Science, Technology, and Society - Week 1 - PDF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE SOCIETY WEEK 1 PRESENTATION TITLE AGENDA GETTING TO KNOW QCU VISION AND MISSION CLASS ORIENTATION COURSE SYLLABUS INTRODUCTION TO...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE SOCIETY WEEK 1 PRESENTATION TITLE AGENDA GETTING TO KNOW QCU VISION AND MISSION CLASS ORIENTATION COURSE SYLLABUS INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY 2 AND THE SOCIETY PRESENTATION TITLE QCU VISION TO BE RECOGNIZED AS THE #1 LOCAL UNIVERSITY OF EMPLOYABLE 3 GRADUATES. PRESENTATION TITLE QCU MISSION TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION THAT ENHANCES THE LIVES OF QCU STUDENTS FOR 4 NATION BUILDING AND AS 5 PRESENTATION TITLE CLASS ORIENTATION  STS COURSE SYLLABUS OUTCOMES-BASED TEACHING AND LEARNING (OBTL) PLAN WEEK LEARNING OUTCOMES TOPIC METHODOLOGY LEARNING AND TEACHING RESOURCES ASSESSMENT Flexible Teaching and TASKS Learning Activities Week 1 Class Orientation Discuss the course syllabus Presentation and Course syllabus/ Print materials (Student discussion Manual) Introduction to Science, technology and Society Week 2 The students should be able Historical antecedents in Blended Learning Activity 1 – Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Poster Making- and to: which social Give Criteria Week 3 ∙ Trace the historical considerations changed Interactive Lecture Lecture Module and guidelines (Individual) development of science the course of science and throughout humankind. technology Directed Discussion Video Clips: Quiz ∙ Discuss the interactions A) In the World and Guided https://www.youtube.com/watch between S&T and ∙ Ancient Instruction v=YXh9RQCvxmg&noredirect=1 Group Work society throughout ∙ Middle · Youtube: World’s Greatest Inventions (3 ∙ Graphic history. ∙ Modern Ages Online Interactive minutes) Organizers ∙ Determine how B) In the Philippines Lecture · Philippine Great Inventions scientific and Power Point Presentation technological v=YXh9RQCvxmg&noredirect=1 developments affect ∙ Youtube: World’s Greatest Inventions (3 society and the minutes) 6 ∙ Philippine Great Inventions environment. Power Point Presentation  STS COURSE SYLLABUS Week 4 The students should be able to: Intellectual Revolution Blended Learning Learning Module Short Quiz via Google ∙ Discuss how ideas postulated a. Copernican Forms by Copernicus, Darwin and b. Darwinian Interactive Lecture Power Point Presentation Short Essay: Freud contributed to the spark c. Freudian ∙ Reflective essay of Scientific revolution. d. Information Directed Discussion and Video clips: Portfolio Entry ∙ Articulate ways by which e. MesoAmerican Guided Instruction · Kuhn , Structure of Scientific ∙ ePortfolio society in transformed by f. Asian Revolution science and technology. g. Middle East Inquiry Guided Learning h. African Reading Material (Book Work) Activity Worksheet Week The students should be able to: Science and Technology and Blended Learning Learning Module Short Quiz via Google 5and ∙ Discuss the role of Science and Nation Building Forms Week 6 Technology in Philippine nation ∙ Brief Historical Interactive Lecture Power Point Presentation Short Essay building Background of Science ∙.Identify the actual Science and and Technology in the Directed Discussion and Video clips Graphic Organizers Technology policies of the Philippines Guided Instruction government and appraise their ∙ The Philippine Reading Material (ex. Journal Journal Article Review impact on the development of Government S & T Online Interactive Article on Teacher Education) Filipino Nation Agenda Lecture e-Portfolio ∙ Evaluate government policies ∙ Major Development Activity Worksheet pertaining to science and programs 7 technology in terms of their Science Education in the contributions to nation building Philippines  Week 7 The students should be able to: The Human Person Blended Learning Learning Module Group work / Week ∙ Analyze the human flourishing in terms of Presentation 8 PRESENTATION TITLE condition in order to deeply science and technology Interactive Lecture Power Point Short Quiz via express philosophical Presentation Google Forms ramification as part of Technology as a way of Directed Discussion society. revealing and Guided Instruction Video clips Short Essay ∙ Critique human flourishing ∙ Vis-à-vis the progress of Online Interactive Reading Material (ex. science and technology so The Good Life Lecture Journal Article on Journal Article that the student can define Teacher Education) Review for himself/herself the When Technology and Portfolio Entry meaning of good life. Humanity Cross Activity Worksheet ∙ Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards. ∙ Examine Human rights in order to uphold such rights in technological ethical dilemmas. 8 Week 9 MIDTERM Week 10 The students should be able to: The Information Age Blended Learning Learning Module Short Quiz via Google ∙ Linked learned information Forms PRESENTATION TITLE concepts to the development Why does the future not Interactive Lecture Power Point Short Essay of the information age and its need us? Presentation impact to society. Directed Discussion and Graphic Organizers ∙ Illustrate how the social media Guided Instruction Video clips and the information age have Group Activity: impacted our lives. Online Interactive Reading Material (ex. Two-mind Lecture Journal Article on Teacher Education) Activity Worksheet WEEK The students should be able to: Biodiversity Blended Learning Learning Module Short Quiz via Google 11 Forms/ Quizziz determine the interrelatedness of Interactive Lecture Power Point Group activity: society, environment, and health. Presentation Debate Directed Discussion and Photo Guided Instruction Video clips documentation Online Interactive Reading Material (ex. Lecture Journal Article on Teacher Education) 9 Activity Worksheet Week The students should be able to: Genetically Modified Blended Learning Learning Module Short Quiz via PRESENTATION TITLE 12 and Organisms Google Forms/ Week · Determine the interrelatedness Interactive Lecture Power Point Quizziz 13 of society, environment, and Presentation health Directed Discussion and Short Essay · Discuss the ethics and Guided Instruction Video clips Peer group activity implications of GMOs and potential