APUSH Chapter 1-6 Notes PDF

AP US Ritwik Desai History Chapter 1 Intro Explorers and settlers in the 16th-18th centuries were under English rule USA was modeled after English customs...

AP US Ritwik Desai History Chapter 1 Intro Explorers and settlers in the 16th-18th centuries were under English rule USA was modeled after English customs Willing to subjugate outsiders(colored/Indians) Sought differences between North and South Rivalries within states (ethics, economy, religion) Intercolonial rivalries Taxes post-F&I war created conflicts between New World and Old England Taxes were originally intercolonial The Revolutionary War brought Americans closer ○ Only 1 in 5 were loyalist Virginia founded in 1607 The geological and geographical conditions that set the stage for North American history. 225 Million years ago a supercontinent split to form our current continents 10 Million years ago America was “sculpted” After the ice age, once the ice melted removed the topsoil of Canada and Northern USA revealing the current rockiness Ice age created the Great lake ○ Without Inflow and drainage, the lakes evaporated to reveal salt lakes The Mississippi River drained the basin which was from the Appalachians to the Rockies ○ Created the inland area and the Mississippi River which was believed to be a way through the continent The geographic setting of North America—including its relation to Asia, Europe, and Africa—affects its subsequent history. The big three european powers wanted to dominate the Asian riches Since Europe was the most known land mass, explores believed sailing west would result in landing in the West Indies This would result in the “founding of a new world” Africa would be the victim of the slave trade with a forced migration of cultures to North America making it a diverse continent The geographics of the East Coast of the North American Continent allowed the ease of trade across the Atlantic towards the European Powers The rivers formed by the mountains allowed for ease of travel throughout the Colonies and gave adequate soil for crops The western part of the continent gave fertile soil and flat land for efficient farming The Mississippi River gave faster trade routes The western coast gave shipping routes towards the West Indies, China, and India Africa was the only sea route to Asia which Portugal had claimed, thus taxes and booty could be collected The origin and development of the major Indian cultures of the Americas. the Ice Age exposed a land bridge between Alaska and Serbia (35000 years ago) The game (wildlife) crossed the bridge while hunters followed in search of food.  “Natives trekked across the Bening Isthmus for about 250 centuries, population the Americas When Europeans arrived in 1492, about 52 million natives populated North + South America About 2000 tribes/ languages were formed Southern Tribes advanced due to the cultivation of Maize (corn) ○ We're able to create trade and eventually civilizations and territorial nations (Incas) The cultivation of Corn changed Southern Hunting Behaviors and created agricultural villages Corn entered the North Americas (Modern USA) ○ Led of minor advancements The common characteristics of all Indian cultures in the New World, and what were the important differences among them. Similarities ○ The change of behavior from hunting to agriculture ○ Different languages throughout civilizations ○ Traveled in search of the game until the cultivation of Corn and arguluture ○ Relied on only nature (not immune/ prepared for natural disasters) 1300 A.D. drought which plateaued the growth of Native civilization ○ All planted the three sisters (corn, beans, squash) ○ Tribes gave women a higher status since they birthed them ○ Differences ○ Separated before corn (Only South America) ○ North of Mexico did not have any major civilizations or nations ○ Easy to conquer due to separation ○ The developments in Europe and Africa that led to Columbus’s voyage to America. Once the big 4 European powers created a strong govt. + military they expanded Eastwards to collect and colonize Asia Columbus was on a journey to find a shorter trading route via sea without crossing Africa. The big 4 powers all had major advancements in marine military and marine technology Development of the Caravel Cartography advancements Africa held Gold, Ivory, trade routes, and slaves Whichever country got hold of southern Africa could place taxes on incoming and outgoing ships Christians trying to conquer the Holy Land in the Middle East What fundamental factors drew the Europeans to the exploration, conquest, and settlement of the New World? The race to be the most powerful nation Gold, Silver, Ivory, Slaves, Shipping routes, Expation, Military advantages Religion brought more people earlier to create settlements The changes and conflicts that occurred when the diverse worlds and peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas collided after 1492. The Europeans started to conquer the Western world The introduction of new diseases for both the Natives and the Europeans (Milaria, chicken/smallpox, etc)  ○ Wiped out the majority of the native civilizations Explanations and capitalism allowed the introduction of African slaves in the Caribbean and the southern colonies Had a greater black population than white in the south Mixed multiple religions in the Northern colonies The introduction of new livestock and animals such as the horse New foods/ crops (Corn, squash, beans, rice, sugar cane) The impact on