Recombinant DNA Technology PDF

Recombinant DNA Technology  Lesson Outline Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA The processes involved in genetic engineering RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUE Recombinant DNA technology is defined by Encyclopedia Britannica: “the joining together of DNA...

Recombinant DNA Technology  Lesson Outline Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA The processes involved in genetic engineering RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUE Recombinant DNA technology is defined by Encyclopedia Britannica: “the joining together of DNA molecules from different organisms and inserting it into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture and industry.”  RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUE According to Pham (2018), “recombinant DNA technology is a major DNA-based tool that opens a new age for modern biotechnology. With this technology, a gene or multiple genes can be identified, cut, and inserted into the genome of another organisms. Using this technology, the first drugs of medical biotechnology were produced, namely human insulin”.  RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUE The recombinant DNA technology was advanced by the collaboration of Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1972. They also established the first company that focused on recombinant DNA technology (Genentech) in 1976. Stanley Herbert  Recombinant DNA Technology 3 main tools 1.Enzymes- restricitons enzymes, plomerases, and ligases 2. Vectors 3. Host organism  Recombinant DNA Technology 3 main tools 1.Enzymes which include the restriction enzymes- help to cut, the polymerases- help to synthesize and the ligases-help to bind.  Recombinant DNA Technology 3 main tools 2. The Vectors- help in carrying and integrating the desired gene. -this form is a very important part of the tools for DNA Recombinant technology. -are made up of an origin of replication Example: Plasmids and bactriophages most common vectors in recombinant DNA technology VECTORS Example VECTORS VECTORS  Recombinant DNA Technology 3 main tools 3. Host organism- into which the recombinant DNA is introduced. The host is the ultimate tool of recombinant DNA technology which takes in the vector engineered wit hthe desired DNA withthe help of the enzymes.  STEPS IN RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY (PHAM, 2018) Step 1. cutting the desired DNA by restriction sites; Step 2 amplifying the gene copies by PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction); Step 3 inserting the genes into the vectors; Step 4 transferring the vectors into host organism; and Step 5 obtaining the products of recombinant genes APPLICATIONS OF DNA TECHNOLOGY  DNA TECHNOLOGY PROVIDED RELEVANT IMPROVEMENTS IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS:  SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH PARTICULARLY IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE INDUSTRY FORENSICS AGRICULLTURE ENVIRONMENT DNA TECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE  EXAMPLES: TEST FOR THE GENE CAUSING SICKLE CELL DISEASE  EXAMPLES: TEST FOR THE GENE CAUSING HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE  EXAMPLES: TEST FOR THE GENE CAUSING HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE  EXAMPLES: DOZENS OF MENDELIAN DISORDERS  VACCINES SYNTHESIZED BIOLOGICALLY THROUGH rec DNA TECHNOLOGY. ARE EFFECTIVE AGAINST NUMEROUS SERIOUS DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND PROTOZOA. VACCINES  VACCINES INCLUDES: VACCINE FOR : POLIO MALARIA CHOLERA HEPATITIS RABIES SMALLPOX,  CHOLER MALAR A IA POLI O HEPATIT SMALLP  PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS ARE VERY ANTIBIOTICS EFFECTIVE AGAINST DIFFERENT VIRAL, BACTRIAL, AND PROTOZOAN DISEASES. TETRACYCLIN PENICILLIN STREPTOMYCIN MOVOBIOCIN BACITRACIN, ETC. DNA TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY VARIOUS COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT CHEMINICALS PRODUCED MORE EFFICIENTLY BY UTILIZING THE METHODS OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY ALCOHOLS AND ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES OBTAINED THROUGH FERMENTATION; ORGANIC ACIDS LIKE CITRIC ACID, ACETIC ACID, ETC AND VITAMINS PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS.  ANOTHER APPLICATION OF DNA TECHNOLOGY IS FOUND IN BIOFUEL WHICH ARE DERIVED FROM BIOMASS AND THESE ARE RENEWABLE AND COST EFFECTIVE  Genetic Engineering plays an essentially importan role in a beneficial and large scale production of biofuels like biogas, bio- hydragen, diodiesel, bio-ethanol, etc. Genetically stable high producing mircroorganisms are being developed by using modern recombinant DNA techniques, which aid in an efficient production bioenergy.  