Journalistic Genres PDF

*[Journalistic genres]* **Types of journalistic genres** In journalism, genres act like frameworks. Genres are theory; they work as knowledge container categories. Is a relationship with the audience (the audience recognises them). 1. - - 2. - - - - - - - 3. - -...

*[Journalistic genres]* **Types of journalistic genres** In journalism, genres act like frameworks. Genres are theory; they work as knowledge container categories. Is a relationship with the audience (the audience recognises them). 1. - - 2. - - - - - - - 3. - - - - - - 4. → CANUTAZO = doorstep interview (very informal) → DELIVERY = the performance of a journalist. Has to do with the voice quality, pacing and timing (130-180 wpm or tv and 150-190 wpm for radio), clarity and articulation, body language, emphasis and inflection, eye contact (only on tv), the position, breathing (the most recommending is the diaphragmatic breathing), the voice placement By 1850, journalism can be divided into three periods: 1. It's a doctrinaire and moralizing journalism, with the aim of proselytizing and serving certain political and religious ideas. The press of that period had many comments and not so many stories. During this period, gain importance the comment or opinionative genres. In the 18th and 19th centuries it was difficult to fill the newspapers with accurate and real stories. News was scarce and short. This lack of informative raw material boosted from the mid of the 18th century the ideological journalism, which was hegemonic in the central years of the 19th century (in the Anglo- ‐Saxon area) and until the mid 20th century in the Latin European cultures. Many informative stories of that period were written chronologically but, at the same time, appeared the first stories following the inverted pyramid, mainly, correspondents' ones. The inverted pyramid form of writing provides readers with immediate, relevant information unlike stories of the mid and late nineteenth century that employed a flamboyant, narrative style. The summary news lead was developed by progressive, educated, science-oriented journalists in response to social factors that went beyond the limitations of the telegraph during the nineteenth century. 2. Informative journalism is based on the narration of the facts. Discoveries and novelties like the telegraph, news agencies, linotypes, rotating machines, photography and the railway allowed to increase the volume of the information and its capacity of circulation. Beside that, the more alphabetization of the citizenship boosted the number of readers. After World War I, informative journalism prevailed in the occidental world, and thus, the narration of facts and following the structure of the inverted pyramid or triangle. American news agency Associated Press experimented for the first time with the inverted pyramid around 1870. This formula was deeply embraced by American newspapers and the Anglo- ‐ Saxon world but had few effects in Italy or in Spain, initially. Americanization of Italian journalism didn't happen until the end of World War II, when Americans reorganized Italian newspapers after the fascists' defeat. This Americanization arrived later in Spain. There was an initial attempt around the 20s and 30s in Barcelona and in Madrid, but the Civil War stopped that. 3. Due to the competence of the audiovisual media (radio and tv), newspapers evolve and go on to explain the events rather than presenting them, to analyze their causes and to prevent their consequences. As new genres appear, depth reporting and interpretative chronicles. *[What makes news?]* News is anything which interests a large part of the community and which has never been brought to their attention. News value factors: - - - **News value factors: Criteria about the nature of an event** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **News value factors Criteria about the treatment of the news** - - - - *[Broadcast journalism]* **The inverted pyramid and the christmas tree** Boris Johnson, then a Conservative MP and later Mayor of London, was accused in 2004 by a posse of tabloid reporters of having an affair. He told them their stories were an \"inverted pyramid of piffle. He\'d borrowed a phrase from the teaching of journalism. Johnson is a journalist; he was the editor of the Spectator at the time But most readers who saw the comment in the next day\'s papers would have been mystified by the phrase. In conventional newspaper writing, the facts are organized in order of importance. Less vital information comes last so the sub-editor can cut the story from the bottom to fit the page. This construction is known as an inverted triangle or pyramid. It works for newspapers because, as we\'ve heard, people often don\'t reach the end of a story before moving on to something else in the paper. It doesn\'t matter if the sub cuts out the summarizing paragraph at the bottom of the story. But broadcasters have to begin and end well to hold the audience\'s attention throughout a programme. So let\'s suggest another model. What about a Christmas tree? Not a luxuriant Norwegian spruce but the type a child would draw - a simple diagrammatic representation. Think of the intro as the top of the tree. If it\'s bright enough you can put a star on it! Below the intro the branches flare out and then there\'s another narrow bit. This is the second place you have to put emphasis, the second opportunity to grab the audience. It\'s the start of the package or edited report. In radio, a package needs to start with powerful actuality, an audio clip or a telling introductory phrase in the voice-over. In television, it would be a strong opening picture, perhaps with dramatic actuality. Here the Christmas tree broadens to a wider base. This is where your story fills out. And the Christmas tree needs a solid base. That\'s your pay-off or outro - the final summarizing thought or phrase that rounds up the item or projects the story forward Remember, it\'s one Christmas tree. The link and the report, the top and the branches, are part of the same story. Nothing grates on the listener quite as much as hearing the same information repeated. We\'ve all heard this sort of thing: - - Don\'t give the whole story away in the intro - save something for the reporter. Ensure that the last line of the link is different to the opening line of the package. Reporters should think about what the top line of the intro is likely to be and avoid that as their top line. When you are writing your own intro, write it first. The rest of the report follows from it. If it\'s a feature item, you may even be able to write your cue before you leave the newsroom. It saves time when you file your report or edit your package letter. **News writing for broadcast journalists** **[Peter Elliot (author of bb style guide. in 1979)]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. - - - - - - - *[New sources - gathering the news]* - - - - - - - - *[News structure]* 1- 5W: - - - - - - 2- Any of above not in intro plus, perhaps, significance 3- How do I know this? 4- Quote (moves the story forward). 5- More details, related info, more quotes. 6- Points that have been left out. **Intro checklist** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. *[The informative style]* The main traits of the informative style are: - - - - **Characteristics to consider in the informative style** - - - - - - - - - - - **George's Orwell rules for writing** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.