APHG Notes Chapter 2&3 PDF

2.1: Population Pyramids and Human Geography Population Distribution A population distribution map illustrates where people predominantly live, with high concentrations in regions like India, China, and Indonesia. Factors influencing population distribution include: Natural Re...

2.1: Population Pyramids and Human Geography Population Distribution A population distribution map illustrates where people predominantly live, with high concentrations in regions like India, China, and Indonesia. Factors influencing population distribution include: Natural Resources: People tend to settle in areas with abundant resources, avoiding deserts like the Saharas. Socioeconomics: Economic opportunities impact where people choose to live and their gender role in society. Political Decisions: War and government policies can cause population movements. Accessibility: Areas with better transportation links attract more inhabitants. Analyzing Population Pyramids Understanding and analyzing population pyramids is crucial for recognizing the demographic characteristics of a region. The structure of a population pyramid provides insights into: Dependency Ratios: The number of dependents compared to the workforce. Birth and Death Rates: Reflecting societal health and economic stabilities. Higher death rates means that there is a higher population of elderly that live higher than or close to the retirement age that die in stage four and five of the DTM Gender Makeup: Observing differences that may be influenced by factors like migration and wars. Life Expectancy: Different societies show varying life expectancies based on development levels.  Economically Active Populations: A larger middle section indicates a healthier economy. Population Growth: Compare the percentage of population by age groups Population Projections: Projection of future size and age structure of a population Shapes of Population Pyramids Population pyramids can take on three primary shapes, each indicating different developmental stages: ★ Triangle: Characterizes developing nations with high birth rates and low life expectancies, often resulting in rapid growth. ○ Niger ○ Afghanistan ○ Stage Two of DTM ★ Rectangle: Represents developed countries where population growth is stable and life expectancies are higher ○ Stage 3 or 4 of DTM ○ United States ○ France ★ Inverted Pyramid: Found in countries with an aging population, leading to negative growth ○ Stage 5 of DTM ○ Japan ○ Germany Real-World Examples Specific countries showcasing different population pyramids were analyzed: Namibia: Reflects a developing nation with high birth rates and low life expectancies. United States: Exhibits stable growth with an almost equal number of infants and older adults. Japan: An inverted shape reveals challenges related to an aging population. Free Response Questions (FRQs) FRQs typically require explanations of demographic characteristics and how they relate to economic development, both positively and negatively. The instructor emphasizes the straightforward nature of these questions and encourages practice to improve understanding and answering skills. The Demographic Transition Model The demographic transition model describes societal evolution through four stages, linked to livelihood activities that impact birth rates, death rates, and overall populations. Stage One: Pre-Modern Societies  This is the hunter-gatherer phase, lasting about half a million years, characterized by nomadic lifestyles and a total reliance on nature. Birth and death rates are both extremely high and erratic due to environmental factors, leading to a low total population. Fertility rates are exceptionally high as women have many children for survival, with infant mortality rates also notably high. Stage One societies have mostly disappeared, although some small indigenous groups may still exist in remote areas. Stage Two: Urbanization and Industrial Phase Transitioning to agriculture, societies move towards settled farming and then toward industrial work, spanning over 8,000 years. While the birth rate remains high and stabilizes, the death rate declines significantly due to better food supply, technology, and health advances. The overall population experiences explosive growth as death rates plummet while birth rates remain high. Examples of Stage Two societies include parts of Africa and Southeast Asia, where many people are still farmers. Stage Three: Mature Industrial Phase This phase marks further urbanization, with more people working in industrial and service sectors, and a significant shift towards urban living. Medical advancements and improved education, especially for women, lead to lower birth rates and declining death rates, although the population continues to grow rapidly due to cultural lags. Examples of countries in early to late Stage Three include Argentina, Brazil, and parts of Africa and Asia, reflecting varying family sizes and industrial developments. Stage Four: Post-Industrial Society  In Stage Four, society shifts to a focus on service sector jobs, while only a small minority are engaged in farming or industrial jobs. Both birth rates and death rates are very low, leading to a stable high population that does not experience dramatic growth. Wealthy countries such as the USA and the UK, which heavily engage in technological innovation and offer extensive healthcare, fall into this stage. Potential Stage Five: Shrinking Population Discussed as a possible future stage where birth rates fall below death rates, leading to a shrinking population. Countries like Japan and parts of Europe are experiencing this demographic trend as lifestyle preferences shift away from having children. Overall Patterns and Predictions The demographic transition illustrates increasing urbanization, industrialization, technology, education, healthcare, and life expectancy, with decreasing infant mortality and fertility rates as societies evolve. This understanding helps to analyze current population growth trends and make predictions about future demographic changes across different countries. 