Applied Linguistics PDF - University of Tabuk

Here is the markdown conversion of the provided document: # Applied Linguistics The image shows a black silhouette of a head with letters floating around it. ## Outline In this chapter, we will discuss the following: * The growth of English * English and Englishes * Native speakers * En...

Here is the markdown conversion of the provided document: # Applied Linguistics The image shows a black silhouette of a head with letters floating around it. ## Outline In this chapter, we will discuss the following: * The growth of English * English and Englishes * Native speakers * English as a Lingua Franca ## The Growth of English ### The growth of English * English is now thought of as the main foreign language in virtually every country, and used for business, education, and access to information by a substantial proportion of the world's population. * Consequently, the role of other international languages such as French or Russian has diminished drastically. As with geographical areas, so with areas of activity. French is no longer the international language of air traffic control, or dominant and diplomacy. German and Russian are no longer internationally necessary for scientific study. Nor is it just a question of native-speaker numbers. * In recent years, the growth of English has been further accelerated by a startling expansion in the quantity and speed of international corporations, linked to expanding US power and influenced, ensures an ever-increasing use of English in business. Films, songs, television programmes, and advertisements in English are heard and seen in many countries where it is not the first nor even a second language, both feeding and reflecting this growth. * The dominant language of the internet is English and with the frequent absence of available software for writing systems other than the Roman alphabet, electronic mail is often conducted in English, even among people who share another language. ## Globalization of English عولمة اللغة الانجليزية In addition, both non-native and native speakers are involved in **Teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL)** as teacher, planners, administrators, publishers, and testers. For these reasons alone, the teaching and learning of English has generated tremendous personal, political, academic, and commercial interest. (WHY?) ## English and Englishes ### English and Englishes Once a language begins to spread beyond its original homeland, the situation changes and conflicts of opinion begin to emerge. Thus even until surprisingly recently, many British English speakers regarded American English as an impure deviation, rather as they might have regarded non-standard forms within their own islands. While such feeling of ownership is to be expected, they quickly become, as they are in the USA, more numerous and more internationally powerful than speakers of the parent. As English becomes more and more widely used, recognized varieties might emerge even in places where there is no national native speaker population or official status. We talk of standard American English, standard Australian English, and so on. ## Native Speakers ماذا يعني ان تكون من Native speakers What does it mean to be a native speaker? * Firstly, there is the question of personal history. Native speakers are considered to be people who acquired the language naturally and effortlessly in childhood, through a combination of exposure, the child's innate talent for language learning, and the need to communicate. * Secondly, there is a question of expertise. Native speakers are seen as people who use the language, or a variety of it, correctly, and have insight into what is or is not acceptable. * Thirdly, there is a question of knowledge and loyalty. Being a native speaker, it is assumed, entails knowledge of, and loyalty to, a community which uses the language * In many cases, this threefold definition is relatively unproblematic, particularly for small languages spoken mostly in one particular place. * However, in the case of larger and more widely distributed languages like English, serious problems with the usual definitions of native speaker begin to emerge. Many English speakers grew up with and use another language in the home. Their cultural loyalty is wholly or partly to a non-English-speaking community and they may well be opposed to the dominant English-speaking culture, feeling what their own language and values are threatened. ## Native Speakers (Criticism) Although many such English speakers use the language just as expertly as the traditionally defined native speakers, certainly there are often minor differences of accent, phrasing, or confidence in grammaticality judgements. ***Thus, it is important to assess those aspects of language proficiency which the traditional definition of the native speaker does not include.*** criticism of the definition of a native speaker) : (تعد تعريف المتحدث الميلي * Firstly, it says nothing about in proficiency in writing but only about proficiency in speech. Indeed, some native speakers are illiterate (unable to read or write), and many of those who can write do so inaccurately (lovly new potato's). * Secondly, the native speaker's knowledge of the language is implicit rather than explicit. He or she uses the rules correctly, but can not necessarily explain them. For example, try asking the average native speaker to explain the different between “shall” and “will”. * Lastly, traditional native speakerness implies nothing about size vocabulary, range of style or ability to communicate across diverse community in all of these aspects of proficiency, it is quite common to find that the expertise of the non-native speaker exceeds that of many ## English as a Lingua Franca* (ELF) * What matters in its use is clarity and comprehensibility rather than conformity to one of the existing standards. * Indeed, being native speaker in the traditional sense does not necessarily imply expertise in ELF, and of the purposes of international communication native speakers may need to adjust their language to a new norm. *Lingua Franca = a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different. ## FYI This rapid growth of ELF should be a major concern to contemporary applied linguistics. We need to consider whether the current situation is unprecedented, whether it has produced a new set of language-related problems. These are pressing issues, affecting in one way or another everyone who learns or uses English, native and non-native speaker alike. Different approaches to teaching English did not just occur by in response to changing geopolitical circumstances and social attitudes and values, as well as to shift of fashion in linguistics which, for all its apparent objectivity, was itself subject to social change. Thus each successive movement in ELT has had its own particular stance on language learning, and on what English is, reflecting the ideology of its time. ## Reference * Cook, G. (2003). Applied linguistics. Oxford University Press. ## Any Questions?