Colonial and Geological History Overview

<p>It set a precedent for pushing Indians further west. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economies primarily based on tobacco cultivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overthrow of King James II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed all qualified male property holders to vote. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaxed enforcement of the Navigation Laws (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate Dutch colonization in New York (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It resulted in Massachusetts becoming a royal colony. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert Native Americans religiously and militarily dominate the land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The introduction of new foods to the European diet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass murders and slavery of Natives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creation of an international economy driven by silver and gold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gullah (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As one of conquest and exploitation with tragic results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diseases brought by Europeans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal conflicts and focus on domestic issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scot-Irish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 25 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Create military outposts for territorial defense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decline in tobacco prices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2.5 million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergence of a stronger sense of equality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It strengthened loyalty to the king and government. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The existence of slavery as a central institution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encouraged questioning established authority and promoted individual beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The establishment of public schools funded by trade profits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only land-owning white men were allowed to vote. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It grew out of Puritanism and was dominant in New England. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistent salary for freed slaves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most colonies had a two-house legislative body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Horse racing and cockfights. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their involvement in many domestic and foreign wars. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leadership from William Pitt who redirected troops to North America. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Britain consolidated its dominance in North America. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poorly heated homes during winter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through fur trade and forming strong alliances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The failed attempt to capture Fort Duquesne. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provided troops and resources to Britain's efforts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They acted as strongholds for French control in North America. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Spanish conquest of the Americas was driven by a desire for wealth, religious conversion, and military expansion. This resulted in the establishment of Spanish missions and settlements across the Southwest, including Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.

The arrival of Europeans brought devastating diseases to the Americas, causing widespread death and disruption to Native populations. This resulted in a demographic collapse, leading to the decline or destruction of many Native civilizations.

The Spanish conquest of the Americas was characterized by violence, exploitation, and forced labor. Natives were enslaved, forced to work in mines and fields, and often subjected to harsh treatment by the Spanish. This resulted in the extraction of resources and the suppression of Native cultures.

While cultural exchange did occur between Europeans and Native Americans, the Spanish primarily viewed their presence as a conquest of land and people. Their primary goal was to establish control and extract resources, rather than engage in mutually beneficial cultural exchange.

England's relatively late entry into the colonization race was due to factors like internal political instability, religious conflicts, and the focus on trade with Asia. However, economic opportunities, religious persecution, and the desire for new lands ultimately spurred England to establish colonies in the early 17th century.

The desire for economic expansion and the pursuit of new opportunities played a crucial role in England's decision to colonize the New World. The availability of land, resources, and the potential for trade and wealth motivated English settlers to venture across the Atlantic.

Religious persecution and the desire to establish religious freedom motivated many English settlers to colonize the New World. The pursuit of a more tolerant and independent society led to the founding of colonies based on religious principles.

The desire to acquire new land and establish permanent settlements played a key role in England's decision to colonize the New World. The availability of fertile land, the pursuit of opportunities for economic advancement, and the desire for independence motivated English settlers to seek out new lands beyond their own borders.

The Dominion of New England was created by King James II, uniting several New England colonies under one administration to enforce English laws, including the Navigation Acts.

The Glorious Revolution, which overthrew King James II in England, also led to the collapse of the Dominion of New England. Rebels in Boston arrested Governor Andros, ending the Dominion.

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established colonies in the New Netherland region, claiming land along the Hudson River. Their colonies would later become a part of New York after English conquest.

William Penn established the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681 as a haven for religious freedom and tolerance. He envisioned a diverse society free from religious persecution.

The Middle Colonies (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware) became ethnically, religiously, and politically diverse due to their welcoming policies towards various European groups and their strategic location for trade and migration.

The Virginia Company, a trading company, declared war against the Powhatan Indians, marking the beginning of the first Anglo-Powhatan War. English settlers utilized Irish warfare tactics, which were less lethal than diseases. The conflict culminated in a peace treaty, signified by the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas. However, subsequent hostilities led to a second war, ultimately forcing the Powhatan people westward and culminating in a peace treaty that banished them from their ancestral lands.

The interactions between English settlers and Powhatan Indians in Virginia set a precedent for future relations between Europeans and Native Americans across North America. The colonists portrayed the Indians as savages, justifying their displacement and conquering of Native lands.

Virginia and Maryland, both reliant on tobacco cultivation, primarily relied on indentured labor and white settlers. South Carolina, on the other hand, focused on large-scale rice plantations, with African slavery as the dominant workforce model. This model was heavily influenced by the West Indian model of large plantations and forced labor.