the Indians, Europeans, and Africans when their previously separate worlds collided. A lot of deaths due to diseases brought from the different regions Indian civilization was wiped out European powers fought and killed for land Africans lost their basic rights to be sold into slavery and racism for the next 2-3 centuries The Spanish conquest of Mexico and South America, and the later Spanish colonial expansion into North America. Mexico Conquest Leader: Hernán Cortés (1519–1521) Aztec Empire: Dominated central Mexico; the capital was Tenochtitlán (modern-day Mexico City). Initial Contact: Cortés arrived in 1519 and was initially received by Aztec Emperor Montezuma II. Alliances: Formed alliances with discontented indigenous groups, such as the Tlaxcalans. Fall of Tenochtitlán: Laid siege to Tenochtitlán in 1521; captured and destroyed the city. Consequences: Establishment of New Spain; significant cultural, demographic, and social impacts; exploitation and forced conversions of indigenous people. South America Conquest Leader: Francisco Pizarro (1532–1533) Inca Empire: Located in present-day Peru; the capital was Cusco. Initial Contact: Pizarro captured Inca Emperor Atahualpa; and executed him despite receiving a ransom. The capture of Cusco: Overthrew the Inca capital and established Spanish control. Consequences: Establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru; exploitation of resources, particularly silver; significant impact on indigenous cultures and societies. North America Florida: Juan Ponce de León explored in 1513; the Spanish established St. Augustine in 1565. Southwest and California: Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explored the American Southwest in the 1540s; Spanish missions and settlements were established in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Aimed to covert Natives religiously and covert their land to be military advantages Create an international economy with silver and gold Brought massive returns to investors with the domination over the Incas What were the greatest achievements of Spain’s New World Empire, and what were its greatest evils and disasters? Achievements The introduction to new foods for the European diet Creating an international economy that allowed cross-Atlantic trading  Befriended and created alliances with some tribes Finding of Texas, Arizona, East Kansas, and Florida Evils Defeating the South American and Mexican Nations Mass Murders Slavery of Natives/Taking advantages of natives Diseases leading to demographic collapses of native civilizations Economic Exploitation which extracted resources that were believed to be the Europeans Should the European encounter with the Indian peoples of the Americas be understood primarily as a story of conquest and exploitation, or as one of mutual cultural encounter that brought beneficial as well as tragic results for both? The European encounter with the Indian people should be understood as a story of conquest and exploitation since only a few legacies of ancient Indian civilization still exist today. The growth of the civilizations before the arrival of Columbus was seen to be exponential by seeing the architectural and technological advancements seen in Machu Pichu and Cusco. South America was the only place where major nations were formed by Natives. Knowing the ambitions of the Spanish Empire; Growth, expansion, and riches, if the meeting of these two nations did not occur, economic exploitation and extraction of resources would still occur. Thus, conquering the native empires was a setback and delay for the Spanish Empire. Chapter 2 Explain why England was slow to enter the colonization race and what factors finally led it to launch colonies in the early seventeenth century. Spanish + English Alliance ○ English did not enter the colonial race but instead focused on Asia ○ Spain sought allies against France English and Spain alliance started to break once the English started collecting Spanish booty from shipping lanes ○ Queen Elizabeth financed the thievery Alliance broke once King Henry VIII broke the church and started the English Protestant Reformation Once Queen Elizabeth took the throne as a protestant, Spanish Catholics broke the alliance Catholic Irish (Originally under English rule) sought aid from Catholic Spain Spanish found themselves superior with the massive returns compared to the failed Roanoke Island attempt Spanish attacked English ships in the English Channel ○ Broke the alliance What was the primary purpose of the English settlement of Jamestown, and how successful were the colonists in achieving that goal in the first twenty years? Younger sons could not receive inheritance so they found money in the East India Co. Economic Depression Promise for gold + high returns  Promised passage to Asia Describe the development of the Jamestown colony from its disastrous beginnings to its later prosperity The promises for these luxuries led the settlers to not settle but only look for gold Led to starvation since they did not know how to grow crops Only 60 survived during the starving time of 1609-1610 winter John Smith took control in 1608 ○ Known for the quote” Who shall not work shall not eat” ○ Kidnapped by the Indians Gov. Lord De La Warr took action against the Indians Peace settlement by Pochohantas and John Rolfe John Rolfe's plantation of Tobacoo took off to save Jamestown although it ruined the soil What features were common to all of England’s southern colonies, and what features