity: 218 MW (1967). Importance: Sand and gravel are essential construction materials 2. Magat Hydro Electric Power Plant: Isabela. and contribute to coastal protection and habitat formation. Capacity: 360 MW (1982). 3. Agus 6 Hydroelectric Power Plant: Iligan. Capacity: 200 MW (1977). 4. Pantabangan-Masiway Hydroelectric Power Plant: Nueva Ecija. Capacity: 132 MW (1977). 5. Agus 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant:Lanao del Sur. Capacity: 80 MW (1994). 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 6 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 Sediments Sediments unconsolidated organic and inorganic particles that accumulate grain size indicates condition under which sediment is deposited on the ocean floor which originated from: high energy environments characteristically yield sediments larger in size small particles (silts, clays) indicate low energy environments weathering and erosion of the continents decreased silt and clay content volcanic eruptions increased sorting biological activity increased rounding of grains, as a result of weathering and abrasion chemical processes within the oceanic crust and seawater particle transport is controlled by grain size and velocity of transporting medium impacts of extra-terrestrial objects 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Sediments Types of Sediments Classified by size What are these pieces made from? according to the Wentworth scale Boulder Cobbles Gravel Sand Silt A beach in California Clay Ussuri bay, Russia 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Types of Sediments Based on Origin Types of Sediments Based on Origin 1. Terrigenous (or Lithogenous Five categories: Sediments): 1.Terrigenous sediments 2.Biogenic sediments derived from weathering of rocks at or above sea level (e.g. continents, islands) 3.Authigenic sediments two distinct chemical compositions 4.Volcanogenic sediments ferromagnesian, or iron-magnesium 5.Cosmogenic sediments bearing minerals non-ferromagnesian minerals – e.g., quartz, feldspar, micas largest deposits on continental margins (less than 40% reach abyssal plains) transported by water, wind, gravity, & ice transported as dissolved and suspended loads in rivers, waves, longshore currents 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 7 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 Types of Sediments Based on Origin Types of Sediments Based on Origin 1. Terrigenous (or Lithogenous Sediments): 1. Terrigenous (or Lithogenous Sediments): sediment also transported to the open- sediment delivered to the open-ocean ocean by gravity-driven turbidity by wind activity as particulate matter currents (dust) dense 'slurries' of suspended sediment primary dust source is deserts in Asia moved as turbulent underflows and North Africa typically initiated by storm activity or earthquakes comprise much of the fine-grained first identified during 1929 Grand deposits in remote open-ocean areas Banks earthquake (red clays) seismic activity triggered turbidity volcanic eruptions contribute ash to current which severed telegraph the atmosphere which settles within the lines oceans initial flow often confined to submarine canyons of the continental shelf and slope 2024 (LANDSAT images adapted FDN Online Mentoring from Program for Geospace the Licensure Images for Examination catalog). Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Types of Sediments Based on Origin 1. Terrigenous (or Lithogenous Sediments): boulder to clay size particles also eroded and transported to oceans via glacial ice glacier termination in circum- polar oceans results in calving and iceberg formation as ice (or icebergs) melt, entrained material is deposited on the ocean floor termed 'ice-rafted' debris 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Types of Sediments Based on Origin Types of Sediments Based on Origin 2. Biogenous Sediments: 2. Biogenous Sediments: composed primarily of marine microfossil Diatom remains shells of one-celled plants and animals, skeletal fragments median grain size typically less than 0.005 mm (i.e., silt or clay size particles) A. Siliceous oozes (primarily characterized as CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) or SiO2 (silica) dominated diatom oozes) cover ~15% systems of the ocean floor sediment with biogenic component less distribution mirrors regions of than 30% termed calcareous, siliceous clay high productivity common at high latitudes, and calcareous or siliceous 'oozes' if biogenic component greater than 30% zones of upwelling radiolarian oozes more common in equatorial regions Radiolarians 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 8 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 Types of Sediments Based on Origin Types of Sediments Based on Origin 3. Hydrogenous (or Authigenic) Sediments: 2. Biogenous Sediments: produced by chemical processes in seawater B. Calcareous oozes (foraminifera, essentially solid chemical precipitates of several coccolithophores) cover ~50% of the ocean floor common forms non-biogenous carbonates distribution controlled largely by dissolution form in surface waters supersaturated with calcium processes carbonate cold, deep waters are undersaturated with common forms include short aragonite crystals and respect to CaCO3 oolite phosphorites deep water is slightly acidic as a result of phosphate crusts (containing greater than 30% P2O5) elevated CO2 concentrations occurring as nodules aragonite solubility of CaCO3 also increases in colder formed as large quantities of organic phosphorous water and at greater pressures settle to the ocean floor CaCO3 therefore readily dissolved at depth unoxidized material is transformed to phosphorite deposits level below which no CaCO3 is preserved is the 'carbonate compensation depth' found on continental shelf and upper slope in regions oolite of high productivity typically occurs at a depth of 3000 to 4000 m 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Types of Sediments Based on Origin Types of Sediments Based on Origin 3. Hydrogenous (or Authigenic) Sediments: 4. Cosmogenous Sediments: Manganese nodules sediments derived from surficial deposits of manganese, iron, extraterrestrial materials copper, cobalt, and nickel micrometeorites and tektites accumulate only in areas of low tektites result from collisions with sedimentation rate (e.g., the Pacific) extraterrestrial materials develop extremely slowly (1 to 10 fragments of earth's crust mm/million years) melt and spray outward from micrometeorites impact crater Evaporite crustal material re-melts as it precipitated from saline solutions falls back through the concentrated by evaporation. atmosphere composed dominantly of varying forms 'glassy' tektites proportions of halite (rock salt) (NaCl), anhydrite (CaSo4) and gypsum (CaSo4.2H2O). tektites 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 9 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 Uses of Marine Sediments 11. Movements of the Earth’s Plates Resource 5: Marine Hydrocarbons 12. Support Plant Growth 1. Understand Past Climate 13. Absorb Carbon Dioxide 14. Keep the Ocean Water Clean These are organic compounds primarily composed of carbon 2. Predict Changing Climate 15. Maintain Marine Biodiversity and hydrogen. 