Recombinant DNA Applications PDF

Applications and Relevant Issues on Recombinant DNA Growing up as a kid, you might be drinking cow’s milk. It is rich in calcium, vitamins A and D, and essential carbohydrates and fats. Also, its amino acid tryptophan helps you to have a deeper sleep. 2 Through recombinant...

Applications and Relevant Issues on Recombinant DNA Growing up as a kid, you might be drinking cow’s milk. It is rich in calcium, vitamins A and D, and essential carbohydrates and fats. Also, its amino acid tryptophan helps you to have a deeper sleep. 2 Through recombinant DNA technology, some cows can now produce proteins that humans normally produce. These proteins are available in their milk—therapeutic milk. 3 Genetic engineering has various applications, from agriculture and pharmaceuticals, to the revitalization of our polluted waters. 4 However, various international groups are continuously opposing the process of genetic modification. 5 How about you? After you have learned the details of the process of recombinant DNA technology, what is your position about its potential applications? 6 How is rDNA technology applied to various fields? 7 Applications of Genetic Engineering Agriculture Bioremediation rDNA Technol Pharmaceuticals ogy Genetic Testing Gene Therapy 8 How does recombinant DNA technology become an important tool in agriculture? 9 Applications: Agriculture Some of the genetically modified crops include corn, rice, soy, tobacco, tomato, and cotton. 10 Applications: Agriculture 11 Applications: Agriculture Golden Rice Produces and stores beta carotene in its grains With phytoene synthase gene from corn Approved by the Department of Agriculture Can address vitamin A deficiency in poor nations 12 Applications: Agriculture 13 Applications: Agriculture Glyphosate herbicide cannot distinguish crops from weeds Herbicide interferes with amino acid synthesis Foreign resistance gene from A. tumefaciens Glyphosate- resistant Produced by the Agri-Tech Soybeans Company, Monsanto 14 Applications: Agriculture 15 Applications: Agriculture To address early ripening and rotting of tomatoes GM crop with an extended shelf-life Suppressed expression of polygalacturonase May be subjected to ripening by using ethylene FLAVR SAVR Tomatoes 16 Applications: Agriculture 17  Applications: Agriculture An application in biopharming involving cows Cows with foreign genes from humans Cows can produce human proteins in their milk Their milk is said to have therapeutic properties Bioreactor Cows 18 Applications: Agriculture 19  Applications: Agriculture With improved growth rate than Atlantic salmon AquAdvantage Salmon With growth hormone gene from Chinook salmon With an additional promoter gene from ocean pout Growth duration occurs for the entire year 20 How can pollution be addressed through recombinant DNA technology? 21 Applications: Bioremediation 22 Applications: Bioremediation Use of microbes to degrade environmental contaminants Considered cost-effective and noninvasive Improvement of microbes’ bioremediation capacity Examples: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis 23 Many oil spill events took place in the last two decades. How can genetic engineering help in minimizing the environmental degradation brought about by these catastrophic events? 24 Applications: Pharmaceuticals 25  Applications: Pharmaceuticals Use of non-virulent E. coli to produce human insulin Previous extraction involve slaughter of cows and pigs First commercialized form was Humulin by Eli Lilly Other proteins include clotting factors and hGH 26 Applications: Genetic Testing 27 Applications: Genetic Testing Detection of genetic disorders, especially at birth Applicable to asymptomatic and late- onset disorders Uses DNA probes and polymerase chain reaction Example: detection of Huntington’s disease 28 Applications: Gene Therapy 29  Applications: Gene Therapy Treatment of genetic disorders in humans Introduction of normal genes into viruses Viruses are used as vectors to introduce genes Applied to the treatment of hemophilia 30 A mature individual cannot completely alter his or her genotype to reverse the effects of a genetic disorder. How can genetic engineering address this? 31 Relevant Issues: Potential Health Effects Allergic Compromised Reactions Immunity Possible Cancer Health Effects Toxic Effects Formation Loss of nutrition 32 Relevant Issues: Potential Health Effects No significant No negative effects on difference in toxicity kidney and digestive between GM and non- function GM crops National Academie s of Sciences, Not related to Engineeri Not related to cancer formation obesity and diabetes ng and Medicine (2016) Not related to the prevalence of autism 33 Relevant Issues: Potential Effects on Biodiversity Horizontal Loss of wild gene transfer species Biodiver Invasion of sity Reduction in GMOs in wild variation Decline in Biodiversity 34 Relevant Issues: Ethics Greenpeace and their continuous campaign against the creation of genetically modified crops in Monsanto Corporation 35 Relevant Issues: Ethics “Playing God” Corporate argument exploitation Ethic Going against Reduction in what is “natural” s variation Possible depression (for those who knew they have a genetic disorder) 36 If you work at a medical facility where you screen individuals for possible genetic disorders, what ethical considerations should you keep in mind? 37 Identify the term/s described in each of the following statements. 1.This enzyme is underexpressed in FLAVR SAVR tomatoes to delay their ripening. 2.This viral strain is important in introducing a normal clotting factor gene to a hemophilic individual. 3.This company first secured a licensed and marketed insulin from recombinant DNA 38 Classify the genetic modifications mentioned below according to their applications. Write A for agriculture, B for pharmaceuticals, C for bioremediation, D for genetic testing, and E for gene therapy. 1.The growth hormone gene from Chinook salmon is introduced to Atlantic salmon. 2.An adult sheep is modified to improve the concentration of proteins available in its milk. 39 Classify the genetic modifications mentioned below according to their applications. Write A for agriculture, B for pharmaceuticals, C for bioremediation, D for genetic testing, and E for gene therapy. 3.Various fleshy-fruit producing crops are genetically modified to prolong their shelf life. 4.The prevalence of viral diseases in crops has been significantly lowered through rDNA technology. 40  Crops are genetically engineered to possess various desirable traits that would ultimately address global food security concerns. 41  Golden rice is a product of the introduction of multiple genes to normal rice to allow synthesis and retention of beta carotene in grains. Soybeans are modified to become more tolerant to glyphosate herbicide Tomatoes have their polygalacturonase gene underexpressed to delay ripening and extend shelf life. 42  Cows are genetically engineered to address the demand for pharmaceutical products. In addition to their agricultural purposes, cows are modified to produce therapeutic proteins in their milk. In addition, to address the seasonal growth of Atlantic salmon, foreign genes are introduced to it to allow growth throughout the year. 43  Aside from their potential in pharmaceuticals, bacterial cells are genetically engineered to address bioremediation concerns. The genetic modification allowed them to metabolize various environmental contaminants such as crude oil. 44  Recombinant DNA technology also gave power to geneticists to detect genetic disorders at their presymptomatic stage. Through genetic testing, children and adults can determine if they are affected by a late-onset disorder. 45  Individuals who are also affected by certain genetic disorders can be treated to a certain extent through gene therapy, a technique where normal genes are introduced into some cells of affected individuals for them to produce the necessary functional proteins. 46  Various ethical and potential health issues surround genetic engineering. However, more scientific research studies are required to completely determine if its risks outweigh its benefits. 47 Genetic engineering, its applications and relevant issues 48 Gene therapy is a major medical breakthrough in rDNA technology. What do you think are the limitations of gene therapy? 49