were peculiar to each one? Similar All harvested Tobacco Similar climate Focused on Cash Crops for trade Fertile Soil Class Distinction (White land owners above white indentures/ slaves) Church of England was predominant Different Virginia: Tobacco Dominance Early government (House of Burgesses in 1619 Maryland: Refuge of English Catholics Known for Religious tolerance: The Act of Toleration of 1649 Tobacco based economy North Carolina: Small farms and less large-scale plantations Decentralized government South Carolina: Planted all Cash crops Major trading port Georgia: Buffer colony from prized South Carolina and Spanish Florida Describe the cultural and social interaction and exchange between English settlers and Indians in Virginia and the effects of the Virginians’ policy of warfare and forced removal of Indians and whites. The Virginia Co. declared war against the Indians starting the first Anglo-Powathan war The new gov. Included Irish tactics which killed less than diseases did The Marriage of John Rolfe and Pocohantas marked the end of the first war in 1614 Another attack by the Indians led to a second war without peace or truce The attacks pushed the Indians more westward as the English took over the Native lands The peace treaty of 1646 banished the Natives from their ancestral land In what ways did the relationship between whites and Indians (Powhatans) in Virginia establish the pattern for later white-Indian relations across North America? During the attacks on the Colonist, the Indians made their name of savages who should not be befriended  The precedent set here made Indians be pushed further west throughout the 13 colonies Compare the tobacco-based economic development of Virginia and Maryland with South Carolina’s reliance on large-plantation rice-growing and African slavery based on West Indian models. Similarities Both areas focused on cash crops for capitalism Both colonies relied on minimum paid to slaves for labor as both crops were under harsh heat conditions Social Hierarchy made the planters wealthy and the laborers poor and dependent on the wealthy Differences Cultivation methods were different: ○ A rice-based economy was solely for the wealthy due to the need for experienced laborers thus making the price for slaves much higher ○ Tobacco was much easier to plant and had a better climate, the economy prices decreased due to the mass production of tobacco Motives Spain Spain’s primary motive for colonization was religious ○ aimed to spread Catholicism, ○ mission to convert indigenous populations, this religious fervor was coupled with a desire to bring non-Christian souls into the fold of the Catholic Church. Spain was also motivated by the search for wealth, particularly gold and silver. ○ The conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires yielded enormous riches, fueling Spain’s imperial ambitions. Spain sought to consolidate its power and secure its territorial claims against rival European powers, such as Portugal and later England and France. England England’s motives included economic opportunities, such as the prospect of finding valuable resources and establishing profitable trade routes. ○ Early English colonies were focused on resource extraction and establishing trade. Many English settlers were motivated by the desire to escape religious persecution and establish communities based on their own religious beliefs, such as the Puritans in New England and the Quakers (Chapter 4). England was driven by the desire to expand its territory and increase its influence, which included establishing permanent settlements and developing new lands. Spain Spain’s economy in the New World was heavily based on the extraction of precious metals, especially gold and silver ○ The Spanish colonies, particularly in Mexico and Peru, were centers of mining that generated immense wealth The Spanish implemented the encomienda system, which granted Spanish settlers control over Indigenous labor in return for providing protection and Christianization ○ system led to significant exploitation and was a key component of the Spanish  colonial economy. Although less emphasized compared to the English colonies, the Spanish did engage in plantation agriculture, particularly in the Caribbean, growing crops such as sugarcane using enslaved labor England English colonies developed economies based on agriculture, with a focus on cash crops like tobacco in the southern colonies, and mixed farming in New England. Trade was a significant aspect of the English colonial economy, with colonies exporting goods such as tobacco, timber, and fish ○ The English engaged in mercantile practices, aiming to balance trade with the mother country English colonization involved the establishment of permanent settlements and land ownership by settlers. The land was often granted to individuals or groups, leading to the development of large-scale plantations and farms. Spain The Spanish conquest led to the widespread subjugation and exploitation of Indigenous peoples ○ Spanish colonizers imposed their rule, often through violent conquest, and utilized the encomienda system to control labor The Spanish also brought Africans to the New World as slaves, initially to work in mines and later on plantations ○ African slavery became a massive part of the colonial labor system, particularly in the Caribbean and parts of South America In areas where the Spanish established control, there was significant cultural blending, including the integration