A.P. Notes - Unit 2 - Indus Valley & Egypt PDF

Unit 2.1 Indus Valley Civilization: WHEN? 2500 - 1500 BC WHERE? Located in between Pakistan and Northwest India today HIMALAYAS = Played an important role in shaping Indian civilization INDIA ISOLATION = Isolated from other civilizations (because of Himalayas) - Lead to a development of a very...

Unit 2.1 Indus Valley Civilization: WHEN? 2500 - 1500 BC WHERE? Located in between Pakistan and Northwest India today HIMALAYAS = Played an important role in shaping Indian civilization INDIA ISOLATION = Isolated from other civilizations (because of Himalayas) - Lead to a development of a very unique culture HINDU KUSH = Only gateway into Indus Valley HARAPPA & MOHENJO-DARO = Twin capital cities HARAPPA = Large village MOHENJO-DARO = Administrative center PUBLIC WORKS: - Public bathrooms - Assembly halls - Wide streets - Etc. ART & ARCHITECTURE: - Temples & statues in honor of the Buddha - Great bath - sacred bath meant to cleanse you from sins !! ADVANCED MEASUREMENT !! HOW DID IT END? Invaded by the ARYANS - Mohenjo-Daro = abandoned due to fear of attackers - Harappa = Destroyed in sudden, massive attack by the Aryans Who are the ARYANS? ARYANS: - Nomads - Civil - Free - No referenced ethnicity So basically… Aryans are nomadic people with no art, architecture or written works ARYAN SOCIAL CLASSES: 1. Warrior-Nobles 2. Priests 3. Commoners !! Women STILL HAD SOME FREEDOM !! WRITING: - Sanskrit = Their language - Vedas = Book of Hymns Indus Valley RELIGIONS 1st : HINDUISM - Way of life - No founder - Believes in SAMSARA - Reincarnation HINDU SOCIAL CLASS: 1. Brahmins - Priests & teachers 2. Kshatriyas - Warriors & rulers 3. Vaisyas - Farmers, traders & merchants 4. Sudras - Laborers 5. Dalits/Untouchables - Outcasts PRINCIPLES OF HINDUISM: - Brahman - Return to Brahman - Dharma - A person’s life purpose - Karma 2nd : BUDDHISM - Path to enlightenment - Founder: Siddhartha Gautama HINAYANA - Old Buddhism MAHAYANA - New Buddhism (One god ruling over lesser gods) 3rd : JAINISM - Founder: Mahavira (great hero) - He described KARMA as: A substance that clings to the soul and diminishes purity PRACTICES: - AHIMSA/Non-violence was their central belief - Devoted to self-denial (to retain purity) - They did not pray or worship gods Unit 2.2 Egypt Civilization: GOVERNMENT: - Pharaoh was the ruler of Egypt and was treated like a god - THEOCRACY - a form of government where the ruler is thought of as a god - Whatever the Pharaoh said became the law - Pharaoh needs NO APPROVAL for his actions The unification of Egypt… KING MENES united the 2 regions (upper & lower Egypt) by using the Nile river to link north and south. Egypt was the world’s first unified state. CITIES: - Memphis - Thebes - Capital EGYPTIAN KINGDOMS: - Great building projects and rich cultural activity 1st : OLD KINGDOM - Age of the Pyramids - Represented the WEALTH and POWER of the pharaohs FALL: - High cost of construction (pyramids) drained the government - Civil wars because of power struggle (nobles wanted the throne) - Invasion - Crop failure 2nd : MIDDLE KINGDOM - All about agriculture - Trade flourished and THE NILE BECAME THE CENTER OF TRADE - Common people can be mummified - Painters covered tombs and temples with art - Sculptors created large carvings of the pharaohs - Military campaigns were launched - Period of PEACE FALL: - Power struggle among provincial leaders - Hyksos attacks in lower Egypt… 3rd : NEW KINGDOM - Ahmose the 1st defeated Hyksos - AGE OF EMPIRE - Expansion through military conquests - Time of PEACE and STABILITY FALL: - Assyrian and Persian invaders PHARAOHS HALL OF FAME: 1. Queen Hatshepsut - 1st great woman ruler; encouraged trade 2. Thutmose the 3rd - Expanded through war 3. Ramses the 2nd - Expanded