future impacts Online Interactive Reading Material (ex. Photo Lecture Journal Article on documentation Teacher Education) Activity Worksheet Week The students should be able to: Gene Therapy (Stem Cell) Blended Learning Learning Module Short Quiz via 14. Google Forms · Describe gene therapy and its Interactive Lecture Power Point various forms Presentation Short Essay · Assess the issue’s potential Directed Discussion and benefits and detriments to global Guided Instruction Video clips infographics health Online Interactive Reading Material (ex. Lecture Journal Article on Teacher Education) 10 Activity Worksheet Week The students should be able to: The Nano World Blended Learning Learning Module Short Quiz via Google 15 Forms PRESENTATION TITLE ∙ Discuss the major impacts (both Interactive Lecture Power Point Presentation Short Essay potential and realized} of nanotechnology on society Directed Discussion and Video clips Table Review ∙ Analyze the issue through the Guided Instruction conceptual STS lenses Reading Material (ex. ∙ Critique the issue on its costs and Online Interactive Lecture Journal Article on benefits to society Teacher Education) Activity Worksheet Week The students should be able to: Climate Change Blended Learning Learning Module Short Quiz via Google 16 Apply STS concepts to issues Environmental Awareness Forms of climate change Interactive Lecture Power Point Presentation Short Essay Directed Discussion and Video clips Infomercial using Guided Instruction different social media Reading Material (ex. platforms Online Interactive Lecture Journal Article on Teacher Education) Exhibit Activity Worksheet Week Culminating Activity 17 Research, present, and make a stand on S&T issues that currently affect Philippine society Week Final Examination 18 11  GRADING PRESENTATION TITLE Grading System SYSTEM The College of Education follows the university grading system given below: Middle term Grade (MTG) Final Term Grade (FTG) FINAL GRADE: *Class Standing 60% *Class Standing 60% Midterm Grade 50% Midterm Exam Grade 40% Final Exam Grade 40% Final Term Grade 50% Total 100% Total 100% Total 100% or (MTG + FTG)/2 *Class Standing Breakdowns 10 % Class Participation (recitation, group activities, and the likes etc.) 25 % Quizzes and Assignments 25% Projects 12 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY Science consists of observing the world by watching, listening, observing and recording. Science is curiosity in thoughtful action about the world and how it behaves. Technology, the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human environment Society is a grouping of individuals, which is characterized by common interest and may have distinctive culture and institutions. A "society" may refer to a particular ethnic group, to a nation state, or to a broader cultural group. An organized group of people associated together for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes may also be considered a society. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY Science, Technology & Society (STS) is an interdisciplinary field of study that seeks to explore and understand the many ways that modern science and technology shape modern culture, values, and institutions, and how modern values shape science and technology. STS examines how science and technology emerge, how they enter society, how they change through social processes, and how society changes in response to science and technology.  HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LESSON 1 WEEK 2 * THE ANCIENT TIMES * 16  During the ancient times people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication, and record-keeping, mass production, security, and protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture.  THE ANCIENT TIMES TRANSPORTATION Significance of transportation during the ancient times To go to places To discover new horizons To search for food To find better locations for settlements To trade surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked Navigation assisted people in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. It allowed people to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with another group of people.  THE ANCIENT TIMES COMMUNICATION Significance of communication during the ancient times: To discover and occupy new places, they needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. Record-keeping was important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and document the trades they made with each other. Keeping records is vital for history and culture and to establish identities as people tried to relate with their other culture and civilizations.  THE ANCIENT TIMES WEAPONS AND ARMORS Weapons and armors were important as well in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances with other tribes. Conflicts were inevitable especially when different groups struggled to control vital resources. Stronger nations tend to invade weaker ones so they could take much needed resources. Hence, the development of weapons and armors for security and protection was considered a major achievement.  THE ANCIENT TIMES WEAPONS AND ARMORS Conservation of life was the primary challenged, the ancient people faced. Survival was a huge problem in the ancient times because different illnesses and diseases , both natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a human being. Thus, science and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not the prevention of illnesses. FIELD OF ENGINEERING – the development of this field allowed humans to build structures that would address their specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built during the ancient times still exist today and continually awe people.  