DNA technology in agriculture Recombinant DNA technology has been widely used also in agriculture for the purpose of improving the yields in crops and production of farm animals while reducing the adverse effect of pests and insects that caused damage to the various crops and diseases among breeding farm animals. DNA technology in agriculture Transgenic plants have been developed with better qualities like resistance to herbicides, insects or viruses or with expression of male sterility etc. DNA TECHNOLOGY IN FORENSICS Recombinant DNA technology has also been used in forensic science to identify a criminal suspect using DNA samples obtsined from various biological sources at the crime scnes, the test is called genetic fingerprinting  DNA TECHNOLOGY IN FORENSICS This method can also be used in paternity test, maternity test, identification of human remains (Bhagavan & Ha, 2015  DNA TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENT Genetic engineering makes its contributions to the environment protection in various ways. The new approach utilized for waste treatments and bioremediation Environment protection means the conservation of resources and hence to limit the degradation of environment.  DNA TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENT Major approach of recombinant DNA technology are: degradation of toxic pollutants which harm the environment. Different microbes used for seawage treatment, waste water treatment, industrial effluent treatment and for bioremediation are greatly improved by genetic engineering practices nad present better results. SAFETY and ETHICAL ISSUES IN DNA TECHNOLOGY GENERAL PRINCIPLES THAT UNDERPIN GENETICS TESTING IN ALL OF THE CONTEXTS INCLUDES: 1. Patient identification 2.Consent 3.Understanding the limitations of the tests 4.Testing of children 5.Confidentiality 6.Duty to inform (Stewart & Burnett) GENERAL PRINCIPLES THAT UNDERPIN GENETICS TESTING IN ALL OF THE CONTEXTS INCLUDES: Accdg. to Breener (2018) of Science. com, he mentioned the pros and cons of cloning. In terms of the benfits of cloning, it includes being able to create tissue and organs that doctors can use when needed for surgery on the original. If labs can clone and grow only the parts needed, this would eliminate the moral and ethical issues associated with cloning an entire person. GENERAL PRINCIPLES THAT UNDERPIN GENETICS TESTING IN ALL OF THE CONTEXTS INCLUDES: Other benefits inlcude growing stem cells, cloning lab mice gneetically engineered for the specific study, bringing back extinct species, reproducing a pet that died, and cloning a livestock for food.  THE DISCOVERY The first clone, Dolly the sheep, born to a surrogate in 1996, was a genetic copy of a six-year old sheep. Dolly on lived to six years old herself. At five of age she developed arthritis, and the researchers put her to sleep at age six because of tumors in her lungs. THE DISCOVERY SEVERAL RISK ASSOCIATED TO THE GENETIC ENGINEERING 1.Hazardous toxins produced by genetic engineering of several organisms like botulinum toxin, neurotixins, aflatoxins etc. can be used as biological weapon 2. Advancement in biotechnology have also aided the terrorists to produce potent biological warfare agents. The genetically engineered microbes causing severe diseases like E. Coli, Haemophilus influenza, etc. can be used for the same SEVERAL RISK ASSOCIATED TO THE GENETIC ENGINEERING 3. Introduction of superior genetically engineered varieties is replacing the wild type varieties and is causing a considerable loss to biodiversity. 4. Gene drug preparation and gene therapy approaches involve the introduction of genes into the target cells. There is a fear that incorrect integration of gene into target cells may cause problems by inactivating the essentials genes. SEVERAL RISK ASSOCIATED TO THE GENETIC ENGINEERING 3. Introduction of superior genetically engineered varieties is replacing the wild type varieties and is causing a considerable loss to biodiversity. 4. Gene drug preparation and gene therapy approaches involve the introduction of genes into the target cells. There is a fear that incorrect integration of gene into target cells may cause problems by inactivating the essentials genes. SEVERAL RISK ASSOCIATED TO THE GENETIC ENGINEERING 3. Introduction of superior genetically engineered varieties is replacing the wild type varieties and is causing a considerable loss to biodiversity. 4. Gene drug preparation and gene therapy approaches involve the introduction of genes into the target cells. There is a fear that incorrect integration of gene into target cells may cause problems by inactivating the essentials genes.  ASSIGNMENT 1.What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? 2. How does it improve agriculture in the country?