territory; fought invaders; set Hebrews free to go to the ‘Promised Land’ NILE RIVER CIVILIZATION: - Nile provides the ONLY WATER - Cataracts - kept out invaders - Deltas - kept out enemies - Egyptians wait for the annual flood - ‘Miracle of the Nile’ EGYPT… - Is surrounded by desserts (called red lands) - Experiences little rain - Is divided into upper & lower Egypt The NUBIANS: - Egypt wasn’t the only civilization along the Nile - 1st Nubians were CATTLE HERDERS (cattle grazed on savanna) EGYPTIAN SOCIAL CLASS: 1. Pharaohs 2. Viziers/Priests 3. Scribes 4. Craftsmen 5. Peasants 6. Slaves/Servants !! Women were RESPECTED !! - Could inherit & sell properties - Enter business - Sell goods/go to court OCCUPATIONS: - Artisans - Dancers, acrobats - Priests - Servants PAPYRUS = Egyptian paper WRITING: - HIEROGLYPHICS = System of writing using pictures - HIERATIC = More formal than Hieroglyphics ROSETTA STONE = Key to decipher ancient Egyptian writing EGYPTIAN RELIGION: - Polytheistic - Afterlife - Egyptians followed the BOOK OF THE DEAD - a collection of rituals, customs, spells, etc. - Mummification !! TOMBS = Home of the dead !! WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU DIE? Osiris will weigh the dead person’s heart using the feather of truth. If the person is a sinner, the heart will be fed to the crocodile-shaped eater of the dead. If they are a good person, they will enter the Happy Field of Food. ARTS & LITERATURE: - Statues, paintings, poems, tales, etc. Egyptians also studied astronomy and created the Egyptian calendar which is based on the sun and had 365 days Egyptian architects were the first to use obelisks and stone columns in building Unit 2.3 Chinese Civilization: Ancient Chinese were governed by two things, the emperor and family FAMILY: - Respect for elders - Elder men controlled the family - Women obey the men, though older women have authority over younger women RELIGIOUS BELIEFS: - Supernatural forces - Life after death - Veneration of the ancestors - Treated the spirits of the ancestors well to bring good luck ORACLE BONES = Used to communicate with the gods - Priests scratched the questions of the emperor onto the bone (usually a turtle shell or an ox) and used the cracks in the bone to read the answer of the gods. - Made during the Shang dynasty SOCIAL CLASS: 1. King/emperor 2. Aristocrats 3. Pheasants WRITING = People in all parts of China could learn the same writing language even if their spoken languages differ !! Mountains take up ⅓ of China’s land, therefore isolating China !! RIVERS: - Yangtze River (Chiang Jiang) - Huang He (Yellow River) ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES: - Huang He’s flooding caused China’s sorrow - China’s borders did not completely protect them from invaders - China’s isolation - Chinese had to make thor own goods & cannot trade GOVERNMENT: MANDATE OF HEAVEN - Where a ruler is to be judged with the misfortunes of the people - (e.x.) A ruler, good or bad, will be removed from his position when it floods, an earthquake happens, etc. The Chinese believed that these misfortunes were warnings sent by the gods. FALL OF THE DYNASTIES: - Political instability - Peasant revolt - Noble revolt - Barbarian invasion SILK ROAD = A series of very important trading routes for the Chinese - Did not only transport goods, but also spread ideas, beliefs, & religion - Made during the Han dynasty GREAT WALL OF CHINA: - Built from the Han dynasty to the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) - Public work - Built to protect China’s borders TERRACOTTA WARRIORS: - Arts & Architecture - Built to protect the emperor’s tomb FORBIDDEN CITY: - Art & Architecture - Built for the emperor, no ordinary people were allowed to enter !! The Chinese believed that the emperor was a