2.2: Introduction to Fiveable and AP Human Geography Population Growth and Decline Role of Demographic Transition Model (DTM) The DTM outlines stages of population growth in relation to economic development and mortality rates.  The birth and death rates typically start out high, then undergo significant changes, with population increases observed when death rates decline more rapidly than birth rates. Understanding Population Growth Population growth has historically been attributed to improved infant survival rates rather than increased birth rates, particularly following the Industrial Revolution. Case studies of various countries are discussed to illustrate different stages of population change and the factors influencing these shifts. Current Population Trends The presenter emphasizes that understanding population dynamics can inform broader societal issues, including resource management and economic stability. While some countries are experiencing rapid population growth, countries in stage five of the DTM face potential population decline due to lower birth rates and aging demographics. Epidemiologic Transition (ET) It is not the same as DTM, but it helps identify stages of illnesses/threats with each stage of DTM. What illnesses are happening in each DTM stage? Stage 1: Large-scale famine Large-scale epidemic diseases Low life expectancy Stage 2: Start to avoid major sickness Sanitation and hygiene education Reduced spread of diseases Stage 3:  Decrease odds of getting sicknesses Human-created diseases (heart attack, cancer, etc.) Stage 4: Degenerative diseases still exist Medical advancement Stage 5: Re-emergence of infectious diseases & parasitic diseases Poverty Eradicated diseases Pandemics through relocation diffusion ○ AIDS ○ EBOLA Dependency ratio: #non-working age/# age 15-65 Stage 2 countries have many under 15 Late stage 4 is much older than 65 Stage 1 & 2: High youth dependency due to high birth rates, and low elderly dependency. Stage 3: Decreasing youth dependency, low elderly dependency, and overall balance. Stages 4 & 5: Increasing elderly dependency, very low youth dependency, and overall high dependency ratio due to the aging population. The replacement rate for TFR is 2.1 Eugenic Population Policies Favors one racial or cultural sector over the sector Started in the U.S. Favor some don’t favor some  Holocaust Migration Population rises in developed countries due to net-in migration (the number of people coming in exceeds the number of people going out of a country) ○ Coming in for better conditions Population rate can also rise in developing countries due to net-out migration (the number of people leaving exceeds the number of people coming into a country) ○ Overpopulation ○ War ○ Famine ○ Political Instability ○ Seek better conditions Ethnic enclaves are neighborhoods or communities within a larger region that are predominantly inhabited by a particular ethnic group. Cultural reasons people may migrate are because of their religion, beliefs, sexual orientation, or oppression of their ethnicity or race. This may be for forced or voluntary reasons. Economics is the number one reason why people move to or within a country that provides more job opportunities. Cyclic Movement Movement away from home for a short period ○ Commuting ○ Regular trips away from home and back Periodic Movement Movement away from home for a longer period ○ Migrant labor ○ Transhumance ○ Military service Canada’s interregional migration starts from east to west, similar to the US trend Russia is the reversal China people are moving to larger coastal areas Rural to urban in India 2.7 Population Policies: Germany has taken many refugees during the latter part of the 20th century Introduction to Population Policies ○ Cody Austin introduces the topic of population policies as part of his AP Human Geography streaming session, sharing his personal experience of achieving a high score on the exam. ○ The stream is planned as a mix of knowledge assessment, discussion on population growth, and exploration of various population policies. Population Growth Analysis ○ The discussion will include the demographic transition model as a representation of how the population changes with development. ○ Stages of the demographic transition:  Stage 1: High mortality and birth rates, resulting in population stagnation. Stage 2: Declining death rates, leading to rapid population increase. Stage 3: Birth rates begin to decline, moving towards stabilization. Stage 4: Low birth rates close to matching death rates, leading to slow growth. Stage 5: Possible decline in population if birth rates fall below death rates. Pro-Natal Policies ○ These policies aim to increase birth rates by encouraging families to have more children through various incentives. ○ Examples of pro-natal measures include improved maternity/paternity leave, affordable childcare, and extensive support systems for parents. ○ Cultural and Societal Norms, access to education, and reproductive health services play the largest role in TFR and how many children are born Anti-Natal Policies ○ Opposite to pro-natal, these policies aim to limit population growth by discouraging large families and may include fines or restrictions.  ○ China's one-child policy is highlighted as a historical example of anti-natal measures, which can lead to various social issues such as gender imbalances. ○ China made economic benefits for people who only had one child Eugenic Policies ○ These policies seek to increase the population of specific sub-groups within a society, often tied to racial or ethnic components. ○ Historical examples include practices used in Nazi Germany, aimed at promoting the Aryan population while suppressing others. Mean the same thing, but different perspectives: Unauthorized immigrant ○ Used by academic, neutral observers Undocumented Immigrant ○ Used by advocate groups ○ Help these people Illegal Alien ○ Used by groups favoring tougher restrictions Coyotes are smugglers for immigrants The United States was the largest remittance SOURCE country ○ India ○ Mexico ○ China ○ Philippines Islands of Development ○ Places within a region or a country where foreign investment jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated  ○ Western Africa has oil factory, which attracts workers ○ By itself in area of