of indigenous and African elements into Spanish colonial culture. England English relations with Native Americans varied, ranging from cooperation and trade to conflict and displacement ○ Early English settlers often engaged in trade with Indigenous groups but also encroached on their lands, leading to numerous conflicts The English colonies, particularly in the southern colonies, also relied on African slavery for labor ○ However, the scale of slavery in the English colonies was less extensive initially compared to the Spanish colonies. Slavery became increasingly entrenched as plantation economies grew English colonies did not experience the same level of cultural syncretism as Spanish colonies ○ The English often maintained a more distinct separation from indigenous and African cultures. Chapter 3 The Puritans and their beliefs, and explain why they left England for the New World. Puritans believed god was all-knowing, powerful and all-good ○ Based on Calvinism (John Calvin 1536) Only God knew who was going where after death Good deeds will not guarantee a spot in heaven The Bible was their sole authority ○ No priest or the king Necessary to be in a close relationship with god for a chance at redemption King Henry VIII broke ties with the Catholic Church in 1530’s and became the head of the Church of England Did not follow all Christian practices and made his practices The most devoted Puritans or separatists vowed to break away from the church of England King James I, head of the state and church feared if the separatists did not follow god under him they would not follow him politically James threatened the separatists out of England Sepratisit were allowed access to the Mayflower as a refuge as part of an expedition 102 members on the boat The separatists became squatters with no legal rights 44 out of the 102 survived the first winter More Puritans left during the great migration (1630s) when the King had dismissed parliament and imposed the anti-puritan persecution Explain how the Puritans’ theology shaped the government and society of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Pilgrims) Made a crude government that underlined the basis of a constitution (basis of the Connecticut Compromise) They did not want a religion interfering with the State but the State was allowed to enforce god Wanted to be aligned with the Church of England and England without the impurities the King had placed Only white puritans men can vote ○ Must be a part of the church Only voters with land can represent Not a democracy (“If the people be governors, who shall be governed?”) The purpose of a government was to enforce god Laws aimed to make pleasures stay simple If not part of the church life was “hellfire” Life was not easy How did the Puritans’ distinctive religious outlook and church organization shape the politics, society, and culture of Massachusetts Bay and most of the other New England colonies? If you were a part of the Church and a white male you could vote Church members were considered “visible saints” Was a theocracy but did not accept the fact ○ Church members were given voting power since their status was “visible saints”  yet they maintained the idealogy of the separation of church and state to avoid assimilating the Church of England Society was heavily influenced by your relation to the church ○ Life was meant to be simple and harsher laws made by Church members enforced simplicity Explain how Massachusetts Bay’s conflict with religious dissenters, as well as new economic opportunities, led to the expansion of New England into Rhode Island, Connecticut, and elsewhere. Anne Hutchinson “claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man” (48). ○ She was put on trial and later moved to New York which was believed to have started a diverse and unreligious New York City/State Roger Williams wanted to break away entirely from the Church of England and challenged the legality of the colony's charters based on Puritian beliefs 1636 he fled to the Rhode Island area Made a complete separation between the church and state Became an independent colony Able to achieve freedom of opportunity ○ Property or votes were not dependent on the citizen's affiliation with the Church Connecticut became a democracy by creating the Fundamental Orders Describe the conflict between colonists and Indians in New England and the effects of King Philip’s War. The two sides argued and fought over land since the ideology of the Natives was shared while the English owned properties The land of the natives was home and ancestral to them while the English did not recognize this and conquered the land to expand civilization King Philip (A Native Indian chief) built an alliance to attack New England which destroyed 52 colonies and led many more Indians to their deaths Even though 52 colonies were destroyed, hundreds of Natives were killed opening land up for the English Later the Chief's wife and kids were sold into slavery and a similar fate for the surviving natives English started to become more aggressive towards the Natives and killing or pushing them out much faster Summarize early New England attempts at intercolonial unity and the consequences of England’s Glorious Revolution in America. Navigation Act were not followed, It was seen as defiance by London and the King took action against Boston by giving Connecticut and Rhode Island charter grants while Massatuchetts Charter grants were revoked in 1684 The Dominion of New England was created