son of Heaven !! - Therefore they believed he was bestowed with divine power MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION: - Gunpowder - Paper making & printing - Compass - Diamond sutra - Civil service exam CHINESE SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS: 1st : CONFUCIANISM - - FOUNDER: Confucius - “Don’t do unto others what you don’t want others to do unto you” - Confucius - Civil service - Merit, bureaucracy - Filial Piety FILIAL PIETY = The family members’ duties attend to the male head of the family 5 BASIC RELATIONS OF CONFUCIANISM: Ruler Subject Father Son Older brother Younger brother Husband Wife Friend Friend !! Women were not entitled to education and government positions !! - Women were told to stay at home SUMMARY: People should put the needs of their family and community first 2nd : DAOISM - FOUNDER: Laozi - Humility & no fame DAO DE JING or “The Book of Virtue” = A harmonious, natural order between humans and the world that Taoists strive to achieve WU WEI = No human tampering w/ the flow of reality YIN YANG = balance SUMMARY: People should give up worldly desires in favor of nature and the Dao 3rd : LEGALISM - FOUNDER: Han Fei Tzu - Believes that human beings were born evil by nature - Focuses on empowering the government PUNISHMENT AND REWARD = Actions that benefited the state were rewarded, oppositions were punished SUMMARY: Society needs harsh laws and strict punishment to maintain order —--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mini-unit Early Indian and Chinese Influences on SEA: PURPOSE: INDIA CHINA - Came to Southeast Asia to trade - Came to Southeast Asia as merchants and colonizers - Came to Southeast Asia to spread Buddhism MATERIAL CULTURE: INDIA CHINA - Rouletted ware, knobbed vessels, - Ceramic vessels, bronze artifacts glass beads, semi-precious stones, ivory LANGUAGE & WAY OF WRITING: INDIA CHINA - Sanskrit names in Myanmar & - Chinese writing influenced written Thailand literature of Vietnam - Sanskrit influenced Lao language LITERATURE: INDIA CHINA - Mahabharata = sacred epic poem - Lushi = Classical Chinese Poetry - Ramayana = ancient epic - Cadao = folk songs - Suvarnadipa was mentioned —--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Unit 2.4 Japanese Civilization: THE JAPANESE… - Migrated from the Asian mainland - Were divided into clans or uji - Had a chief and a special god/goddess (who was th9 htttt vrvgy e clan’s original ancestor) per uji WHERE DO PEOPLE LIVE? Most people live in narrow river valleys w/ mild climate and sufficient rainfall IMPORTANCE OF THE SEA: - Japan’s fishing industry - Offered important trade routes - Helped Japan develop its own identity ZEN BUDDHISM: - Meditation focused - Believes Zen will lead to enlightenment - Mahayana form - Zazen meditation = seated meditation that gives insight into your true nature of being !! MINIATURIZATION was common in ancient Japanese gardens !! KAMI TREE: - Aka. spirit tree - Venerated in the Shinto religion - Surrounded by sacred boundaries SHINTO RELIGION: - Early clans worshiped forces of nature, known as Shinto - Traditions of Shinto are still seen in Japan today !! WEDDED ROCKS AT FUTAMI NO URA = Union of Izanami & Izanagi !! AMATERASU = Sun goddess - Queen of kami - Ruler of the universe - Center of Shinto religion JAPAN WRITING SYSTEM: 1. Kanji = Not a phonetic syllabary; kind of like Chinese 2. Hiragana = Used to phonetically spell out Japanese words 3. Katakana = Used for foreign words !! Poetry = Haiku & Tanka !! JAPAN DRAMAS: 1. Noh = Traditional performance 2. Kabuki = For ordinary people WOMEN IN JAPAN: - Lived the ‘basic way of life’ - Depended on husband’s status & the region where they lived - High ranking women could rule (it was believed that a woman would bring peace and