APCVS Week 4 (Chapter 29) 2022-1 PDF

“Where Education Comes To Life” Course: APCVS Week: 4 (Chapter 29)  Objectives 1. Explain the purpose and function of the respiratory system. 2. List and explain the structures and functions of the organs of the respiratory system. 3. Identify and discuss common disorders a...

“Where Education Comes To Life” Course: APCVS Week: 4 (Chapter 29)  Objectives 1. Explain the purpose and function of the respiratory system. 2. List and explain the structures and functions of the organs of the respiratory system. 3. Identify and discuss common disorders associated with the respiratory system. O Sinusitis O Cold/Flu O Rhinitis O Lung Cancer O Pharyngitis O Laryngitis O Legionnaires O Bronchitis O Pulmonary embolism O Asthma/COPD O Tuberculosis O Emphysema O Pneumonia “Where Education Comes To Life”  Overview of the Respiratory System O Actions of inhalation and exhalation achieved by alternating contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles O Diaphragm O Muscles attached to ribs (intercostal muscles) O Muscles of the neck “Where Education Comes To Life”  Organs of the Respiratory System O Upper Respiratory Tract O Nose O Paranasal sinuses O Pharynx (throat) O Larynx (voicebox) “Where Education Comes To Life”  Organs of the Respiratory System O Lower Respiratory Tract O Trachea (splits into two main branches called bronchi) O Tiny branches of bronchi called bronchioles O Lungs “Where Education Comes To Life”  Respiratory System O Nose O Warm, moisturize and filter air O Pharynx O Larynx O Epiglottis protects the larynx from food during swallowing O Trachea O “C” shaped cartilage keeps the tube open O Bronchi (you have 2 bronchi—left and right) O “C” shaped cartilage keeps the tube open O Bronchioles O “C” shaped cartilage keeps the tube open O Alveoli O Gas exchange in these tiny air sacs “Where Education Comes To Life” Respiration Video “Where Education Comes To Life” The Sinuses: air pockets within the boney skull “Where Education Comes To Life”  Nose O Nose O Organ of smell O Component of respiration and voice O Warms inhaled air O The Conchae (Turbinates) are folds with blood vessels – the heart from the blood warms the air as it passes O Filters the air O Traps dust, pollen, other foreign matter with hair and hair-like microscopic projections (cilia) O Moisturize air: tears from the eye drain into the nose by the nasolacrimal duct “Where Education Comes To Life” Important structures “Where Education Comes To Life”  Pharynx/Tonsils O Pharynx O Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) O Palatine tonsils O Lingual tonsils O Tonsils part of immune system and help in infection control “Where Education Comes To Life”  Larynx O Larynx O Also known as voice box O Muscular, cartilaginous structure lined with mucous membrane O Epiglottis: flap that covers over the larynx to prevent food from going into the larynx when you swallow “Where Education Comes To Life”  Trachea O Trachea O Also known as windpipe Extends from larynx in the throat to bronchi in chest cavity. C-shaped rings of cartilage protect structure and shape of trachea “Where Education Comes To Life”  Bronchi O Two main branches (right and left bronchus) from trachea that extend into lungs O After entering lungs, bronchi subdivide into the bronchial tree, which continues to branch into smaller and smaller branches “Where Education Comes To Life”  Bronchioles O Smallest components of bronchial tree O Thin layer of epithelium and smooth muscle O Terminate at alveoli in the lungs “Where Education Comes To Life”  Alveoli O Small air sacs that support network of capillaries where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes O Average adult's lungs contain about 600 million alveoli O Surfactant reduces surface tension of the fluid in the wet surfaces of the air-filled sacs “Where Education Comes To Life”  Organs of the Respiratory System O Lungs O Hilum O Wedge-shaped area on central portion of each lung where primary bronchus, arteries, veins, and nerves enter and exit lung O Pleura O Thin sheets of epithelium; covers outside of lungs (visceral pleura) and inside of thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) “Where Education Comes To Life”  Basic Anatomy O Right lung: 3 lobes O Left lung: 2 lobes O Due to the heart O Lungs sit on top of the diaphragm “Where Education Comes To Life” Basic Lung Anatomy O Apex— narrow upper part of each lung, under collarbone O Base— broad lower part of each lung; rests on diaphragm “Where