THE ANCIENT TIMES WEAPONS AND ARMORS ARCHITECTURE- architectural designs during the ancient times were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization. In the generations to come, architecture were considered as status symbol among nations of how advanced their technology is. It may also establish identity of a nation. MASS PRODUCTION of food and ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY, raising the QUALITY OF LIFE by making difficult tasks easier, humans later on developed the technology to improve how they look. They discovered that people looked more visually presentable and appealing by adding game features and decorations in their body. * SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION * LESSON 1 WEEK 2  Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia (comes from Greek words Mesos-middle, SUMERIA Potamos – river; literally means country between two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates) Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. They are not contented with the basic things that life can offer. This desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology. NINE THINGS YOU MAY NOT KNOW ABOUT THE ANCIENT SUMERIANS 1. One of the larger Sumerian cities may have had 80,000 residents. 2. The list of Sumerian rulers includes one women. 3. The Sumerian city-states were often at war with one another. 4. The Sumerians were fond of beer. 5. Cuneiform writing was used for over 3,000 years. 6. The Sumerians were well-traveled trade merchants. 7. The hero of the Epic of Gilgamesh was probably a real Sumerian historical figure. 8. Sumerian mathematics and measurements are still used today. 9. Sumerian culture was lost to history until the 19th century. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION Sumer was first settled by humans from 4500 B.C., though it is probable that some settlers arrived much earlier. UBAID people are the early population of Sumerian civilization, are notable for strides in the development of civilization such as farming and raising cattle, weaving textiles, working with carpentry and pottery and even enjoying beer. Villages and towns were built around Ubaid farming communities. The people known as Sumerians were in control of the area by 3,000 B.C.. Their culture was comprised of a group of city-states, including Eridu, Nippur, Lagash, Kish, Ur, and the very first true city, Uruk. At its peak around 2800 BC, the city had a population between 40,000 and 80,000 people living between its six miles of defensive walls, making it a contender for the largest city in the world. Each city-state of Sumer was surrounded by a wall, with villages settled SUMERIAN’S MAJOR CONTRIBUTION -  CUNEIFORM CUNEIFORM (coined from Latina and Middle French roots meaning “wedge-shaped) is the first writing system that is considered as one of the major contribution of Sumerians It is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry. Cuneiforms allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value of their everyday life.  In the Early Writing Tablet records the allocation of beer 3100 – 3000 B.C.E., CUNEIFORM Late Prehistoric Period, clay, probably from southern Iraq. The symbol for beer, an upright jar with pointed base, appears three times on the tablet. Beer was the most popular drink in Mesopotamia and was issued as rations to workers. Alongside the pictographs, are five different shaped impressions representing numerical symbols. Over time, these signs become more abstract and wedge-like or “cuneiform”. The signs are grouped into boxes and at this early date, are usually read from left and top to bottom. One sign in the bottom row on the left, shows a bowl tipped towards a schematic human head. This is the sign for “to eat”. MORE ABOUT CUNEIFORM Cuneiform signs were put together and developed to represent sounds, so they could be used to record spoken language. Once this was achieved, ideas and concepts could be expressed and communicated in writing. It is one of the oldest forms of writing known. It means “wedge-shaped” because people wrote it using reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shape mark on a clay tablet. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes, as well as works of literature, such as Epic of Gilgamesh (a poem about Mesopotamia) have been found. Cuneiform writing was used to record a variety of information such as temple activities, business and trade cuneiform was also used to write stories, myths and personal letters. URUK CITY This city is an important contribution of the Sumerians It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected. There were no building stones in the location and lumber was limited, making the construction a big challenge. The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks – a true engineering feat. They use the bricks to make houses that protected them from the harsh weather and to build a wall around the city that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering. THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR Another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians The Ziggurat, also known as the mountain of god was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk, which is using the sun-baked bricks. The Ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their priests were allowed to enter. The temple showcases not only the elaborate and intricate Sumerian architecture but also the remarkable technology used to build it. One of the best preserved and most important spectacular remains of this ancient city is the Great Ziggurat of Ur. The city of ur was one of the most important Sumerian city states in ancient Mesopotamia during the 3rd millennium BC. IRRIGATION AND DIKES As population increased, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food items but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. It was difficult to get water from the rivers, thus, they could not maintain farmlands. Some groups had scarce water supply, while others had problems with flooding caused by the river. As a solution to this dilemma, the Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time  IRRIGATION AND DIKES Irrigation was important to the agriculture in Mesopotamia because of the semi-arid climate, the climate is hot and dry and gets less than 10 inches a year. Climate always play a huge role in how the crops and the crops needs a good supply of water so they can develop plentiful. Irrigation allowed the sumerians to maintain crops in one place and increase the surplus of food in the fertile crescent. It led to the advancement of Mesopotamia because it allowed civilization to develop because the irrigation allowed to have plentiful agricultural development in Mesopotamia. Fertile land produce crops such as fruits, vegetables, flax, barley, wheat and sesame. Agriculture is not possible with dry land without irrigation. It also made the economy stronger because the Mesopotamian economy was based on  WHEEL invented by the Sumerians since specialized tools were already available during the latter part of their history. The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes. With the use of wheel and axle, moss production were made easier. Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort and less time.  WHEEL The wheel was invented when there are already metals tools to chisel-fitted holes and axles leading to another reason - the wheel was not just a cylinder that was connected to a stable, stationary platform. The ends of the axle, as well as the holes in the center of the wheels had to be nearly perfectly smooth and round. Failing to achieve this will lead to too much friction between the components, and the wheel will not turn. Although the axle had to fit snugly in the holes of the wheels, they have to give enough room to allow them to rotate freely. Wheels were initially invented to be used by potters before it was used for transportation.  THE PLOW The plow is another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians. The plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and farm work would already be done. With this tool, farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking so much effort and time. ROADS Roads were developed in order to facilitate faster and easier travel. With roads, the flow of traffic became faster and more organized. Roads were made with the same technology in making sun-baked bricks that they laid on the ground. They later poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the roads. The invention of the roads was very useful especially during the rainy season when traveling in a soft and muddy roads proved to be difficult.  SAILBOATS When the wheels were not yet invented, the main mode of transportation was through the waterways such as rivers and seas. Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover long distances. However, they wanted to discover faraway lands to settle since the population was getting larger, and the boats were not enough to accommodate more people and products. They needed a mode of transportation that did not require much human resources. Some sources attribute to the Sumerians the invention of sailboats to address their increasing demands. Sailboats were used in transportation and trading as well as in fostering culture, information and technology. * BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION * BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Located near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers Babylonians are great builders, engineers, and architects. One of their major contribution is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. BABYLON LOCATION HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON It was a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees and vines. According to legends, the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 605-562 B.C.E.) built the gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis. However, there was no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Its exact location is unknown. Nevertheless, if it really existed, it must have been destroyed by war, erosion or earthquake. This was a fabled garden which adorned the capital of Neo-Babylonian Empire. Some claim the gardens is located in Nineveh, the capital of Assyrian EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION  PAPER OR PAPYRUS Although the Egyptians were not the first to develop a system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world. Before the Egyptian innovation, clay tablets were used. However, safe-keeping and transporting them were a major problem. Clay tablets were very fragile, heavy and delicate to handle. Hence, the Egyptian invention of the paper was a welcome development. Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. They were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things. Since papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay tablets it was easy to carry and store. The sheets were also less breakable. People then were able to send letters or correspondences anywhere in the world since pieces of paper were very light and can be carried and delivered by birds. PAPER OR PAPYRUS Moreover, record-keeping was no longer a problem since documents would not take huge store spaces. Therefore, it was easier to keep them away from raiders who often destroyed records of the nations they invaded.  INK Egyptians invented the ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors. The ink must withstand the elements of nature since it was used to record history, culture and modified laws. It must be tampered proofs that people could not simply tinker with those written by authorities. Ink was used to write in the papyrus. The black ink was one of the greatest and most used. They mix soot with vegetable gum and beeswax. To create different colors, the Egyptians substituted soot with other organic materials, for example is the use of ocher in place of soot to make red ink. HIEROGLYPHICS This is a system of writing using symbols developed by the Egyptians. Although some say that hieroglyphics was adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between civilizations, the Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods. This system of writing can still be seen today and remains to be famous as the pyramids where they were found. Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the Egyptians. Their records were well-preserved since they are carved at the walls of pyramids and other important Egyptian structures. The writing system first started in the form of pictures, technically known as pictograms. In Egypt, the first pictogram dates back to around 6000 BCE. These pictograms represented drawings or symbols that indicated meaningful words. With the passage of time, ancient Egyptians started adding more and more symbols/ pictures to represent words, and even sounds. Later, they also added symbols which represented abstract ideas, and wrote names with the help of  COSMETICS Cosmetics were invented by the Egyptians. Although cosmetics in the modern times are used to improve and highlight the facial features of a person, their function in ancient Egypt was both for health and aesthetic reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galcna. Egyptians also believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness.  