control to Japan) - Some were samurai/geishas OMA-MUSA = Women warriors - Samurai women provided for defense of their homes & children - Roles: washing & preparing decapitated bloody heads of the enemy, etc. - Carried small daggers & are prepared to die for honor - Tomoe Gozen = defeats & collects heads of 7 mounted warriors ANCIENT LIFE IN JAPAN: - Strong influence of Buddhism in Japanese education & food - Wives of samurais were given the gift of a knife - Uchiwa (hand fan) & Ogi (folding fan) are famous accessories - Women & samurai were inclined to blacken their teeth (Ohaguro) - Land of Darkness = shigo no sekai ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDING: Societal changes can affect traditional belief systems. Foreign contect can result positively or negatively. Unit 2.5 Korean Civilization: LOCATION: The Korean peninsula is located between China and Japan Land of High Mountains and Sparkling Streams = Korea had many mountains and streams !! The DMZ separates North & South Korea !! Gojoseon = Korea before it was divided - Korea was split during the Han Dynasty THREE KINGDOMS OF KOREA: 1. Koguryo 2. Paekche/Baekje 3. Silla KOGURYO: - FOUNDER: Jumong (1st king & ancestor of Koguryo; protector of the Korean peninsula) - Largest of the three - First to be established - Has the most advanced technology, political systems, and culture - Developed close ties w/ China - Buddhism PAEKCHE/BAEKJE: - Closely connected w/all of the major cultures in the area - Had close ties w/ China & Japan because of maritime trading - Buddhism reached Japan; Chinese characters spread across Asia - Japanese settlement & introduction of culture SILLA/SHILLA - Weakest - Eventually became aggressive & strong - Centralized government and hierarchical ranks of social class - Allied w/ Tang Dynasty of China - Queen Sondok = built stone observatory to view the space; still stands All three kingdoms shared similar culture and language During the Three Kingdoms period, Chinese culture spread to the whole of Korea Korea accepted the beliefs of Buddhism and Confucianism - Used China’s government as a model UNIFIED SILLA: In the 500s-600s A.D., the 3 kingdoms fought to control the Korean peninsula. The Tang Dynasty of China helped Silla conquer the other kingdoms. The rise of Silla brought a time of peace. Society was made up of a few nobles at the top and a large number of farmers at the bottom. Government gave land to the farmers. Built irrigation systems for rice fields. Trade increased and the economy grew. !! Under the Silla dynasty, Korea acknowledged the authority of China while preserving their own identity !! COLLAPSE: - Corruption and power struggles - Collapse of Tang dynasty left Silla unprotected KORYO DYNASTY: Established and stayed in power for 400 years. Koryo rulers set up laws & based their civil service on examinations. Buddhism continued to spread. Perfected the art of celadon. JOSEON DYNASTY: Aka. The longest dynasty In 1392, the Korean general Yi Song-gye founded a new dynasty. The new ruling dynasty was known as the Yi dynasty. Yi rulers set the capital at Hanseong (modern day Seoul) Yi rulers reduced Buddhist influence & set up a government based on Confusian principles. SEJONG THE GREAT: 1394-1450 Sejong created the Hangul language. He wanted everyone in Korean society to be literate, even the commoners. KOREAN SOCIETY: 1. King 2. Yangban - Nobles 3. Chungin - Middle class 4. Sangmin - Common people, considered clean but w/ low social status 5. Cheomin - Slaves, butchers, shamans, shoemakers, performers, magicians KOREAN FAMILY: - HEAD: Father - Duty, loyalty, honor !! BOWING = Used to show respect !! KOREAN SHAMANISM = People who have the power to communicate w/ spirits KOREAN CONFUCIANISM = Joseon dynasty promoted Confucianism