AP Euro Midterm Review PDF

AP Euro Midterm Review—Ch. 9-11 Hundred Years War - From 1337 to 1453 - Quarrel over Gascony - Right of french succession - Longbow help the English advantage - First English victory at Battle of Cressy - Henry V renewed the war after a 20-year truce in 1396 by i...

AP Euro Midterm Review—Ch. 9-11 Hundred Years War - From 1337 to 1453 - Quarrel over Gascony - Right of french succession - Longbow help the English advantage - First English victory at Battle of Cressy - Henry V renewed the war after a 20-year truce in 1396 by invading France At the Battle of agincourt and won - So Henry V forged an alliance with the Duke of burgundy that was called the Treaty of Troy's where he married his daughter and was recognized as an heir to the French throne - Charles the dolphin then was King of France after and then after letting Joan of Arc go into battle the French had a lot of major victories but was burnt at the stake by the English - Ultimately ended in French victory With help from the Canon Growth of England's political institutions - Because Edward III used a ton of money on the Hundred Years War he  then needed to rely on Parliament and made a commitment to Levy no direct tax without parliament's consent and allow Parliament to examine the government accounts to ensure that money was being spent properly - made up of the House of Commons and the House of Lords Know what led to the decline of the church I.E Boniface, Avignon in the great schism - So Philip wanted to tax the French clergy but Boniface said that he needed permission first and issued the Unam sanctam which was the strongest statement ever made by a pope on the supremacy of Spiritual Authority over temporal authority. Philip then captured Boniface and the pope died. to make sure that this wouldn't happen again Philip pressure the College of cardinals to elect a French as Pope and then comment the fifth resided in Avignon and there was the papacy at Avignon which lasted for about 70 years and there was just a lot of corruption and Decay within the church. finally in 1377 Pope Gregory XI return to Rome and after he died when the College of Colonels met two elect a new pope the citizens of Rome forced them to elect an Italian and then kicked the French Cardinals out of the College of Cardinals and since the French Cardinals were mad they issued a statement saying that the pope wasn't  really legitimate because they were forced to elect him so they elected their own Pope that was a Frenchman and so now there were two popes and this also caused like Decay in the church because people didn't know who to trust and they were both communicating the other and saying that the other wasn't legitimate so it just led to a lot of confusion and doubts among the people. this led to the belief that only a council of church could end the Schism so a council got together and elected a new pope and so now there were three popes and none of them would step down and finally sigismund ended the schism after the three competing popes were either resigned or deposed and made the new pope Martin V Castiglione - Wrote "The Book of the Courtier" (1528); described three basic attributes for Renaissance nobles: - 1) good character, grace, talents, noble birth - 2) military and bodily exercises and classical education - 3) good impression upon others Italian City-States - Milan, Venice, and Florence, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples - Urbino: Italian city-state run by Duke Federigo who was a major patron of the  arts, major center of education - Mantua: Italian city-state which was a major center of art and learning in the Renaissance - Milan: highly centralized Territorial state successful and devising a system of Taxation that generated revenues for the government - Florence: governed by a small Merchant oligarchy, fake look of Republican government, run by medici, Was the cultural center of the Renaissance - papal states: many wanted to become rich of people Authority - naples: kind of the people in the back, largely poverty stricken peasants - Birth of modern diplomacy, part of political renaissance - Venice: center of trade Niccolo Machiavelli - Wrote "The Prince" (1513) - “The ends justify the means” - Believed that since humans were naturally self-centered - Political activity could not be restricted by morals Marsilio Ficino - Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s - Translated Plato's works into Latin and founded Neoplatonism - Neapolitanism colon common Humanity by love, platonic love, humans are the  link between the material and spiritual world Johannes Gutenberg - German who invented the printing press Petrach - father of humanism Humanism - humanism stated that citizen should have a role in the government - man's ability to do things - Civic humanism colon contributing to society Sandro Botticelli - Part of Lorenzo de' Medici's court - Painter inspired by Greek and Roman mythology - "Primavera" Donato di Donatello - Focused on sculptures in Rome - "David"- life sized bronze nude statue of David's victory over Goliath - Showcased dignity of humanity Filippo Brunelleschi - Florentine architect inspired by Roman architecture  - Duomo and Church of San Lorenzo - Works did not overwhelm the viewer, but instead emphasized human existence Leonardo da Vinci - Transitional figure in the shift to High Renaissance - Painted ideal form instead of realistic portrayal - "Last Supper" Raphael - Painted frescoes - Worked to achieve ideal human beauty - "School of Athens" Michelangelo - Painter, sculptor, and architect influenced by Neoplatonism (beauty of figures meant to represent divinity) - Commissioned to paint Sistine Chapel by Julius II - "David" Northern artistic Renaissance Characteristics - Netherlands area - No or little nakedness - subjects of the art are Elites - shows wealth and power  - no classical antiquity Italian Renaissance art characteristics - Classical antiquity - Nakedness - subject of our our classical or religious figures - Humanism - patrons are the Medici and the popes Ferdinand & Isabella - Marriage united Spain - Established professional royal army - Stressed religious uniformity in Spain (Inquisition, Conquest of Grenada, Expulsion of Jews) - Gave Pope right to select most important Church officials making clergy instrument of extension of royal power - Cardinal ximenes restored discipline and eliminated immorality in the clergy - Gold colon to create unity and bolster royal power - Inquisition: 