Applied Anatomy PDF

Nerve block Nerve blocks Temporary blocking of pathways for passage of impulses by injecting local anaesthetic solution resulting in desensitization and paresis in the region controlled by the nerve Indications To remove pain and to improve usefulness of the animal Lameness due to chronic...

Nerve block Nerve blocks Temporary blocking of pathways for passage of impulses by injecting local anaesthetic solution resulting in desensitization and paresis in the region controlled by the nerve Indications To remove pain and to improve usefulness of the animal Lameness due to chronic conditions Splints, ringbone, navicular disease, laminitis (Horse)  Radial nerve Block Radial nerve is the largest nerve of brachial plexus Indications : Reductions of fractures Dislocation below elbow joint Surgery of the area Site: Radial nerve passes downwards and outwards along the musculospiral groove of the humerus over brachialis. Depression felt between long and lateral head of triceps muscle which is located on posterior aspect of upper third of humerus. Median nerve block The median nerve passes below the elbow beneath the pronator teres It then runs down along the forearm between the radius and flexor carpi radialis muscle Median nerve supplies pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, superficial digital flexor, humeral and radial heads of deep digital flexor muscles Site : Below the medial tuberosity of the radius at the groove between caudal border of the radius and flexor carpi radialis muscle Ulnar nerve block and neurectomy At the lower one third of the forearm this nerve lies relatively superficial between the flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnaris lateralis muscle Ulnar nerve supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris, superficial digital flexor and ulnar head of deep digital flexor Site : A few inches above accessory carpal Volar nerve block and neurectomy The volar or metacarpal nerves are terminal branches of the median nerve Site High volar block : 5 to 7 cm above the fetlock in the depression between suspensory ligament and deep flexor tendon both on medial and lateral aspects Low volar block : Midway between the fetlock and coronet in between deep digital flexor and superficial digital flexor both on medial and lateral aspects Peroneal nerve block The peroneal nerve supplies the innervations to tibialis anterior , long medial and lateral digital extensors and peroneus longus and peroneus brevis.the block of the nerve will desensitize the antero-lateral part of leg and pes and anteromedial of fetlock joint Indication : Diagnosis of lameness Site: Cattle : nerve is blocked immediately behind the posterior edge of the lateral condyle of the tibia. Tibial nerve block The tibial nerve supplies the innervation to the gastrocnemius ,superficial and deep didgital flexors , popliteus and tibialis postero-medial and postero-lateral aspect of pes a little above the hock. Indication : Diagnosis of lameness and tibial neurectomy Site: Horse : The nerve blocked by inserting the needle about 10 cm above the hock between the tendo-achilles and digital extensor on the medial aspect of the limb. Pudic Nerve Block Pudic nerve is the continuation of the ventral branch of the 3rd sacral nerve with a variable contribution from 2nd and 4th sacral spinal nerves It can be best judged by palpating per rectum the internal pudic artery on the latero-ventral aspect of the pelvic cavity just cranial to the lesser sciatic foramen The artery is usually one inch below the nerve Indications Surgical interference with the penis and prepuce Site The ischiorectal fossa of either side (the depression between the anal orifice and the ischial tuberocity). Site for Collection of Bone marrow Indication: For disease investigation Site: A.Cattle, Horse, Sheep & Goat- 1.Ribs 2.Tuber coxae B.Dod, Cat & Pig- 1.Iliac crest 2. Proximal end of femur Site for collection of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Ultra-filtrate of plasma, produced mostly by the choroid plexi within the ventricular system. It surrounds the brain and spinal cord, flowing caudally from the ventricular system through the central canal of the spinal cord toward the cauda equina. 1.Puncture of Cisterna magna(Sub occipital site)- For Horse Dog,Cattle, Sheep 2. Lumbo sacral Puncture- Cattle , sheep & Goat Liver biopsy Liver biopsy The usual site is the 12th intercostal space on the right, in a line from tuber coxae to the point of the shoulder In the bovine, an area at the junction of upper and middle third of 10th or 11th intercostal space on the right side as liver is located on right side of abdominal cavity. Liver biopsy is difficult in the horse because of the great expanse of the lung. Gall bladder biopsy Ventral part of 11th intercostal space on right side as gall bladder projects beyond right border of liver in cattle