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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system's primary function is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.
Which of the following is NOT a part of the upper respiratory tract?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the upper respiratory tract?
What is the name for the small, air-filled cavities within the skull that are connected to the nasal cavity?
What is the name for the small, air-filled cavities within the skull that are connected to the nasal cavity?
What is the purpose of the epiglottis?
What is the purpose of the epiglottis?
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Which of the following structures are responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
Which of the following structures are responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
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The left lung has three lobes, while the right lung has two lobes.
The left lung has three lobes, while the right lung has two lobes.
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What is the name for the condition where air accumulates in the space between the lung and the chest wall?
What is the name for the condition where air accumulates in the space between the lung and the chest wall?
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What is the correct term for the process of breathing in and out?
What is the correct term for the process of breathing in and out?
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What is the protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues?
What is the protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues?
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Which of the following is a common respiratory disorder characterized by airway constriction and inflammation, often triggered by allergens or irritants?
Which of the following is a common respiratory disorder characterized by airway constriction and inflammation, often triggered by allergens or irritants?
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Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer and COPD.
Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer and COPD.
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What is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, often referred to as a sore throat?
What is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, often referred to as a sore throat?
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Match the following abbreviations with their meanings:
Match the following abbreviations with their meanings:
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Eupnea is a term used to describe a slow, shallow breathing pattern.
Eupnea is a term used to describe a slow, shallow breathing pattern.
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Which of the following breathing patterns is characterized by rapid, deep breaths?
Which of the following breathing patterns is characterized by rapid, deep breaths?
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What is the name for the condition where a blood clot travels to the lungs?
What is the name for the condition where a blood clot travels to the lungs?
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The term 'hemoptysis' refers to coughing up blood.
The term 'hemoptysis' refers to coughing up blood.
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: APCVS
- Week: 4
- Chapter: 29
Objectives
- Explain the purpose and function of the respiratory system
- List and explain the structures and functions of the organs of the respiratory system
- Identify and discuss common disorders associated with the respiratory system
Respiratory System Overview
- Actions of inhalation and exhalation achieved by alternating contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles
- Diaphragm
- Muscles attached to ribs (intercostal muscles)
- Muscles of the neck
Organs of the Respiratory System: Upper Respiratory Tract
- Nose
- Paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx (throat)
- Larynx (voicebox)
Organs of the Respiratory System: Lower Respiratory Tract
- Trachea (splits into two main branches called bronchi)
- Tiny branches of bronchi called bronchioles
- Lungs
Respiratory System: Specific Structures
- Nose: warms, moisturizes, and filters air
- Pharynx: throat
- Epiglottis: protects larynx from food during swallowing
- Trachea: "C" shaped cartilage keeps the tube open
- Bronchi: "C" shaped cartilage keeps the tube open
- Bronchioles: "C" shaped cartilage keeps the tube open
- Alveoli: gas exchange in these tiny air sacs
Respiration Video
The Sinuses
- Air pockets within the bony skull
- Frontal sinus
- Ethmoid sinus
- Sphenoid sinus
- Maxillary sinus
Nose
- Organ of smell
- Component of respiration and voice
- Warms inhaled air
- Filters the air (traps dust, pollen, and other foreign matter)
- Moisturizes air (tears drain into the nasal cavity)
Important Structures of the Respiratory System
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Lungs
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Diaphragm
Pharynx/Tonsils
- Pharynx (throat)
- Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
- Part of the immune system and help in infection control
Larynx
- Also known as voice box
- Muscular, cartilaginous structure lined with a mucous membrane
- Epiglottis: flap that covers the larynx to prevent food from entering during swallowing
Trachea
- Also known as windpipe
- Extends from larynx to bronchi in the chest cavity
- C-shaped rings of cartilage protect structure and maintain shape
Bronchi
- Two main branches (right and left bronchus) from trachea that extend into lungs
- Subdivide into bronchial tree which continues to branch into smaller branches
Bronchioles
- Smallest components of bronchial tree
- Thin layer of epithelium and smooth muscle
- Terminate at alveoli in the lungs
Alveoli
- Small air sacs that support a network of capillaries where oxygen exchange takes place
Organs of the Respiratory System
- Lungs
- Hilum (wedge-shaped area on central portion of each lung where primary bronchus, arteries, veins, and nerves enter and exit)
- Pleura (thin sheets of epithelium covering the outside of lungs and inside of the thoracic cavity)
Basic Anatomy
- Right lung: 3 lobes
- Left lung: 2 lobes
- Lungs sit on top of diaphragm
- Due to the heart, parts of lungs are situated differently in the chest to allow for the heart’s location
Basic Lung Anatomy
- Apex: narrow upper part of each lung under the collarbone
- Base: broad lower part of each lung; rests on diaphragm
Basic Lung Anatomy: Pleura
- Pleura: moist, smooth, slippery membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the outer surface of the lungs; reduces friction between lungs and chest wall during breathing
- Parietal and visceral pleura must slide against each other with each breath. Fluid reduces the friction
Mechanism of Breathing
- Ventilation: movement of air to and from the lungs
- Inhalation: active process
- Exhalation: passive but can be active
- Nervous system and respiratory muscles
Transport of O2 and CO2
- Hemoglobin (Hgb): protein in RBC
- Carries O2 from lungs to body cells
- Oxyhemoglobin: Carries CO2 from body back to lungs
- Carboxyhemoglobin
Respiration
- Receptors influencing respiration
- Chemoreceptors: respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and blood acid levels
- Located in carotid and aortic bodies
- Pulmonary stretch receptors: respond to stretch in lungs, preventing overinflation
Test Your Knowledge (Matching)
- Answers for Matching questions (page 24&25)
Diseases and Conditions (Specific respiratory diseases and infections)
- Sinusitis: Infection/inflammation of the air spaces (sinuses) in the skull
- Rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes (common cold, hay fever)
- Pharyngitis: inflammation of the throat (usually viral or bacterial)
- Laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx/vocal cords (often from overuse)
- Asthma: Chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchi (irritants trigger swelling)
- COPD: chronic/progressive obstruction of airflow (most often smoking related)
- Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes (usually acute or chronic)
- Emphysema: alveoli burst, body heals with scar tissue that enlarges air spaces, but leads to less functional air sacs.
- Cold/Flu: viral infection of upper respiratory tract
- Lung Cancer: number one cause of death in the US. Smoking is the number one risk factor
- Legionnaires: bacteria from water sources
- Pulmonary Embolism: blood clot that travels to the lungs
- Tuberculosis: bacterial infection in lungs that takes months of antibiotics to treat
- Pneumonia: fluid accumulation in lungs (bacterial, viral, fungus or chemical)
- Pneumothorax: air in the chest cavity caused by a punctured lung, which collapses a lobe of the lung.
- Pleurisy: inflammation of the parietal pleura leading to difficulty breathing and stabbing pain
Video(s)
- Asthma and COPD video
- Respiration video
Basic Information
- Normal breathing rate for healthy adults (15-20 breaths/minute)
- Terminology for fast (tachypnea) and slow (bradypnea) breathing
- Other related terms
- Abbreviations
- Answers to abbreviations
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Description
This quiz covers Chapter 29 of the APCVS course, focusing on the respiratory system's purpose, functions, and associated organs. It also discusses common respiratory disorders and the mechanics of inhalation and exhalation. Test your knowledge on the structures and functions of the respiratory system.