1478, worked to guarantee the Orthodoxy of converts - conquest of Muslim Granada and 1492 and expelled all professed jews And Muslims from Spain Hapsburgs  - Rulers of the Holy Roman Empire - Used marriages to gain influence and power - Elected monarchy John Wyclif - Renaissance man who pushed for a vernacular Bible - Attacked Church for practices not mentioned in Scripture - Followers called Lollards John Hus - Criticized the worldliness and corruption of the clergy - Was condemned as heretic - Burned at the stake by the Council of Constance in 1415 Renaissance popes - Known for corruption - Sixtus IV- heavily practiced nepotism - Alexander VI- Borgia, known for debauchery and sensuality, practiced nepotism, Deemed most corrupt - Leo X- Medici, patron of Renaissance culture, commissioned Raphael, Pope during Reformation - Julius II- "warrior pope", built St. Peter's Basilica out of indulgence money Desiderius Erasmus  - Emphasized inner piety over religious works ("Handbook of the Christian Knight") - "The Praise of Folly"- satirical work that criticized corruption of society - "Annotations"-detailed commentary on the Bible - Father of Christian humanism Thomas More - Christian humanist who wrote "Utopia"- book about ideal society - Emphasized civic humanism - Beheaded by Henry the 8th because he did not support Henry's marriage and love life Martin Luther - German theologian who led Reformation - Wrote 95 Theses (1517) - Believed that justification was by faith alone - the Bible was sole religious authority - Diet of worms a. Leo X b. the church told him to account what he said and Luther said no and was excommunicated Johann Tetzel - Sold indulgences in Germany to fund St. Peter's Basilica  - Caused Luther to write 95 theses Emperor Charles V - Holy Roman Emperor during the Reformation (Hapsburg) - Four obstacles: The French, papacy, Turks, and German provinces - Habsburg valois Wars a dynastic & National rivalry - What's successful in defeating Turks subduing the Pope and finishing the Habsburg vowel wall Wars Peasants War - 1524 - Peasants rebelling against the Nobles tying it to the Reformation but it was not religious - Luther sided with the rulers in the Nobles not the peasants because the Bible says that authorities are appointed by God and because the princes were helping Luther Schmalkaldic League - Union of Protestant German Princes against Charles V - Later allied themselves with the French king in order to force Charles V into allowing them to practice freely Ulrich Zwingli - Swiss reformer strongly influenced by Christian Humanism  - Believe that when Bread and Wine was prayed over it became holy and represented the body and blood - Caused reforms in Zurich, but was unable to unite with German reformers because of belief differences—Lord’s supper - Justification by faith - No sacraments just the Lord's supper and baptism John Calvin - French theologian - Believed in predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God, baptism, and the Lord's Supper - Caused Geneva to become a theocracy and vibrant center of Protestantism - Calvinism - Justification through faith - However he said that there could be no certainty which actually goes against the Bible because we know that when we follow Christ and we accept him into our hearts and we have true faith in him then we know we are saved. Peace of Augsburg - 1555 - Being Lutheran was allowed - each German Prince could decide the religion of their Providence but there were  no individual religious rights Anabaptists - Believed in adult baptism, return to the practices of early Christianity - separation of Church and state - Hated by Catholics and Protestants Henry VIII (Tudors) - Issued the Act of Supremacy (1534), which officially separated the Church of England from the Catholic Church (created Anglican Church bc desire to divorce catherine of aragon and marry anne boelyn) - Doctrine became slightly more Protestant after his death “Bloody Mary” - English queen who tried to restore Catholicism by burning heretics - Married to Philip II of Spain - Only succeeded in causing Protestantism to grow stronger Elizabeth I - 1588-1603 - English Queen During English settlement and exploration - Act of Uniformity- attempt to satisfy both Catholics and Protestants in church doctrine - Foreign policy emphasized caution, moderation, and expediency  - Defeated Spanish Armada in 1588 Philip II - "Most Catholic King" of Spain - Defeated the Turkish/Ottomans fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) - Lost the Netherlands due to revolt, Spanish Armada defeated - Defeated by Elizabeth with the Spanish Armada in 1588 - Goals were religious Conformity and extending royal power and Spanish dominance in Europe but failed - 1556 - 1598 Society of Jesus (Jesuits) - Militant/activist Roman Catholic order begun by Ignatius of Loyola - "The Spiritual Exercises"- believed human will could be strengthened through Catholic Church - stressed absolute obedience to the papacy - Combated Protestantism through education - Try to reconvert people to the Catholicism Pope Paul III - Led the Catholic Reformation by Recognizing Jesuits and Summoning the Council of Trent - Council of Trent 1545 - 1563  a. Said that only Catholics were right and Protestants were wrong b. said that salvation was through faith and good works c. ended public sales of indulgences and Relics d. Upheld Transubstantiation and clerical celibacy Valois (France-Catholic) - Royal French Catholics, had rivalry with Holy Roman Empire - Replaced by the Bourbons after French Religious Wars Bourbon (France-Huguenot) - French Huguenot family - Became rulers of France after the French Religious Wars - Started with Henry IV Henry IV of Navarre - French politique whose rise to power ended the French Religious Wars - Converted to Catholicism to gain loyalty - Issued Edict of Nantes-Catholicism is official religion, but Protestants are tolerated Thirty Years’ War (plus four phases) - Bohemian Phase: 1618-1625 a. Start with defenestration of Prague b. Catholic League Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire leads them versus the Protestant unions with Frederick V from Bohemia. This leads to a  splitting of HRE c. Holy Roman Empire wins the first phase - Danish Phase: 1625-1629 a. Ferdinand II one with the help of Von Wallenstein (a strategist) versus the Protestants with Christian IV (?) b. Catholics win - Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 a. This is where we start to see the war turn more