by the king ○ Imposed from London ○ Sir Edmund Andros, halted meetings, laid restrictions on courts, the press, and the schools, revoked all land titles, taxed without consent, and enforced Navigation laws ○ The Dominion of New England collapsed once ENgland’s Glorious Revolution took place when England enthroned William III (Protestant) ○ In MA, the Glorious Revolution in America led to voting rights being for all white men property holders instead of white men apart of the church New England Confederation (1643-1684) Created as a defensive alliance against Native American tribes Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, and New Haven  Colony. Represented an early attempt at intercolonial cooperation and self-defense The Confederation weakened over time due to internal disputes and the rise of individual colonial interests The Dominion of New England was an administrative act created by King James II to gain control over New England and enforce the Navigation Laws Glorious Revolution Impact: ○ The overthrow of King James II and the installation of William III and Mary II as monarchs led to the collapse of the Dominion ○ The news of the Glorious Revolution inspired a rebellion in Boston, leading to Andros’s arrest and the end of the Dominion. Massachusetts was made a royal colony with a new charter and a royal governor, leading to a loss of its previous charter privileges. The new charter allowed all qualified male property holders to vote, not just church members, which was a significant change from the previous system. The new monarchs, influenced by the Glorious Revolution’s challenge to royal authority, relaxed enforcement of the Navigation Laws, initiating a period of "salutary neglect" where trade restrictions were less strictly enforced English officials, judges, clerks, and customs officials, staffed the courts ○ Many were incompetent, corrupt hacks who knew little and cared less Describe the founding of New York and Pennsylvania, and explain why these two settlements as well as the other middle colonies became so ethnically, religiously, and politically diverse Dutch fought against England to gain independence ○ This led to Henry Hudson sailing to NY (Hudson River) allowing the Dutch to create colonies in New York ○ Dutch India Co. bought Manhattan from the Indians ○ Focused on the Fur Trade ○ New Amsterdam was solely a business colony and did not include much religious practice Sweeden entered the colonial game due to its advantages in the 30 yr war Quakers rose in England facing prosecution due to the refusal of military or church participation William Penn went to the king asking for land for his father's debt which was owed The king gave him Pennsylvania Most advertised colonies, advertised in the old world in Dutch, French, English, and German Chapter 4 Describe the basic economy, demographics, and social structure and life of the seventeenth-century colonies Southern colonies were economically backed on the trade of cash crops and slave/ indentured trade ○ 1.5 million pounds were exported by the 1630s Tobacco was made before food ○ Ruined the soils Explored west in search of fertile soil Mass production lowered consumer prices ○ More land for more production More labor African Slaves were to expensie/ indians died too quickly England had surplus of “displaced farmers” who are desperate for employment ○ Many mortgaged their bodies for several year to Southern masters in exchange for land and freedom dues Demographicly southern colonies except for many rice and sugar cane plantations hosted only white indentured survants ○ Not many African Slaves Masters/ Plantation owners were at the top of society which created a massive gap between the laborers White slaves represented more than ¾ of Virgina and Marlyland immagrants in the 17th century Why was the tobacco culture of early Maryland and Virginia so harsh and unstable. How did the environmental and demographic conditions of the Chesapeake region—especially rampant disease and the scarcity of women—affect the social and political life of the colonies? The early colonization was difficult since majority of the immagrant were men The need of women to reproduce led to a decline in the birth rate Diseases created a the lack of laborers/ masters to work in the fields Tobacco was the “gold” the colonist struck and while farming them before fulfilling their needs of food and women led to the decrease in population Until Gov. Lord De La Warr took action to save Jamestown, Jamestown was on the brink of extinction Compare and contrast the different forms of society and ways of life of the southern colonies and New England. South Social + economical gaps widen ○ Masters make significantly more then laborers Poverty rate increases Upper class had gangs of Slaves ○ Monopolized on the Slave trade Shorter life span due to newer people (new diseases) and harsh conditions North 70 yr life span  Babies every 2-3yrs until menopause Rasing children was a mothers full time job Less premarital pregnancies Grandparents were able to meet grandkids (still alive) Kept families together ○ Rare divorces ○ Punishment for adultery When approved land was given for expansion Explain how the practice of indentured servitude failed to solve the colonial labor problem and why colonists then turned to African slavery. At the beginning when land owners had surplus of land and states still had space, indentured servitude was seen as a success ○ They were cheaper then African Slaves and had a