Education Comes To Life”  Basic Lung Anatomy O Pleura—moist, smooth, slippery membrane that lines chest cavity and covers outer surface of lungs; reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing O The parietal and visceral pleura must slide against each other with each breath. Fluid reduces the friction. “Where Education Comes To Life”  Mechanism of Breathing O Ventilation O Movement of air to and from the lungs O Two Processes of Ventilation O Inhalation: active O Exhalation: passive but can be active O Brought about by nervous system and respiratory muscles “Where Education Comes To Life” Transport of O2 and CO2 O Hemoglobin (Hgb) – protein in RBC O Carries O2 from lungs to body cells OOxyhemoglobin O Carries CO2 from body back to lungs OCarboxyhemoglobin “Where Education Comes To Life”  Respiration O Receptors influencing respiration O Chemoreceptors —respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and blood acid levels; located in carotid and aortic bodies O Pulmonary stretch receptors — respond to the stretch in lungs, thus protecting respiratory organs from overinflation “Where Education Comes To Life” Test Your Knowledge O Match these O With these diseases definitions (Can use them more than 1. Sinus once) A. C-shaped cartilage 2. Pharynx rings 3. Larynx B. You have 2 of them 4. Trachea C. Air space within 5. Bronchi the skull D. The throat 6. Bronchioles E. Voice box Click to see all answers “Where Education Comes To Life”  Test Your Knowledge O Match these O With these diseases definitions (Can use them more than C 1. Sinus once) A. C-shaped cartilage D 2. Pharynx rings E 3. Larynx B. You have 2 of them A 4. Trachea C. Air space within A, 5. Bronchi the skull D. The throat B 6. Bronchioles E. Voice box A Click to see all answers “Where Education Comes To Life”  Common Disorders O Sinusitis O Cold/Flu O Rhinitis O Lung Cancer O Pharyngitis O Legionnaires O Laryngitis O Pulmonary O Bronchitis embolism O Asthma/COPD O Tuberculosis O Emphysema O Pneumonia “Where Education Comes To Life”  Sinusitis “Where Education Comes To Life”  Rhinitis O Allergy: hay fever O Treated with antihistamines, nasal steroids, saline flushes O Viral: common cold O Treated with drugs to alleviate symptoms (there are no anti-viral drugs against the common cold virus) “Where Education Comes To Life”  Pharyngitis O Inflammation/infection of the pharynx O Exudate (pus) on the tonsils O Bacterial as with “Strep” throat O Tx: antibiotics O Viral as with mononucleosis O Tx: your body has to fight off the viral infection ( 4-6 weeks) “Where Education Comes To Life”  Laryngitis Inflammation/ infection of the larynx O Can be from overuse (extreme singing/talking) or viral or bacterial “Where Education Comes To Life”  Asthma O Chronic, inflammatory disease of the bronchi O May be related to allergic reactions O Common irritants: pet dander, cigarette smoke, pollen, other substances O Irritations causes swelling O Affects trachea and/or bronchial tubes O Results in coughing, which adds to irritation O Difficulty breathing (dyspnea) O Wheezing and tightness in chest O Bronchodilators treatment of choice “Where Education Comes To Life” Asthma and COPD Video “Where Education Comes To Life”  Common Cold / Flu O Viral infection of upper Influenza respiratory tract  Commonly called the flu O Caused by more than  Caused by viruses that 200 viruses O infect respiratory tract Rhinovirus most  Often more serious than common virus O Many cold viruses common cold highly contagious;  High Fevers transmitted through  Mutates over time droplets which is why each year O Transmitted through a new vaccination is sneezing and required coughing, hand-to- hand contact, use of shared objects “Where Education Comes To Life”  Cold/Flu “Where Education Comes To Life”  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) O Combination of related diseases–chronic bronchitis and emphysema O Chronic/progressive obstruction of flow of air through airways and out of lungs O Smoking responsible for 85 to 90 percent of cases O Treatment O Prevent further deterioration in lung function O Alleviate symptoms O Smoking cessation O Bronchodilators “Where Education Comes To Life”  Bronchitis O Membrane in bronchial passages becomes inflamed with swelling and mucous accumulation O Acute O Lasting less than six weeks O Chronic O Recurring frequently for more than two years; considered to be a form of COPD “Where Education Comes To Life”  Emphysema O The alveoli burst, the body heals the rupture