political than religious because the French who are Catholic come in to help fund the Protestant simply because they absolutely hate the Hapsburgs. b. Ferdinand II with the Catholics versus Gustavus Adolphus a Swedish King with the protestants c. Gustavus Adolphus fought in the Battle of what's and got killed in 1632 but was an amazing fighter with one of the first standing armies d. Thanks to Gustavus at office the Protestants/Swedes win - Franco-Swedish: 1635-1648 a. Bourbons versus habsburgs b. turning completely political as the French are now fighting alongside the Protestants and the Spanish have also come into fight because they’re Hapsburgs and they're all fighting  c. French defeated Spanish and led to end of Spanish military greatness - Let the huge decline in Holy Roman Empire Defenestration of Prague - Protestants through to Catholics out a window in response to Calvinism not being accepted Edict of Restitution - Emperor Ferdinand attempted to make peace with the German princes in 1629. - however it failed and the war continued into the Franco Swedish phase Peace of Westphalia - And did religious 30 Years War in 1648 - marked the end of religious wars - Insured all German States including Calvinists were free to determine their own religion - Made it clear that religion and politics were now separate Emperor Ferdinand II - Leader of the Catholics during the 30 Years War Elector Frederick V of the Palatinate Protestant - Head of protestant Union - during bohemian phase,  Bohemian Rebels who seized control Bohemia deposed for demand and elected Fredrick V Union/Catholic League Christian IV - King of Denmark who was invited to lead the Protestants during the Danish phase - made an anti-catholic and anti-habsburg alliance with the United provinces & England Gustavus Adolphus - Swedish military genius and king - LED Protestants to victory during the Swedish phase - killed in battle Von Wallenstein - Military strategist working for Emperor Ferdinand ii during the 30 Years War - however he was fired because Ferdinand was afraid he would get more glory - he was also assassinated in 1634 Chapters 4-5 Prince Henry the Navigator - Found a navigation School in Portugal and 1419 Bartolomeu Dias - Rounded Cape of Good Hope Vasco da Gama - Actually went around the Cape of Good Hope and stopped at several ports controlled by Muslim merchants - Sought and brought back spices Albuquerque - Set up facilities at Goa on the western coast of India and it became the headquarters of Portuguese operations - Seized Malacca ( control of the spice) Ferdinand Magellan - Portuguese explorer best known for having planned and led the 1519 to 1522 Spanish expedition to the West Indies Christopher Columbus - Sought to get to India for the spice trade but in 1492 landed in the caribbeans. - explored for Ferdinand and isabella. - Columbus landed on all the major islands of the Caribbean and the mainland of Central America Hernan Cortes - Spanish conquistador - when he went to visit the Aztecs in 1519 they welcomed him friendly and gave him lots of gold. he then took Montezuma hostage, pillaged the city. he was eventually driven out by the Aztecs but a few months later he came back and with the help of tlaxcala and the fact that European disease had wiped out many Aztecs he captured the city. Francisco Pizarro - Spanish explorer in South America - brought weapons unfamiliar to his hosts - came to defeat anchors who were already succumbed to smallpox - Executed the emperor and aided by some ink and allies marched on kazoko and captured the Incan capital. - established a capital at Lima for a new Colony for the Spanish Empire in 1535 Akbar the Great - created greatest Indian empire in 2000 years Mughal Empire - Founders of Mughal Empire came from gangas River Valley - founder of the dynasty was Babar - it was Akbar but bars grandson however who brought the Mughal rule to most of  India creating the greatest Indian empire since nearly 2,000 years earlier - Wars of succession and declining led to collapse of Mughal Empire - demise of Moogle Empire open door for European trading companies to capitalize on the lucrative trade between India and Europe Sir Robert Clive/East India Company - Established in 1602 - Aggressive British Empire Builder who became the chief representative of the East India Company - After the British defeated the mughals at the Battle of Plessy the British East India Company was given the right to impose a taxes from the people surrounding Calcutta - Marked a major step in the gradual transfer of all the Indian subcontinent to the British East India Company and later in 1858 to the British crown as a colony - Served as a training unit and administration of English territories in Asia Ming Dynasty - Had extended rule into Mongolia and Central Asia and briefly reconquered Vietnam - suffering led to Peasant Revolt by Weezy Chang and his forces occupied the capital in The Last Emperor committed suicide - be overthrow of the Ming Dynasty created an opportunity for the Macho's  farming and hunting people who lived in China Qing Dynasty - When the Ming dynasty was overthrown the manchuria's renamed it the Qing Dynasty which had a series of strong rulers who pacify the country and corrected most serious social and economic ills and restored peace and prosperity. - However, declined due to increasing pressure on land because of population growth led to economic hardship for many peasants and Rebellion - Confined European traders to a small island outside the city walls of Canton Tokugawa shogunate - Tokugawa Ieyasu: Most powerful and longest lasting shogunate - Shogunates restored Central Authority and remained in power until 1868 - 1639 colon shut off country to all foreigners West Indies - Some were controlled by French and English colonial empires - French and English developed Plantation economies worked by African slaves - Sugar factories and sugar was Britain's main export Jamestown - First permanent English settlement in America - founded in 1607 Treaty of Tordesillas  - 1494: signed by the pope where it divided South America between Spain and Portugal Fall of the Aztecs - not Central State but collection of semi-independent territories which helped with demise - defeated by a hernan cortez - Welcomed hernan Cortez because they thought he was a God and gave him lots of gold but the Spaniards took Montezuma hostage and pillaged the City. - in 1520 the population revolted and drove the Spanish out. many Spaniards are killed but the Aztecs