longer life expectancy then Natives Once land started to run out and the wage in England rose after the economic depression no more indentured servants traveled 1680’s the colonist were forced to buy slaves for labor 1698 the Royal African Co. lost its monopoly which created competition for the slave trade By 1750, the population of black slaves was half of Virginia’s population and double South Carolinas population 2 slaves per 1 white man Could the colonies’ labor problem have been solved without slavery? No, near the 1700’s once there was a surplus of tobacco in the market the price dropped making plantation owners to go bankrupt if they were to pay laborers. Describe the character of slavery in the early English colonies and explain how a distinctive African American identity and culture emerged from the mingling of numerous African ethnic groups Blacks near South Carolina evolved a new language, Gullah ○ Mix of English, Yoruba, Ubo, and Hausa The mix of the different regions of western Africa led to the newer lanuages made and newer traditions Religious dances and the development of different music taste were brought by the African American diversity during the slavery period Chapter 5 Describe the demographic, ethnic, and social character of Britain’s colonies in the eighteenth century, and indicate how colonial society had changed since the seventeenth century. Demographics: 1700s the ratio for English men to American was 20-1; by 1775 the ratio was 3-1 By 1775 2.5 million populated the 13 colonies, half were black The colonies would double the population every 25 years Average age was around 16 yr Most lived outside major cities and suburbs ○ 90% lived in rural areas Germans made 6% of the American population ○ Fled religious persecution ○ Refuge ○ Scot-Irish made 7% of the population ○ Most Non-English were either slaves or squatters 5% were all other European ethnicities The colonies grew stronger and closer after the Revolutionary War Became a land of equal opportunity except for Africans More economic Inequality but a closer gap As colonial alliances formed into states cities provided almshouses to care for the poor and poverty victims Cultural shifts from a dominant anglo-american to a better diverse What factors contributed to the growing numbers and wealth of the American colonists in the eighteenth century? The growth in the birth rate is due to each family giving birth every 2-3 years until menopause The growth of the wealthy came from the trade of merchandise and arms ○ Investment in military supplies and bonds ○ The export of fish and whale ○ Grain (middle states/ bread states) exported wheat and other grains ○ Ship building (New England) the trades of trade and military marintime ○ Sugar ○ Rum Taken to Africa in exchange of slaves ○ Describe the structure of colonial society in the eighteenth century. What developments tended to make society less equal and more hierarchical? Slavery: The most obvious answer was slavery, slaves could not get freedom and thus at the bottom of the hierarchy of society under women, kids, and the disabled. The slaves who were freed would go back to work for their masters due to the lack of a consistent salary Voting Structures: Only white men who owned land could have a say in the government, making voters on top or near the top of the social hierarchy Identify the major religious denominations of the eighteenth-century colonies, and indicate their role in early American society. Established Church: Churches which were tax supported ○ Anglican church Church of England Offical Faith in Georgia up to Virgina, New York and Marlyland  Since it had a connection with England, the church tried to impose harsher rule the king attempted to enforce A lot were loyalist until the great awakening ○ Congregational Church Grown out of Puritinsm All New England except Rhode Island Focused on the simplicity and freedom of life Explain the causes of the Great Awakening, and describe its effects on American religion, education, and politics. The Englightenment ○ Emphasizing ration thinking over religious thinking ○ Opened up to ideas ○ Liberty, rights democratic government John Locke ○ Natural Rights not given by a monarch ○ Social Contract Power in hands in the people People give power to the government Great Awakening was the debate which “controls us” our thoughts or faith ○ The movement of the spread of the Englightenment Johnathan Endwards ○ First preacher in the Great Awakening Impressment is to take men to sail in the navy King George’s War ○ Impressment(taking american men) ○ American saw this as a violation of there natural rights ○ Protest for 3 days American Religion corresponded to politics and vice versa, as religion started to move away as the dominat leader, politics followed allowing for more freedom Education change from a religion and biblical based to a more logical and pillosophical way which included science as the way of learning ○ Higher Learning was better established ○ Still not strong and trustworthy Many were sent abroad to college ○ Learned more science but still heavily religious Describe the origins and development of education, culture, and journalism in the colonies. Education was a blessing for the richest ○ Thought only for leadership ○ New England was more interested in education ○ Education was regarded as a step towards being a good Christian Art sitll had European taste ○ Had to go abroad to complete training ○ Architecture was based of the old world ○ Literature was similar to art, only basic training was found in the Colonies Literature started to take a turn once Benjamin Frnaklin established the first private library in Philly Pamplets, leaflets and journals were presses out by printing presses 40 colonial newspapers Describe the basic features of colonial politics, including the role of various official and informal political institutions. 