WIG Wig is another cosmetic invention of the ancient Egyptians. At present, wigs are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding or those who want to try new hair trends. But during the ancient Egyptians times, wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than aesthetic purposes. The wigs were used to protect shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun. Wearing a wig is better than putting on a scarf or any other head cover since wig allowed heat to escape. Moreover, it was considered cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of head lice. HAIR AND BEAUTY Ancient Egyptians are known by many as a historical symbol of ancient beauty, vanity and hygiene. Appearance was very important in the country near the Nile River. The way people looked was a symbol of their wealth, status and role in the society. The desire for a beautiful body influenced fashion, but the climate and medical issues also formed a unique style. Ancient Egyptian hairstyles varied with social status, gender and age. A slave could never have the same hairstyle as a free person, and the lower class could never have the same style of hair as the upper class. However, there were some similarities between them. Generally, the hair styles of children, be it boys or girls was the same. Their hair was shaved off, with only a long lock of hair left on the side of the head. This style was related to the hieroglyphic HAIR AND BEAUTY When the children grew older, boys kept their shaved heads and girls wore their hair in plaits or something similar to a ponytail. Men usually wore their hair short, with their ears visible. But sometimes they preferred to have short curls covering their ears. WATER CLOCK/ CLEPSYDRA Water clock is the another important contribution of the ancient Egyptian. This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. The amount of water (or its height depending on the method used) remaining in the device determines how time has elapsed since it is full. In the process, time is measured. The water clock was widely used as a timekeeping device during the ancient times. GREEK CIVILIZATION GREEK CIVILIZATION Greece is an archipelago in the southernmost part of Europe and was known as the birthplace of western philosophy and mathematics. More than coliseums, and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much to the world especially in the fields of science and technology. The ancient Greeks are one of the most influential civilizations that ever existed in the world. Even thought the rise of ancient Greeks came from the Cycladic and Minoan civilization (2700 BC – 1500 BC), there were evidences of burials found in the Franchthi Cave in the Argolid, Greece that dates back around 7250 BC. The history of this civilization is scattered over such a huge period of time that historians had to divide it over different periods, the most popular of them being the Archaic, classical and GREEK CIVILIZATION The Greeks created the ancient Olympics, the concept of democracy and senate They created the base for modern https://www.slideshare.net/RajaAli539822/3-greek-philos geometry, biology, physics and opherspptx whatnot. Pythagoras, Archimedes, Socrates, Euclid, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander the Great were some of the important personalities who had significant influence in the subsequent civilizations that came. https://www.greecehighdefinition.com/blog/2021/3/7/how-was-the-voting -in-ancient-greece  ALARM CLOCK Alarm clock was one of the most utilized gadgets today that was invented by the ancient Greeks. Although the alarm clock during that time did not resemble the present-day alarm clock, the purpose was just the same – to tell and individual when to stop or when to stop. The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. Plato was believed to have utilized the alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture. His version used four water vessels lined up vertically. The upper vessel supplied the water which dropped the vessel below it, which was set to be filled in a given time. After it was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise. Afterwards, this vessel would empty towards the bottom vessel for storage and use.  PLATO’S ALARM CLOCK https://www.booksfact.com/technology/ancient-technology/ancient-alarm-clock-plato-4th-century-bce.html  ALARM CLOCK Although they might seem like a modern invention, the truth is that alarm clocks were invented a long time ago, by ancient Greeks. The basic idea of an alarm clock can be traced to Ctesibius, an ancient Greek engineer, physicist and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. CTESIBIUS (285 – 222 BC) was the Father of Pneumatics, a branch of engineering that makes use of gas or pressurized air. He was a great scientist ahead of his time. Some describe him as an ancient genius. He is best known for his three inventions – the suction pump, the water clock, and the hydraulis, a musical instrument that is the ancestor of the pipe organ. The oldest clocks in history are the water clocks. Water clocks were invented with the purpose of tracking time. Ctesibius made a system of dropping pebbles on a gong to make a sound which is the first alarm clock. The dropping pebbles were set to end at a specific time. http://www.edubilla.com/inventor/ctesibius/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibius  WATER MILL Water mills were also considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing during that time. Because milling was made possible by the use of watermills, mass https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/greek-history/top-10-inventions-discoveries-an cient-greece-remarkably-used-today/ production of rice, cereals, flour and the like became common.  