suffered from many diseases from the Europeans - Captured by hernon Cortez after 4 months European rivalries in exploration - Africa and slave trade. a. labor shortage because all the natives were dying and had no laborers so participated in the triangular trade for labor. - Portugal goes from number one Explorer but then Spain eclipses them - Spanish have Philippines because Magellan but it's all they have in Asia - British French rivalries over India Takeover(s) of Malacca - 1511: the Portuguese  - 1641 :Dutch seize Malacca Growth of commercial capitalism - Joint stock companies - people investing - Dutch led the way, part of the Dutch golden age - set up a centralized Bank : Bank of Amsterdam and 1609 - the bank of Amsterdam helped to stabilize currency and help them become wealthy Age of Exploration - Prince Henry the Navigator's school of navigation in Portugal and 1419 - Sought to explore so they could gain gold gain glory and power and share christianity. they also really wanted control of the spice trade. - This is when the Portuguese and Spanish really got super high up in the world especially the Portuguese thanks to their seizing of Malacca - Christopher Columbus and discovering the Americas - Spanish Conquest the aztecs, the incas, - English established their first training post in content in 1699 - In 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht the French begin to see some of their American possessions to the British and as a result of the Seven Years War they surrendered their Canadian lands  - Persecution of Christians in Japan Portolani - Detailed map or chart for Coastal navigation - like mercator's map Caravels - Portuguese ship in which the sale took wind from any direction Conquistadors - Spanish conquerors/explorers - Had Superior weapons organization skills and determination that gave them success - wiped out a ton of the people they took over through bringing new diseases “God, Gold, Glory” - Sought to explore so they could gain gold gain glory and power and share christianity. they also really wanted control of the spice trade. Encomienda - Economic and social system that permitted the Conquering of Spaniards to collect tribute from the Indians and use them as laborers - In return holders of an encomienda were supposed to protect the Indians pay them wages and supervise their needs. much like feudal system. Triangular Trade  - Connected Europe Africa in the American - European Merchant ships carried European Goods to Africa where they were traded for slaves and the slaves were shipped to America and sold and European Merchants then brought tobacco molasses sugar Etc and shipped it back to Europe and sold them in europe. it was just a cycle. Middle Passage - Journey of slaves from Africa to Americas - Tons of slaves packed in really small areas and super inhumane conditions where they would likely die from disease or malnourishment. - mortality rates average 10% - Why American slavery is so different than European, Being tied to race. and generational. Columbian Exchange - Introduction of new plants ideas diseases Etc - exchange of things between old and new world - New World : potatoes chocolate corn tomatoes and tobacco - old world : horses cattle and wheat Price revolution - The primary driver was the large-scale importation of precious metals from the Americas, particularly silver from mines in Mexico and Peru, which were exploited  by the Spanish crown - This influx of precious metals led to a significant increase in the money supply across Europe, causing inflation and raising the prices of goods and services - The Price Revolution had a significant impact on different social classes, with landowners often benefiting from higher agricultural prices while laborers struggled to afford basic necessities due to rising costs - Wages failed to keep up with price increases Mercantilism - Jean-Baptiste Colbert - idea that there was a finite amount of wealth in the world - favorable balance of trade ( more exports than Imports ) Absolutism Divine-Right monarchy Louis XIII Cardinal Richelieu - Chief minister of King Louie XIV - got involved in the 30 Years War - Eliminated the political and Military rights of huguenots but preserved their religious privileges  - established intendants to spy on mainly Nobles and report back and would execute conspirators Louis XIV - Absolute monarch of France - moved Court to Versailles - Removed High nobility and princes of the blood from the Royal Council - Was in a lot of debt because Versailles maintaining court and pursuing Wars so Jean-Baptiste Colbert introduced mercantilism and found a new luxury introduced mercantilism and found a new luxury interest to reduce Imports Industries to reduce Imports and built roads and canals to better communication - moves government from Paris to Versailles - Edict of Fontainebleau - Cardinal Mazarin - An Italian who dominated the government until Louis XIV was old enough - Minister during the front, a noble Revolt in which Louis XIV had to go into hiding and despise the Nobles ever since for that which was what led to Versailles Etc Court of Versailles - X hunting lodge to Palace - residents of king, reception hall for State affairs, Office Building for the members  of the king's government, home to thousands of Royal officials and aristocratic courtiers - did everything to keep Nobles happy - Nobles would compete to win favor - Louis has Nobles as his minions and keeps them distracted with women entertainment Etc at Versailles to keep them obeying him Jean-Baptiste Colbert - French Finance Minister for Louis XIV - Jean-Baptiste Colbert introduced mercantilism and found a new luxury introduced mercantilism and found a new luxury interest to reduce Imports Industries to reduce Imports and built roads and canals to better communication - raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods to curb Imports Philip IV - Spent too much on War - Spain completely loses their status under him - internal Civil Wars and revolts - Lost - Spanish princess Maria Theresa marries Louis XIV and there's a Habsburg bourbon marriage which brings an end to the French Spanish War - lose all Italian territories Intendants - Spies implemented by Cardinal Richelieu - Executed orders of central government - strength and royal power Boyars - Russian nobility Janissaries - Christian boys who have been taken from their parents converted to Muslim faith and subjected to rigid military discipline to form an elite core of troops personally