with scar tissue and the air spaces enlarge but are less functional “Where Education Comes To Life”  Lung Cancer O Number one cause of deaths in both men and women in the US and the world O Smoking is the number one risk factor O Main Types: small cell, non small cell O Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy and radiation “Where Education Comes To Life”  Legionnaires O Caused by a type of bacteria called Legionella. The Legionella bacteria are found in/near water. O Hot tubs O Cooling towers O Hot water tanks O Large plumbing systems O Decorative fountains O Transmission is by air droplets (breathe the bacteria in “misty water vapor”. Contact with an infected person does not spread the disease O Treated with antibiotics “Where Education Comes To Life” Pulmonary Embolism “Where Education Comes To Life”  Tuberculosis O Caused by a bacteria O Test: Purified Protein derivative (PPD) skin test O Treatment: TB disease can be treated by taking several drugs for 6 to 9 months. First-line anti-TB agents include: O isoniazid (INH) O rifampin (RIF) O ethambutol (EMB) Hemoptysis O pyrazinamide (PZA) O Elderly, the homeless, and infants are greater risk than teenagers “Where Education Comes To Life”  Pneumonia O Pneumonia vary from mild to severe, depends on cause (bacterial, viral, fungal or chemical irritant). O Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include: O Fever, sweating and shaking chills O Cough, which may produce thick, sticky fluid O Chest pain when you breathe deeply or cough O Shortness of breath O Fatigue and muscle aches O Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea O Headache O Treatment: rest, fluid, antibiotics “Where Education Comes To Life” O Pneumothorax O Air in the thorax; this could collapse a lobe of a lung. O Blood in the plural cavity is called hemothorax “Where Education Comes To Life”  Pleurisy O Inflammatio n of the parietal pleura characterize d by difficulty breathing and stabbing pain. “Where Education Comes To Life”  Test Your Knowledge With these definitions Match these diseases A. Airway constriction and B B. inflammation Skull bone air pockets that C 1. Sinusitis are inflamed Bacterial, viral, fungal or D C. 2. Pneumonia chemical E 3. Laryngitis irritation/infection within the lung A 4. Legionaires D. Inflammation of the voice box 5. Asthma E. Bacterial infection Click to see all answers “Where Education Comes To Life”  Breathing patterns O Eupnea: normal breathing O Average healthy adult: 15-20 breathes per minute O Tachypnea: fast breathing O Bradypnea: slow breathing O Hyperventilation: rapid, deep breathing O Dyspnea: painful/labored breathing O Apnea: stop breathing (> 19 seconds) O Orthopnea: breathing difficulty associated with body position “Where Education Comes To Life” Respiratory Rate “Where Education Comes To Life” Abbreviations Challenge- what do they stand for? O COPD: O PE: O TB: O SOB: O CO2: O O2: O CPR: O PFT: O ABG: O URI: “Where Education Comes To Life”  Answers O COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease O PE: Pulmonary Embolism O TB: Tuberculosis O SOB: Shortness of Breath O CO2: Carbon Dioxide O O2: oxygen O CPR: Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation O PFT: Pulmonary Function Test O ABG: Arterial Blood Gas O URI: Upper Respiratory Infection “Where Education Comes To Life”  Review Summary of Facts Key terms/diseases: O Sinus: air space in skull O Pharynx: throat O Larynx: voice box O Trachea: “C”-shaped cartilage rings O Bronchi: “C”-shaped cartilage rings O Bronchioles: “C”-shaped cartilage rings O Alveoli: tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place “Where Education Comes To Life”  Review Summary of Diseases O Sinusitis: air space in skull that is infected/inflamed O Rhinitis: nasal cavity infected/ inflamed (cold, hay fever) O Pharyngitis (sore throat) O Laryngitis: loss of voice due to larynx irritation O Bronchitis: infection/inflammation of bronchial tubes O Asthma: air way constriction/inflammation O Emphysema: alveoli rupture, scar and enlarge, less functional O Cold/Flu: viral infection of the nasal cavity O Lung Cancer: number one killer in US/World O Legionnaires: bacterial infection, bacteria found in warm water locations O Pulmonary embolism: blood clot that traveled to the lung O Tuberculosis: bacterial infection of the lung, takes months of antibiotics to cure O Pneumonia: fluid accumulation in lungs due to bacterial/viral/fungal infection or chemical irritation “Where Education Comes To Life”