8/13 colonies had royal governors (appointed by the king) 3/13 colonies had proprietors  2/13 colonies had a democracy where the people govern All legislature had a two house legislative body ○ Upper house/ council; appointed by the crown ○ Lower house; chosen by the voters In direct representative colonies, american created a self-taxation system Corruption was found by assembly men withholding the governors salary if the demands were not met Indicate the key qualities of daily existence in eighteenth-century colonial America, including forms of socialization and recreation. Drab and tedious Monotonous diets Very limited heat sources during the winter Poor heated homes No running water/ plumbing Used only oil lamps and candles North hosted winter sports South hosted horse racing and cockfights Chapter 6 Explain what caused the great contest for North America between Britain and France, and why Britain won France entered late in the colonial real estate ○ Domestic and foreign wars ○ Prodestant and Catholic rivalry France established in Quebec New France (Canada) fell under King Louis’s control French capitlized on the fur trade ○ Beavers French pushed down into the North American Contenent in search for fur English pushed west seeking westward expansion King William war (1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s war (1702-1713) ○ Belived America was not worth fighting for thus not many extra troops Both sides recruited Indian allies French created forts around the Ohio River to defend the basin English took the first shot killing a French leader 40 miles outside Fort Duquesne F&I war was fought in the Colonies, Phillipeans, Africa, West Indies, and Europe America + Iroquois tribes met in NY to fight the French ○ Used to achieve greater colonial unity  ○ Kept in Albany NY to recheck the loyalty of the Iroquois General Braddock was sent out with 2 thousand men to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755 Quebec and Montreal were French strong holds yet they targeted smaller outpost in smaller numbers ○ Second blunder after Braddocks Blinder William Pitt became a leader in the London Governement who removed many troops from the West Indies and put them in North America to attack Cananda ○ Also inserted younger generals who are willing to take risk and are not “incompitant” John Wolfe, officer since 14 took Quebec while wounded ○ Battle of Quebec 1759 ○ Battle of Montreal 1760 turned the losing american into the dominant power in the North America Treaty of Paris (1763) removed the French of the North American Conitnent and held on to a few sugar islands Describe France’s colonial settlements and their expansion, and compare New France with Britain’s colonies in North America New France (Canada) capitilized on the fur trade aligning with the Indians Moved down the basin following water which are homes to beavers Stronger Alliances with the Indian nations ○ Even though Indians died throught by diseases they did not fight as much Focused on converting Natives to christianity Limited population and population growth Focused on trade and conquering land instead of establishing a major civilization Explain how Britain’s colonists became embroiled in the home country’s wars with France. The foreign wars the British faced in the home land was fueled by British-American war which the king used the system of Impressment before the great awaking when the american learned and took in the idea of natural rights Describe the colonists’ role in the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War), and indicate the consequences of the French defeat for Americans The colonist were to support by manufacturing arms and the main source of troops George Washington was a leader for the local minuetmen The colonies supported much of the war financially and logistically since England did not put many troops in the American colonies since is was not worth fighting for Treaty of Paris (1763) led to territorial changes which started another fight for land as well and a new influx of Britishers would come to the Colonies The war had put England in debt and now to pay for the war the King imposed taxes on the Colonies and heavier taxes back in the old world Stamp act, townshed act, tea act were now apart of the trade as well as tariffs ○ Slowed down the growth of wealth; another reason of revolt The English believed this win will better prove they still have control over the colonies thus the stationment of Red Coats (English troops) Indian Acenstrial grounds past the Appalachin such as the Pontiac were exfoliated due to the expansion into the new land The american revolution started after the I&R war because this war showed that first the colonies have the capability to have and create a winning military. Second the taxes imposed on the Americans were unjust since they did not have a voice in the assembly in London which broke there new found natural rights. Third the war was led by and English leader in London who used the American resources to win the war and they are being ‘punished’ by the king imposing heavy taxes on everyday items such as tea.