AP Psychology Past Paper PDF

Psychology’s Early Schools of Thought Structuralism Functionalism Focused on the structure of the human mind Influenced by Charles Darwinʼs theory of evolution Attempted to classify mindʼs structure similar to Functiona...

Psychology’s Early Schools of Thought Structuralism Functionalism Focused on the structure of the human mind Influenced by Charles Darwinʼs theory of evolution Attempted to classify mindʼs structure similar to Functionalism was believed to be adaptive periodic table of elements using introspection Smelling was required for our ancestors to regarding sensations, perceptions, feelings survive Introspection proved unreliable, thus structuralism faded Connections to historical figures? (see Graphic Organizer: Historical Figures) Psychology’s Growth as a Discipline First laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, 1879 Gestalt Psychology: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Growth of perspectives: Evolutionary Biological Behavioral Cognitive Psychodynamic Humanistic Sociocultural Categories of Research Methods Quantitative the process of objectively collecting and Survey about student sleep analyzing numerical data to describe, Medical trials for effectiveness of Methods predict, or control variables of interest. a vaccine the process of collecting, analyzing, Interviews to understand the Qualitative and interpreting non-numerical data, college freshmen experience Methods such as language. Student teacher getting observed combines aspects of both qualitative Spotify, Airbnb and Lyft are using mixed Mixed research and quantitative research methods to combine user feedback Methods so as to understand the phenomenon with statistics for deeper user insights of interest more fully. Scientific Method (take notes if you need to) 1. Make an observation. 2. Ask a question. 3. Research existing answers (literature review). 4. Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation. 5. Test the prediction via experiment. 6. Accept or reject the hypothesis and draw conclusions. 7. Report your results then outline limitations and suggest follow up research. Scientific Method: Research Question & Hypotheses Dr. Glenn is investigating if the Research Question: Will Lynter impact allergy symptoms in older adults? Lynter pill will reduce allergy symptoms in older adults. Researches existing treatments (write in a literature review). Hypothesis 0/Null Hypothesis: Lynter will NOT reduce allergy symptoms in older adults Hypothesis 1/Alternate Hypothesis: Lynter will reduce allergy symptoms in older adults. Scientific Method: Variables Independent Variable: the variable being Dr. Glenn is investigating if the manipulated/changed. Lynter pill Lynter pill will reduce allergy Dependent Variable: the variable to be measured. symptoms in older adults. Allergy symptoms Operational Definition: a description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured. Allergy symptoms exist when two or more of the following are present: runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, or asthma. Scientific Method: Random Sampling Population: who, in general, is being studied. Older Dr. Glenn is investigating if the adults Lynter pill will reduce allergy Sample: a portion of the population being used in the symptoms in older adults. experiment. 100 Older adults Random Sample: each person from the population has an equal, random chance of being selected to the sample. Lottery or random drawing to arrive at the 100 Scientific Method: Random Assignment Experimental Group: group from the sample being Dr. Glenn is investigating if the exposed to the independent variable. Group getting Lynter pill will reduce allergy Lynter pill symptoms in older adults. Control Group: group from the sample not being exposed to the independent variable. Group getting a placebo (sugar) pill Random Assignment: each person from the sample has an equal, random chance of being assigned to experimental and control groups. Lottery or random drawing Scientific Method: Confounding Variables Confounding Variable: variable that influences Dr. Glenn is investigating if the independent and/or dependent variable potentially impacting results. Researching blinking an eye or Lynter pill will reduce allergy changing tone of voice with one specific group; symptoms in older adults. assignments being lopsided Controlling for Confounding Variables Single Blind Study: only the researchers know which group is the experimental group and which is the control group.Only participants are blinded. Dr. Glenn and team are the only ones who know. Double Blind Study: the researcher nor the participant knows which group is the experimental group and which is the control group. Participants and research assistants are blinded. Dr. Glenn is the only one who knows to avoid bias. Measures of Central Tendency (take notes if you need to) Mean: average value $43,333.33 Median: middle of an ordered set $9,000 Mode: value that occurs most often $9,000 Range: difference between smallest and $103,000 lowest values Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency If there are outliers, scores that could skew the mean, the median or mode would be a better representation Statistics Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Procedures and measures used to make inferences about population Includes the mean, median, and mode to characteristics from samples drawn from that population. indicate central tendency, as well as Step 1: State the null and alternative hypothesis measures of variability including the range Step 2: Select an appropriate inferential statistical test and standard deviation that reveal how Step 3: Identify level of significance (p