loyal to the sultan Gentry - Well born people of a high social class - he social class of landowners in England who were below the nobility but above the common people, often holding significant influence and wealth. Edict of Fontainebleau - Issued by Louie the 14th and said you had to be Catholic And Catholicism was the religion of France War of the League of Augsburg - Louie moved into the Holy Roman Empire where Spain Sweden England in the united provinces teamed up against him  - the eight-year battle brought economic depression and famine to France - Treaty of ryswick ended the war and forced Louie to give up most of his conquests War of the Spanish Succession - Charles II a Habsburg died leaving the Throne of Spain to his grandson Louis XIV but people did not want the bourbon and Habsburg dynasties to become one because it would disrupt the balance of powers so a coalition of England, the United provinces, ,Austria, and German states opposed France and Spain in an 11-year war that ended with the peace of Utrecht in 1713 and France had to give England Newfoundland Hudson Bay territory and Nova Scotia - Spanish King dies without errors and Louie tries to get it - puts them in a ton of debt - 1702 to 1713 Great Northern War - Russia wanted to open a window to the West but it could only be achieved on the Baltic and the Baltic was controlled by Sweden so Peter with the help of Poland and Denmark attacked Sweden - Peter fought back in the war dragged on for 12 years - piece of Nishyat in 1721 gave formal recognition to what Peter had achieved in the acquisition of Estonia Livonia and carlena Eighty Years’ War - war of Netherlands independence from Spain, which led to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and to the formation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (the Dutch Republic). Turkish siege of Vienna - Ottomans laid Siege to Vienna and 1683 in a European Army led by the austrians counter-attacked and defeated them in 1687. the Treaty of karlowitz in 1699 Austria took control of hungry Transylvania Croatia and Slovenia establishing an Austrian Emp Leopold I - Austrian ruler - Ottomans laid Siege to Vienna and 1683 in a European Army led by the austrians counter-attacked and defeated them in 1687. the Treaty of karlowitz in 1699 Austria took control of hungry Transylvania Croatia and Slovenia establishing an Austrian Empire English Civil War - In a response to taxes without consent of Parliament and other factors a large group in the parliament led by Oliver Cromwell and Puritans we're successful in the first phase of the War - New Model Army by Oliver Cromwell  - a split occurred within the Parliamentary forces Where the Presbyterians wanted to disband the Army and restore trials the first but the Army was mostly full of Puritans so they opposed the Presbyterian Church - enraged by the king's treachery Cromwell and the Army engaged in a second Civil War which ended with cromwell's capture of the king - the revolution had triumphed and the monarchy in England had been destroyed for the moment Glorious Revolution - Parliament reacts to the throne skipping James II's daughter Mary and invites Mary and her husband William to invade ENGLAND if they will be figurehead king and queen. - Thrown handed to William and Mary as long as they agree to be constitutional and that the parliament is in charge and must be Protestant English Bill of Rights - 1689 - Parliament laws cannot be abolished by monarch - Parliament controls taxes Baroque Art - Blends Renaissance with religion - lots of propaganda with  - Palace of vers - of versa features dramatic, power, motion, grandeur, - Associated Catholic Counter Reformation - evokes emotion feelings and intense drama English restoration - Charles II return to England - restoration of the monarchy and House of Lords - Parliament however kept much of the power - forced to be Anglican - Declaration of indulgence: suspended the laws that Parliament had passed against Catholics and Puritans Petition of Right - Prohibited taxation without parliament's consent - Under Charles I Frederick William the Great Elector - Created standing army in Brandenburg Prussia - wanted Noble support So allowed them to have free land no taxes and high ranking positions in turn for military service - absolute ruler - favored interest of the nobility at the expense of the commercial and Industrial  class Hohenzollern dynasty - help make Brandenburg into a powerful state - Prussian ruling family Ivan IV the Terrible - tsar of Russia - expanded territories Eastward - extended autocracy of monarchy and crushed power of Russian nobility Peter the Great - Took a trip to Western Europe for year to see how they acted and helped Russia culturally shift to be like Western Europe - takes and adopts Western Europe customs and styles - gives women right to walk in public - must be Russian Orthodox - Reorganize central government - Adopted mercantilism - made first Navy - St Petersburg Charles XI/Charles XII - King of Sweden when Peter the Great attacked Sweden and the Great Northern  war William III of Orange/Mary II of England James I - Ruling Dutch family - had centralized Bank in Amsterdam - economic Prosperity through trade and commerce - William the third made stadholders mad by becoming like the monarchy Charles I - king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 until his execution in 1649. His reign was marked by a struggle for power between the monarchy and Parliament, leading to the English Civil War and significant changes in governance. Oliver Cromwell - led the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War, ultimately defeating King Charles I - Too puritan Charles II - King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 until his death in 1685, known for his restoration to the throne following the English Civil War and for promoting  a more liberal and hedonistic court culture. James II - last Roman Catholic monarch of England, reigning from 1685 until his ousting in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. - promote religious tolerance and strengthen royal power, which ultimately led to conflict with Parliament and fears of a return to absolute monarchy. The events surrounding his rule were pivotal in shaping the constitutional monarchy that followed in Britain. Thomas Hobbes - Wrote Leviathan - said that nobody should Revolt regardless John Locke - Tabula rasa - said it was okay for people to revolve if Their rights were being obstructed Bernini - one of the leading figures of the Baroque movement in Rome. His most famous works include 'The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa,' which showcases his skill in creating emotional depth through sculptural form. Rembrandt - highly detailed portraits and self-portraits, showcasing the flourishing art scene in  the Netherlands during that period. Suleiman the Magnificent - expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, including significant conquests such as Budapest and parts of Persia. - patron of the arts, leading to a cultural renaissance that included advancements in architecture, poetry, and calligraphy. deductive/inductive reasoning - inductive reasoning: Francis Bacon a. broad generalizations or principles are derived from a body of observations - Descartes comes up with deductive reasoning which takes conclusion and gets to parts Cultural relativism - Accompanied by religious skepticism - the belief that no culture is superior to another because culture is a matter of custom, not reason, and derives its meaning from the group holding it. On Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres - Proposed to heliocentric model of the World by Nicholas Copernicus Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican Telescope - Galileo argues strongly in favor of the Copernican model, presenting  evidence from his telescope observations like the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter, which could not be adequately explained by the Ptolemaic system. - Led to Galileo being yet again put before the Inquisition Discourse on Method - Descartes proposes a systematic approach to knowledge acquisition by employing doubt as a tool to eliminate preconceived notions and reach fundamental truths - Deductive reasoning Messiah - Song by Handel - masterpiece and appealed to everyone Nicolaus Copernicus Tycho Brahe - Laid foundation for Kepler - heliocentric ideals - Destroy geocentric conception Johannes Kepler - Laws of planetary motion - took brahe’s data and said copernicus's theory was right - realized that the Earth isn't perfectly circular it's elliptical  - Speed of planet is greater when closer the Sun - planets with larger orbits revolve at a slower average velocity Galileo Galilei - Tweaks and develops modern - the starry messenger - problem of motion in a nurse - pulled into Inquisition and is placed under house arrest - discover the moon had craters in sunspots Francis Bacon - Inductive reasoning Blaise Pascal - Put science and Christianity together - Christianity not contrary to reason - Rationalism - invented calculator - Pascal's wager: if you gain you gain all if you lose you lose nothing Immanuel Kant - argued that human perception is shaped by innate categories of understanding like space and time, essentially establishing a framework for how we can gain knowledge about the world around us Montesquieu - Separation of powers - use of reason to liberate humans from prejudice - Wanted nobility of France to play active role in the government Voltaire - Heated absolutism - opinionated about monarchy - criticism about religion and absolutism - creates deism the concept that God created the world and wound up the clock but left us alone Diderot - Encyclopedia John Wesley - Methodism - very missionaries Reason of state - Rulers look beyond dynastic interests to long-term future of their state “Agricultural revolution” - Beginning of 18th century farmers were making 20-30% more than they needed - Only in england, so debated if it really was a revolution  - Factors: more farmland, increased crop yields, healthier livestock, improved climate - Abandoning three field system, now used for new crops that would rejuvenate soil - More meat and food production increased animal manure, used to fertilize fields - Jethro Tull and hoe to keep soil loose and allow air and moisture to grow better a. And seed drill to plant seeds deep in rows so no birds eat - More food = cheaper = wages decreased = enclosure act = fence off previously communal lands, effectively privatizing them and taking control of common pastures Taille - Land tax on French peasantry Cahiers de doléances (Cahiers) - Meaning "lists of grievances." Petitions for reforms submitted to the French crown when the Estates General met in 1789 Coup d'etat - sudden, forceful overthrow of a government by a small group, typically military leaders, effectively seizing power and replacing the existing leadership - Seen in Napoleon’s case and the French Revolution  - Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the French Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate Continental System - Napoleon convinced his allies and what he owned not to trade with Britain so he could weaken the economy and defeat them, but it didn’t work because the states (i.e. Russia!) needed to trade. Parliament and British monarchs (relationship) - Parliament had more power - House of Lords & Commons - Petition of right - English bill of rights—monarch needs to go through Parliament to get taxes War of the Austrian Succession - Charles 6 only had daughters so said Maria Theresa said she could run things, and Pragmatic Sanction said she would be the next ruler - Other countries gang up on Russia, and Freddie the Great really didn’t want her - Loses Silesia to Fredrick Napoleonic Code (aka Civil Code/Code Napoleon) Nationalism Liberalism Isaac Newton Encyclopedia Principia (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) Tabula rasa Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Geocentric conception (Ptolemaic system) Heliocentric conception (Copernican system) World-machine Adam Smith Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft Bach/Handel/Haydn/Mozart John Locke Scientific method Cartesian dualism Rationalism Philosophes Separation of powers Deism Constitutional monarchy Emigres Jacobins Girondins Sans-culottes de-Christianization Cottage industry Old Regime Laissez-faire Romanticism Rococo Neoclassicism High culture Popular culture pogroms Wealth of Nations The Social Contract Andreas Vesalius Rene Descartes Enlightened Absolutism (Enlightened despots) Natural rights Bureaucracy serfdom Balance of power Enlightenment’s impact on 18th century politics Pragmatic Sanction - Charles the sixth only had daughters and so he issued a like statement in the form of the pragmatic sanction to Europe saying that his eldest Maria Theresa was going to be Queen when he died “Diplomatic Revolution” - In 1756, the major powers shifted