WATER MILL PRESENTATION TITLE Watermills were considered better than mills powered by animals because they required less effort and time to operate since the farmer did not have to raise animals. They only require access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of large wheel with small “buckets” of water 69 attached to it could be installed. ROMAN CIVILIZATION  ROMAN EMPIRE The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period. Because the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and modified laws. The great ancient civilization of Rome is without a doubt one of the mightiest and most influential of all the cultures that came before and after. Roma sprung up as a small, agricultural civilization in the 10th century BC, supposedly founded by the mythological twins Remus and Romulus.  ROMAN EMPIRE By the time the empire fell, the reach of Romans had far surpassed Rome itself, dominating the Mediterranean region, the Balkans, as well as South and Western Europe. When once the Roman Empire was strong, it eventually broke down due to internal conflicts and attacks by outsiders. As a result, around the 5th century AD, the Western empire was eventually broken up into independent kingdoms, including Africa, Britannica, Gaul, and Hispania. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/resource-library-ancient-rome/ https://www.historyextra.com/period/roman/roman-empire-history-facts-map-timeline-peak-when-start-when-split-how-long-tetrarchy/ NEWSPAPER Newspaper is one of the major contributions of the Roman Empire. The first newspapers, known as gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed. When paper was invented, it became easier for the Romans to ‘publish” matters that needed the attention of the Roman citizens. In fact, with the advent of paper, minutes of the proceedings of the Roman senate were done in shorthand. These documents were edited and published on the same day that they were recorded. This way the Romans enjoyed easy access to  NEWSPAPER A daily papyrus newspaper, the Acta Diurna (Daily Events), was distributed in locations in Rome and around the Baths. Its motto was “Publicize and Propagate”. Probably the low-grade Saitic or taenotic papyrus was used for daily publishing, no doubt one of the reasons that no scraps of the Acta Diurna have ever been found. Whitewashed boards with news of the day were also posted in public places. The Acta Diurna kept Romans current on events of interest: weddings, births, deaths, crimes, trials, monies in the treasury from the provinces, cost of the supply of the grain, movements and events in the Imperial family, gossip columns on the latest amatory adventures of the rich and famous, gladiator events, military and political news as well as some human interest stories (dog lost faraway finds a way home) and astrological readings. https://earlychurchhistory.org/communication/acta-diurna-romes-daily-newspaper/  BOUND BOOKS AND CODEX With the invention of paper, it became easier for civilizations to write down everything that happened in their time. Record-keeping was much easier since paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy much space. As a result, civilizations become fond of record-keeping, especially documenting historical events and newly legislated laws. Aside from Romans writing down information about history and politics, literature also changed form from clay tablets to parchments of paper. According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus. The earlier covers were made up of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin which proved to be stronger and long-lasting. With the papyrus pages bound together and covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman empire was able to produce the first books or codex. BOUND BOOKS AND CODEX During the Roman empire, people used to store text in rock or clay slabs, which were heavy to carry and also brittle in nature. The use of papyrus or prehistoric paper https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex was also limited to the problem of storing them. This was when Julius Caesar decided to build the collection of papyrus to form a codex. This provided a safer and more manageable way to keep the information secure. This Roman invention was then widely used by the Christians to make codices in https://slideplayer.com/slide/5708923/ the bible. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Roman architecture is one of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the world. Roman architecture was considered a continuation of Greek architecture, hence, the resemblance. However, Roman architecture was still regarded as pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural designs established in the past. In this manner, they were able to preserve great and elaborate architectural designs because they could produce sturdier and stronger infrastructures. The Romans were also able to creatively redesign old architectural patterns to adapt to the new trends at that time. This development in the field of engineering and architecture was fully supported and funded by the Roman government so they were able to implement major projects such as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters, and even residential houses. The quality of this majestic Roman structures can be seen by the way they withstood time and harsh elements of the environment. Today, people of the world still enjoy these marvels and are proofs od ancient Roman technology.  THE COLOSSEUM THEN NOW An example of post and lintel architecture: Hera II, Paestum, c. 460 B.C.E. (Classical period), tufa, 24.26 x 59.98 m https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/x7e914f5b: beginner-guides-to-roman-architecture/a/roman-architecture https://www.boredpanda.com/before-after-roman-buildings-structures/?utm_source=google&ut m_medium=organic&utm_campaign=organic ROMAN NUMERALS Although other number systems had already been established before the Roman numeral, these old systems could not keep up with high calculation requirements due to the increasing rate of communications and trade among nations. Since the Roman empire was expanding, it had to deal with many nations to maintain its power. For this reason, the Romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns. Although the Roman numeral is no longer widely used today, due to its inherent limitations, quite a number of enthusiasts would still use it over other more popular number systems, like the Hindu- Arabic system due to its aesthetic and