less developed countries Between 1500 and 1950, major global migration flows were influenced largely by ○ Exploration ○ Colonization ○ The Atlantic Slave Trade What regions tend to generate the most refugees? ○ North Africa and Southwest Asia ○ Sub-Saharan Africa ○ South Asia ○ Southeast Asia ○ Europe Quotas ○ Limit the number of migrants from each region into a country A country uses selective immigration to bar people with certain backgrounds from entering Immigration Laws ○ Laws that restrict or allow migration of certain groups into a country Employment and Economic Control Access to employment is closely linked to education, with fewer women holding full-time jobs compared to men globally. Women's economic participation often correlates with reduced fertility rates, as educated women tend to have fewer children and more control over their lives. Health Care and Family Planning  Health care, including prenatal and postnatal care, is vital for improving maternal and child health outcomes, which influences fertility rates and family planning dynamics. The availability and use of contraceptives directly impact women's ability to manage reproductive choices effectively. Pronatalist and Anti-natalist Policies Countries adopt pronatalist policies to increase birth rates when populations decline and anti-natalist policies to control excessive population growth, as seen in China's one-child policy. Over time, these policies can lead to demographic issues, necessitating adjustments to maintain a balanced population. Ravenstein's Laws of Migration Historically, males were more likely to migrate for work, but recent trends show that female migration has increased, accounting for over half of all migrants to the United States. Factors contributing to this shift include the growing female workforce in developed countries and policies enabling women to join their spouses abroad. Political Consequences of Aging Populations Old people vote more Government puts more effort into healthcare and retirement Social Consequences Countries with aging populations invest more in retirement homes and find more people to take care of them Economic Consequences Fewer people in the workforce  Less money will be spent on education, technology, innovation, and etc. Social security and pension systems affected heavily (more pressure) High Physiological density pressure on land to produce enough food Small amount of arable land, larger amount of people High agricultural density suggests heavy manual labor and lack of modern technology Small amount of farmers, large amount of arable land High Arithmetic Density large population living in a small area issues with overcrowding, resource competition, and infrastructure strain, especially in urban areas The standard biological ratio at birth is 105:100 in developed regions like North America, Europe, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa, but 112:100 in China and India, indicating a low percentage of female newborns. Maternal mortality rate, excluding accidental causes, is high in Africa and Asia, exceeding 100 deaths per 100,000 mothers, compared to fewer than 10 in most European countries. Intraregional Migration People move from rural areas to suburban areas Cultural Reasons to Migrate Politically ○ Refugee ○ IDP ○ Asylum Seeker Environmental ○ Pushed from hazardous ones, attracted to physical regions Attracted to: Mountains Seasides Warm climates Stages of Migration Transition: Stage 1: Pre-Industrial Societies: ○ Characterized by very little migration, primarily subsistence farming. ○ Any movement tends to be local and driven by immediate needs, such as environmental changes or resource availability. Stage 2: Early Industrial Societies: ○ Significant internal migration occurs as people move from rural areas to urban centers for job opportunities, driven by industrialization and urbanization. ○ International migration also increases, with many people emigrating from less developed countries to more developed ones seeking better economic prospects. Stage 3: Mature Industrial Societies: ○ Internal migration continues, but the focus may shift from rural-to-urban migration to urban-to-suburban migration as people seek better living conditions.  ○ International migration may still occur but is often characterized by more diverse patterns, including immigration from both developing and developed countries. Stage 4: Post-Industrial Societies: ○ Migration patterns stabilize, with lower rates of both internal and international migration. ○ People may migrate for quality of life reasons rather than purely economic ones, such as climate or lifestyle preferences. Stage 5: Highly Developed Societies: ○ Migration becomes more complex and diversified, with both incoming and outgoing flows. ○ Countries may experience a mix of high-skilled immigration, refugee flows, and emigration of skilled workers seeking opportunities abroad. Colonial Era (1607-1776) Originated from the establishment of the first permanent English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Majority of immigrants were from Europe, including England, Spain, France, and the Netherlands. Many immigrants came as indentured servants seeking economic opportunities, religious freedom, or part of colonization efforts. Significant population growth occurred through voluntary immigration and forced migration of enslaved individuals. Mass Immigration Era (1820-1920)  Significant increase in immigration from Ireland, Germany, Italy, Poland, Russia, and other parts of Europe. Many immigrants sought economic opportunities, escaping famine, political upheaval, or persecution. Establishment of Ellis Island as a primary immigration processing center. Modern Era (1920-Present) Diversified immigration sources, including immigrants from Latin America, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Types of immigration included legal immigration, family reunification, employment-based visas, and undocumented immigration. Immigration Act of 1965 abolished earlier quota systems, leading to a new wave of immigrants from non-European countries. Current trends: U.S. continues to be a destination for refugees, asylum seekers, skilled workers, and their families.