their alliances and Prussia allied with Britain while France allied with Austria - During 7 years war Seven Years’ War - 1756-1763 - The wider conflict started 2 years earlier not in Europe, but in America, and then in 1756 came to Europe (started in 1754 w/ French-Indian) - Who? a. French and British b. Breaks out in colonies in French-Indian war, 2 years later war breaks out in Europe (and India with tea companies) - Battle of plassey - British win and get Canada - French lose canada and other colonies - Treaty of Paris: 1763, ends this war - Began with dispute over North American land claims French and Indian War - War between the French and the people in the colonies of North America that were british/indian and it was a dispute over North American land claims which spread all the way to Europe Treaty of Paris 1763 - Ended 7 Years War - gave the British Canada from French and made the French give up many other territories Ascendency of Great Britain/Growth of worldwide trade - the period during the 18th and 19th centuries when Great Britain emerged as a dominant global power, particularly after its victory in the Seven Years' War - Glorious revolution - British becomes the number one country after the Seven Years War because they win in the Americas and Asia with the tea companies and in Europe American Revolution Treaty of Paris 1783 - Recognize the independence of the American colonies and granted the Americas control of the western territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River American Revolution’s impact on Europe Estates-General Tennis Court Oath Fall of the Bastille “The Great Fear” - A vast Panic that spread throughout France from July 20th to August 6th. it included a fear of invasion from foreign troops, a supposed aristocratic plot, and encouraged the formation of citizen militia and permanent committees. the greatest effect was on the National Assembly meeting in Versailles and it's attempt to reform France Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen Women’s March on Versailles King’s Flight to Varennes National Convention a. Started with the first french rep. b. Constitution of 1st french rep c. Create committee of public safety d. 1972-1975 e. Change calendar, religion, counting by 10’s, renaming streets, etc. f. de-Christianization g. The radicals revolting I. George Dalton is in charge II. give suffrage to everyone III. abolish constitutional monarch IV. Robespierre in charge h. Reign of terror  I. Get Robespierre! *death* First Coalition - A bunch of European States fighting against the French Revolution Reign of Terror Thermidorian Reaction - The arrest and execution of Robespierre - 1794 The Directory - Bourgeois try to bring France back to how it was, Return of the moderates - Constitution of 1795 a. five person directory b. new government system c. Established a national legislative assembly consisting of a lower house the Council of 500 and the Council of Elders of 250 d. 1795-1799 - Overthrown by Napoleon in 1799 Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon I Concordat 1801 Battle of Trafalgar Invasion of Russia Hundred Days Battle of Waterloo Frederick II (The Great) of Prussia - Prussian Enlightened absolutist - took Silesia from Maria Theresa - Codified law - granted some civil liberties - Potatoes - religious freedom - Eliminated use of torture except in treason and murder cases - prussia Rose and ranks regarded as a great European power Catherine II (The Great) of Russia - School for Girls - gave most rights to no - And - Terr territorial expansion Joseph II of Austria - Most enlightened - abolished serfdom - new penal code for prisoners - allowed religious toleration  - too much too fast Louis XV - became king at the age of five after the death of his great-grandfather, Louis XIV, but his reign was largely directed by regents until he came of age. He was known for his lavish lifestyle and patronage of the arts, which contrasted sharply with the financial difficulties faced by France during his reign. Louis XVI - King during French Revolution - tried to run away but got brought back to Versailles - executed Marie Antoinette - Wife to Louis XVI, Queen of France from 1774-1793 - Very expensive lifestyle, symbol of high class greed and monarical decline during French Revolution - Got her head chopped off in 1793 Hanoverian dynasty - The Germans who helped make the Prime Minister really powerful pushed for expansion - Prime minister during 7 Years War - deals with fighting French  - push push For expansion Frederick William I - Most famous Recreation of huge Army - made all the Nobles officials to keep them on his good side Junkers - nobility and landowning classes in Brandenburg and Prussia. Maria Theresa - Austrian Queen - war with Frederick the great and - reforms for helping women and allowing freedom Emelyan Pugachev - leader of a major peasant rebellion in Russia during the reign of Catherine the Great - Got stopped by Catherine the Great Poland (partitioning) - Poland was split up in three ways between Austria Russia and Prussia - Poland doesn't become a country again until after World War I Philip V (Spain) - First bourbon king of Spain because of War Spanish succession Jethro Tull  - Seed drill Richard Arkwright - Water wheel Hobbes vs. Locke (revolution justified?) George Washington First Estate/Second Estate/Third Estate Bourgeoisie Charles de Calonne National Assembly - Get rid of king (take his power) - Get rid of estates (old regime) - Attack on bastille - Tennis court oath I. Creates 1st constitution: creates const. monarchy Olympe de Gouges Legislative Assembly - Officially get rid of old regime and titles of nobility - Commoners will be in charge now - Make a deal with church (will be chosen by people) - Limit King powers - He tries to run away and gets caught and hauled back to France and say no more monarchy - 1792: end monarchy and create first French republic Jacques Necker - Financial advisor to Louie the 16  - implemented a rigorous economic policy, reducing the crown's expenditure and imposing structural reforms on the way the royal finances were administered Paris Commune - Composed of sans-culotte - Commune governed Paris for two months, promoting policies that tended toward a progressive, anti-religious system of their own self-styled socialism, which was an eclectic mix of many 19th-century schools of thought. - Secularism? Georges Danton Jean-Paul Marat/Charlotte Corday Committee of Public Safety Maximilien