In Virginia, tobacco cultivation dominated the economy. The use of indentured labor and white settlers played a key role in establishing the colony's economic foundation. The House of Burgesses, a representative assembly, was established in 1619, marking the beginning of self-governance in Virginia.

Maryland, established as a refuge for English Catholics, was known for its relative religious tolerance as demonstrated by the Act of Toleration of 1649. Similar to Virginia, its economy relied heavily on tobacco, and the plantation system was a cornerstone of its social structure.

A system where power and status are unevenly distributed, with some groups having more power and privilege than others.

The forced labor of enslaved people, primarily Africans, in the colonies. Slaves were denied basic rights and freedoms, creating a deeply unequal society.

The right to vote was limited to white men who owned land, creating a narrow and exclusive political system.

Churches supported by taxes, often with close ties to the government.

A movement that emphasized personal religious experience and emotional connection to God, leading to a revival of religious fervor.

The Great Awakening encouraged a more democratic and participatory form of church governance, challenging traditional hierarchies.

The Great Awakening stimulated the development of new colleges and educational institutions, promoting religious education and literacy.

The Great Awakening had a significant impact on American politics, contributing to the development of a more independent and participatory citizenry.

In the early 1700s, the English colonies faced a significant labor shortage, as the demand for labor outpaced the available workforce. This shortage was further exacerbated by the decline in indentured servitude, which was becoming less appealing due to factors such as rising wages in England and harsh conditions in the colonies.

The demand for labor in the English colonies was fueled by the expansion of plantation agriculture, primarily focused on crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo. These crops required a large and consistent labor force to cultivate and harvest, driving the need for more workers.

Indentured servitude, a system in which individuals agreed to work for a certain period in exchange for passage to the colonies, declined in popularity during the early 18th century. This decline resulted from factors such as rising wages in England, making the journey less appealing, and the harsh conditions faced by indentured servants in the colonies.

The African slave trade became a major source of labor for the English colonies in the early 18th century. The increased demand for labor, coupled with the decline of indentured servitude, made slavery a more attractive option for planters, leading to a surge in the transatlantic slave trade.

The growth of the African slave trade had a profound impact on the demographics of the English colonies, with the number of slaves increasing significantly. By 1750, black slaves comprised a significant portion of the colonial population, particularly in the southern colonies.

African slaves brought their languages, customs, and traditions to the colonies, influencing the development of a distinctive African American identity and culture. This blend of African and European elements created a unique and diverse culture that would continue to evolve over time.

The rapid population growth in the English colonies during the 18th century was driven by several factors, including immigration from Europe, a high birth rate, and a relatively low death rate. This growth transformed the colonies from small outposts into major centers of population and economic activity.

The rapid population growth and expanding economy of the English colonies helped fuel the development of a more diverse and complex society. While there was still significant social hierarchy and inequality, particularly for Africans, the colonies were becoming more heterogeneous in terms of ethnicity, religion, and social class.

The struggle for control of North America between Britain and France was primarily driven by economic motives like fur trade and land acquisition, as well as religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics.

France's late entry into North American colonization was due to domestic and foreign wars, as well as religious conflicts with Protestant England. They were initially focused on internal affairs and wars with other European powers.

The French established a strong presence in the territory known as New France (Canada), capitalizing on the lucrative fur trade. Their presence was concentrated around the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes region, where beaver fur was abundant.

The French forged strong alliances with Native American tribes, especially the Algonquin and Huron, who were crucial in the fur trade and military operations. They were more successful in integrating into Native cultures than the English.

Unlike the English, the French focused on converting Native Americans to Christianity as part of their colonization efforts. They established missions and religious institutions to spread Catholicism among Native populations.

The French presence in North America was relatively small compared to the English colonies, with a limited population growth. Their focus was on trade and expanding their territory rather than establishing large-scale settlements.

The competition for control of North America between Britain and France led to a series of wars, including King William's War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713). Both sides recruited Native American allies, but the wars were fought primarily in Europe and the West Indies, with less attention paid to North America.

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) marked a turning point in the competition for North America. The conflict involved battles in the colonies, the Philippines, Africa, and Europe, and ultimately resulted in British victory.

British victory in the French and Indian War secured control of North America. The Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded French territories in North America to Britain and marked the end of French presence in the region.

The British colonists were drawn into the larger conflicts between Britain and France due to their close ties to the mother country and their involvement in the fur trade and westward expansion. They saw themselves as part of the British empire and felt obligated to defend its interests.