3. Beach Replenishment 16. Building Materials 17. Provide Healthy corals They include fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal. 4. Cables Placement Formed from ancient organic matter (e.g., algae, plankton) 5. Determine Offshore Drilling buried in sedimentary rocks. Location Vital for energy production, transportation, and industrial 6. Protection for Marine Creatures processes. 7. Study the Effects of Waste Exploration involves drilling and extraction from reservoirs. 8. Chalk Making Examples: Crude oil, methane, and petroleum products. 9. Food Source 10. Turned to Earth 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Formation of Marine Hydrocarbons MARINE HYDROCARBONS Hydrocarbons are organic Source Rock: Hydrocarbons are primarily created from organic compounds containing carbon matter buried in an anoxic marine environment. This organic and hydrogen material accumulates in sedimentary rocks, known as source found in crude oil and natural gas. rocks. formed from the remains of Maturation: Over time, this organic matter undergoes marine animals and plants that maturation, converting it into hydrocarbons. The first stage lived in shallow inland seas, died, and drifted to the bottom. involves the formation of kerogen. Generally, large quantities of Migration: Once formed, hydrocarbons migrate through porous hydrocarbons can be formed rocks until they accumulate in reservoirs, such as oil and gas only at depths within fields sedimentary sequences greater than 1,000 - 2,000 meters. Fossil fuels 57 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Marine Hydrocarbons -FUEL Marine hydrocarbon deposits Crude oil - “black gold”. 1. Oil and Natural Gas mainly composed of the hydrocarbons paraffin, naphthene and aromatic hydrocarbon series. most valuable non-living resources taken from the ocean. Natural gas - is mainly composed of the first The estimated reserves of oil world wide at the beginning of the four members of the paraffin series, methane (CH 4), ethane (CH 6), propane (C 3H 8) and 21st Century - one trillion barrels. butane (C 4H 10) Of this amount, about 252 billion barrels (25 %) lie in marine Hydrocarbons are mainly formed in marine environments. sedimentary basins. These geologic environments contain strata comprising mineral Of the twenty-five largest offshore production fields, eight are in and biochemical elements including, the Persian Gulf and eight others are in the North Sea. importantly, unoxidized organic matter. Over The remaining ones are located in the Gulf of Mexico, East Asia, millions of years, these becomes subjected to high pressures and temperatures. These Ocean Floor Drilling South Asia, South America, West Africa and North Africa. conditions fractionate the organic material, forming liquid (oil) and gaseous (natural gas) hydrocarbons.. 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 10 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 Marine Hydrocarbons -FUEL Natural Gas Crude oil –called “black gold”. Petroleum products are extracted from crude oil (black in color) Availability is minimum but high in demand Very economically important Causes inflation Effects the pricing of goods and services 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Marine gas hydrate deposits Marine gas hydrate – frozen water and methane crystalline compound composed of gas estimated to hold many times molecules, normally methane, encaged more methane than presently within water molecules to form a solid exists in the atmosphere and up to twice the amount of energy of similar to ice. all fossil carbon-based fuels combined. Gas hydrate reservoirs of methane are identified as a potential future natural resource, possibly comprising up to ten times the fuel value of current conventional gas and oil resources 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Marine gas hydrates What is the Bottom Line in the conflict in the West Philippine Sea? 66 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 11 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 What is the Bottom Line in the conflict in the Resource 6: Aquatic Landscapes West Philippine Sea? The Department Uses: Tourism, recreation, education, and scientific research. of Energy data Formation: Shaped by geological processes, such as erosion, indicates that the sedimentation, and tectonic activity, as well as biological Philippines’ share processes like coral reef formation. of oil resources Importance: Aquatic landscapes provide economic opportunities in the West Philippine Sea is through tourism, contribute to cultural heritage, and offer estimated at opportunities for scientific exploration and understanding. 6,203 million barrels and 12.158 billion cubic feet of natural gas https://qa.philstar.com/the-freeman/opinion/2023/08/18/2289494/oil-and-gas-cause-conflicts-west-philippine-sea 67 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 69 70 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 71 72 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 12 Lecture Notes in AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Mentor: MS. MARJORIE G. RAMOS 16 MARCH 2024 73 74 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Thank you! 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals 75 2024 FDN Online Mentoring Program for the Licensure Examination for Fisheries Professionals Fisheries Development Network 2024 ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM for the Licensure Exam for Fisheries Professionals 13