Robespierre Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I) Pope Pius VII - Pope during Napoleon's reign - Crown Napoleon emperor and did not like Napoleon The Grand Empire - Napoleon’s grand empire - encompassing most of Europe excluding Great Britain and Russia Louis XVIII  - French King - restored the Bourbon dynasty to the throne after Napoleon's defeat, - ruling from 1814 to 1824 - attempting to balance conservative and liberal interests through the "Charter of 1814" which established a constitutional monarchy in France; - marking the "Bourbon Restoration" period following the Napoleonic Wars. Beethoven Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) In-Class Review Thirty Years War: - 1618-1648 - Starts with Defenestration of Prague - Protestants v. Catholics a. Ferdinand - Primarily in HRE - What? How would you describe what it's about? a. Calvanists wanted rights (religious tension) because Peace of Augsburg didn’t include Calvinism b. Mainly in Bohemia c. Catholics win Bohemian Phase - Danish Phase: Catholics win a. Von wollenstien - Swedish Phase  a. Swedes come in b. Gustavas Adolphas and standing military c. Kinda a draw - Franco-Swedish Phase a. Swedes continue and get help from the French b. Protestants win, thanks to the hate for Hapbsurgs lol c. Peace of Westphalia I. effects: a. HRE falls apart (300+ provinces) b. Because Hapsburgs lost, the HRE is on the decline and their partner country, Spain, also went into decline (loose Netherlands, etc.) c. Balance of power has now shifted from Spain to France d. Last primary war of religion e. Recognize Calvinism—princes decide Italian Wars - Not a major topic - Really France and Spain and Austria fighting in Italy - Valois/Bourbon and Hapsburgs - France gets NW (Piedmont, Milan, etc.) - Hapsburgs get NE (Venice!) - French also fight for Rome because they want influence/control of papacy - Italians can't do much because they are not unified yet Humanism - Petrarch: father of humanism - Erasmus: father of Christian humanism - Emphasis on man’s individuality and potential a. We are created in God’s image, look what we can do! - Classical antiquity (look what we’ve done!) a. Reading and translating and studying (gateway to humanities) - Christian humanism a. Problems with RCC  b. Need to focus more on Christ c. Reformation comes out of Erasmus - Art a. Diff art and architecture between classical and renaissance (naked) art and Christian humanism (Northern) focused on Christ and religion and elites Seven Years War - 1756-1763 - The wider conflict started 2 years earlier not in Europe, but in America, and then in 1756 came to Europe (started in 1754 w/ French-Indian) - Who? c. French and British d. Breaks out in colonies in French-Indian war, 2 years later war breaks out in Europe (and India with tea companies) - Battle of plassey - British win and get Canada - French lose canada and other colonies - Treaty of Paris: 1763, ends this war - Began with dispute over North American land claims War of Austrian Succession - Charles 6 only had daughters so said Maria Theresa said she could run things, and Pragmatic Sanction said she would be the next ruler - Other countries gang up on Russia, and Freddie the Great really didn’t want her - Loses Silesia to Fredrick English Parliament - Started in 1200’s with Magna Carta, 1215 - Keep check on King’s power - House of Lords and Commons (elites and bourgeoisie-like) - Connected with English Civil War  a. When British Parliament really get in control and create constitutional monarchy - Run by prime minister - House of lords and commons pick prime minister - relationship: a. King was still incharge and parliament was more of an advisory board English Civil War - Royalists v. Round heads (Cromwell) - 1640’s - Beginning cause: didn’t call them, said be gone with you i’m going to rule myself a. Disbands Parliament b. End of phase 1: I. People realise Charles won’t listen so the chop his head off c. Cromwell I. Puritan dictator II. Son takes over and British people hate them, so they rise up against Richard Cromwell and ask for monarchs best (Restoration) d. Bring back Charles II I. Partying king e. James II comes to throne, but was Catholic and British hated that I. Makes his son as the next ruler, not his eldest daughters II. Parliament makes a move, tells Netherlands William (married to Protestant Mary) to invade and he can be king if Parliament gets power this is the Glorious Revolution (1688) because it’s bloodless. f. End up with William & Mary - King they’re fighting: Charles I a. James, Charles, Charles, James—Stuart dynasty - 1689: English Bill of Rights a. Rights to everyone  b. Taxation Enlightenment Absolutism - Absolutist a. Divine right b. Rule alone c. Louis 14, Freddie the Elector, Louis 15, 16, James I, Charles I Peter the Great, Ivan the Terrible - Enlightened Abs. a. God has put me here b. I need to provide and protect for my citizens c. Catherine the Great, Joseph II, Freddie the Great, Maria Theresa, Napoleon Ending Phases of the French Revolution - 1: National Assembly a. Get rid of king (take his power) b. Get rid of estates (old regime) c. Attack on bastille d. Tennis court oath II. Creates 1st constitution: creates const. monarchy - 2: Legislative Assembly a. Officially get rid of old regime and titles of nobility b. Commoners will be in charge now c. Make a deal with church (will be chosen by people) d. Limit King powers e. He tries to run away and gets caught and hauled back to France and say no more monarchy f. 1792: end monarchy and create first French republic - 3: National Convention i. Started with the first french rep. j. Constitution of 1st french rep k. Create committee of public safety  l. Change calendar, religion, counting by 10’s, renaming streets, etc. m. de-Christianization n. Reign of terror II. Get Robespierre! *death* - 4: The Directory a. 1795: thermidorian reaction I. Arrest and execution of Robespierre b. Bring moderates back and make a new constitution c. Directory gets overthrown Napoleon and Napoleon makes a new constitution - All named after gov’t of the phase Explorers - Primarily spanish - Conquistadors - Cortes, pizarro, columbus, magellan, de gama, dias - Treaty of tordesillas New Monarchs - Pre-abs rulers - centralized government, economy and religion - Ferdinand and isabella - Louis 11 - Henry 8 - Henry tudor Agriculture Revolution - Mid to late 1600s - Gadgets and theories for growing food - Seed drill, water wheel, hoe, crop rotation - Tied to commercial revolution then industrial rev