historical value. https://byjus.com/maths/roman-numerals/ CHINESE CIVILIZATION  CHINESE CIVILIZATION Chinese civilization is considered as the most oldest civilization in Asia, if not in the world. Also known as Middle Kingdom, China is located in the far east of Asia. It was famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade. Today, China is a very high society. With a population of 1.3 billion people (ranking the most populated country in the world) they are very rich with growing technology and power. They are also one of the oldest civilizations in our world, while the United States is nearly 300 years old with China is thousands of years old. https://www.britannica.com/place/China SILK One of the things that connected Far East China to the world is silk. Although silk is naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for trade. The silk trade opened China to the outside world, making way for cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges. It bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom. Among ancient China’s greatest invention, silk weaving would have to be near the top of the list. Silk comes from a natural protein fiber that is composed mainly of fibroin produced by Bombyx mori caterpillar, which spins a cocoon. The silk threads are taken from silkworm cocoons that have been boiled and the protein fiber is woven into textiles. SILK The best type of silk is obtained from the cocoons of larval silkworms. The stages of a silkworm’s development include egg, caterpillar, cocoon, and the moth. Legend says that Lei Zu, the wife of Emperor Huang Di, the Yellow Emperor, some 4000 years ago invented silk making. The legend says that Lei Zu discovered silkworms while having midday tea. A cocoon fell into her tea and the heat unwrapped the silk until it stretched across the entire garden. When the silk ran out, Lei Zu found that larval silk worm was the source of the silk. She found also that silkworms ate mulberry leaves and spun cocoons. Lei Zu asked the Yellow Emperor to give her a grove of mulberry trees where she could domesticate the silkworms. Also Lei Zu is attributed with inventing the silk reel, which joins fine filaments into a thread strong enough for weaving. She is also credited with inventing the first silk loom. Lei Zu became popular and was given the title of Can Nai Nai (Silkworm Mother) and was credited with one of the ancient China’s greatest inventions.  https://www.nspirement.com/2021/07/17/silk-weaving-greatest-inventions.html https://www.nspirement.com/2021/07/17/sil Legend says that Lei Zu discovered silkworms k-weaving-greatest-inventions.html when a cocoon fell into her tea and the heat unwrapped the silk. (Image: Katoosha via Dreamstime) https://www.ehillz.com/?product_id=124056283_29  TEA PRODUCTION Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. It as believed that the firs tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor. Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips. This machine was done using a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edges attached to a wooden or ceramic pot. Because of this invention, the Chinese were able to increase their production of tea and trade with other nations. China became known for its tea exports aside from its silk products. Tea production developed by the ancient Chinese may have resulted in making tea as one of the most popular beverages in the world today.  TEA PRODUCTION According to one of the Chinese legends , the tea was discovered some 5,000 years ago by Shen Nong Shi, whose name literally means “Divine Farmer” and who is considered to have been one of the Three Sovereigns (also known as “Three Emperors”) Shen Nong Shi was the first Chinese herbal doctor and is venerated as the Father of Chinese medicine. One of his contributions was tasting herbs so people could have medicine; he discovered the tea while he traveled many high mountains and collected various plants. In ancient times, tea was used as a medicine. People cut branches of the wild tea plants, took the leaves at the end of branches and prepared them in boiling water. The earliest credible record of tea drinking dates to the 3rd century AD un medical text by Hua To who stated that, “to drink bitter t’u constantly makes one think better”. TEA PRODUCTION Under the Qin and Han dynasties, people developed new methods: they cooked tea leaves to make “small pancakes” and then compressed them https://www.writtenchinese.com/top-10-most-popular-chinese-teas/ to the powdered form. Afterwards they added mixed ginger, spring onion, and oranges. The tea culture became very popular under the Tang Dynasty. Gradually, drinking tea became a pleasant enjoyment. The tea banquets turned out to be very https://www.chinatravel.com/culture/chinese-tea/culture appreciated in the Royal Palace, in  GREAT WALL OF CHINA The Great Wall of China was once considered as the only man-made structure that could be seen from the outer space. It is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China. It is made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese engineering technology at that time. The structure was so massive and strong that it was said to have literally divided China from the rest of the world. The wall’s construction put the nation among powerful civilizations during the ancient times. It was the pride of their land and their crowning glory. Today, with some sections already in ruins, the Great Wall of China still continues to be a world attraction due to its historical significance and architectural grandeur. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-wall-china/  GUNPOWDER Gunpowder is one of the most interesting inventions in China. Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemist who aimed to achieve immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant. Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless deaths. In fact, gunpowder-propelled weapons are preferred by raiders who plan to attack from a distance. The same weapons are also used to dissipate any attempts of invasion. On the other hand, gunpowder is also used in fireworks during https://www.britannica.com/technology/gunpowder https://www.warhistoryonline.com/guest-bloggers/how-search-for-immortality-resulted-in-gunpowder-disc overy-by-mislav-baric.html *MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES*  MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. The wars have resulted in population decline, but during the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise in population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology. Some of the innovative minds came from  https://www.printmuseum.org/gutenberg-press PRINTING PRESS After the Chinese developed woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper. This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press which was eventually used all over the world. The printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate. This invention also made works accessible to individuals MICROSCOPE Microscope is another invention in the Middle Ages. Growing populations caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more people transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted to more people getting sick and needing medical attention. To develop the proper medicines for illnesses, experts must understand the sickness through investigation. Thus, they needed a device that could magnify things invisible in the eye. Guided by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in the earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope. With this device people were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye. The microscope was key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illnesses.  TELESCOPE Since the Middle Ages was also known for the Age of Exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high. Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to navigate or to avoid or to avoid dangers at sea. The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time. Together with the telescope, the invention of the compass, oars and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer. While there is evidence that the principles of telescopes were known in the late 16th century, the first telescopes were created in the Netherlands in 1608. Spectacle makers Hans Lippershey & Zacharias Janssen and Jacob Metius independently created telescopes. Galileo Galilei refined the early telescopes that https://www.biography.com/scientists/galileo-discoveries-theo magnified objects eight times then eventually thirty ries-modern-physics-astronomy  CROSSBOW WAR WEAPONS Since wars are widespread during the Middle Ages, great weaponry technology also occurred. All sides must develop weaponries not only as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments. For open-area battles, people developed cross bows and long https://www.britannica.com/technology/crossbow bows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping LONGBOW themselves safe with the protection of walls and fortresses. https://www.pngwing.com/ Additionally, in close-range en/free-png-ieval hand-to-hand combat, soldiers IRON BODY should wear something to protect ARMORS themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body armors. However, body armors were heavy and limited their movements. The CHAINMAIL problem was eventually solved by the invention of chainmail. https://www.medievalcollectibles.com/ product/chainmail-coif/ https://www.dkfindout.com/us/hist ory/castles/archers/  WAR WEAPONS The point of most weapons was to incapacitate rather than to kill. Prisoners, especially those of high status, could ransomed for money or leveraged for political influence. But when killing was ordered, as on Henry V’s orders at Agincourt, the daggers came out. Medieval warriors often carried daggers designed not for cutting but for punching through the gaps in armor. These were used against incapacitated enemies, as happened to Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Based on Richard’s remains, DeVries believes that his helmet was cut off with daggers exposing him to attacks that killed him. * THE MODERN TIMES *  THE MODERN TIMES The booming world population during the 19th century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and conquer should be developed to establish connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern.  PASTEURIZATION As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. The challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, especially milk, since they usually spoiled faster. These goods needed to be consumed almost immediately after production or they would cause illness like diphtheria, food poisoning, and typhoid fever. Since transporting these products would also take time, it would be impossible to trade them. Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria. Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology and medicine included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation and vaccination.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurization Louis Pasteur's pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These experiments were https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Pasteur important pieces of evidence supporting the idea of the germ theory of disease.  PETROLEUM REFINERY The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation. At first, people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes. However, the production of animal oils could not keep up with the demand. Faced with this concern, Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refi nery The development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry. At present, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants among  The more people get connected by TELEPHONE trade and exploration, the more they needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other in real time. Governments likewise needed some kind of communication system which would allow them to administer their states well. Important day-to-day decisions must be discussed and addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-G raham-Bell the most important inventions at hat time. CALCULATOR Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed, circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since hey would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted to more complex processing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator machines like the computer. END OF LESSON