Anthropology Module 1 | Human Evolution & Culture | PDF

​ Evolutionary – Studies human Lesson 1.1 – What is Anthropology? | variation across time and space. Reviewer (Pagbabago) V. Goal of Anthropology I. Definition of Anthropology...

​ Evolutionary – Studies human Lesson 1.1 – What is Anthropology? | variation across time and space. Reviewer (Pagbabago) V. Goal of Anthropology I. Definition of Anthropology ​ Describe and explain human variation. ​ Derived from Greek words: ​ Observes similarities and ○​ Anthropos – human differences in human societies. ○​ Logus – to study ​ Uses evidence from diverse ​ Anthropology is the study of cultures to understand humanity. humans. ​ Examines Homo sapiens and their ancestral primates. VI. Quick Recall Questions Explanation: Anthropology ay ang pag aaral sa mga tao. Ang homo sapiens ay 1.​ What is the meaning of the Greek yung pinakamalapit nating ninuno bilang word Anthropos? modern humans. 2.​ What are the four characteristics of Anthropology? II. Nature of Anthropology 3.​ Why is fieldwork important in Anthropology? ​ Scientific study of human beings 4.​ What is the main goal of as social organisms. Anthropology? ​ Focuses on human interaction 5.​ How does Anthropology apply within their environment. knowledge to human problems? ​ Studies cultural aspects of life, past and present. III. Scope of Anthropology Lesson 1.2 – Scope of Anthropology | Reviewer ​ Discusses human nature, society, and past. ​ Includes: ○​ Origin of man and woman. I. Scope of Anthropology ○​ Relationship with pre-industrial society. ​ Anthropology is a social science ​ Central concern: Applying related to Sociology, Political knowledge to solve human Science, Economics, and problems. Psychology. ​ It also connects with natural IV. Characteristics of Anthropology sciences (Biology, Zoology) and Humanities (Religion, Art). ​ Holistic – Studies humans in a ​ Anthropologists study human broad sense. (Malawakan) diversity, including skin color, ​ Comparative – Compares different kinship systems, religious beliefs, cultures. (Pagkakaiba) and technologies. ​ Field-based – Anthropologists work ​ Anthropology provides a directly with data sources. (Data) comprehensive explanation of human life, considering complex  patterns of work, family, power, and Explanation: Ang meaning. Cultural/Socio-Cultural/Social Anthropology ay naka focus sa kultura ng tao. II. Fields or Branches of Anthropology 3.​ Archaeology / Prehistory 1.​ Physical Anthropology / ○​ Focuses on reconstructing past Biological Anthropology societies and cultures through ○​ Studies human evolution, artifacts and remains. physical variations, and ○​ Studies subsistence patterns, primate anatomy. settlements, burials, artifacts, ○​ Key areas of research: and tool use. ​ Human Biology – Genetic ○​ Provides insights into prehistoric inheritance, human diversity, human history before writing. adaptations to environmental 4.​ Linguistic Anthropology stresses. [Genes] ​ Primatology – Evolution, ○​ Examines human language and anatomy, adaptation, and social its connection to culture, history, behavior of primates. [Evolution] and biology. ​ Paleoanthropology – Fossil remains and ancestral ○​ Analyzes sound patterns, word connections in human evolution. meanings, sentence structures, [Fossils] and communication styles. ○​ Focuses on non-cultural, ○​ Studies both verbal and genetically inherited traits non-verbal linguistic features, in humans and near-humans including body language and (monkeys, apes, fossil cultural context. ancestors). 5.​ Applied Anthropology Explanation: Ang Physical or Biological na ○​ Uses anthropological theory and anthropology is more on sa pagbabago ng methods to solve human tao, sa pisikal na aspect, and sa pinaka problems. kabuuang katawan. ○​ Includes fields like: 2.​ Cultural Anthropology / Socio-Cultural Anthropology / ​ Applied Medical Social Anthropology / Ethnology Anthropology – Studies the interaction between health, ○​ Studies historical and nutrition, social environment, contemporary human and cultural beliefs. cultures and societies. ​ Urban Anthropology – ○​ Examines social and Examines human adaptation to political organization, city life. marriage patterns, kinship systems, economic ​ Anthropological Economics – structures, and religious Investigates economic beliefs. behaviors in different cultures.  ​ Contract Archaeology – 2.​ Provides insights into different Assesses and preserves ways of life and the justification historical sites. behind human activities and behaviors. ○​ Example: Applied anthropology is used to 3.​ Enables interaction and determine the ancestry of collaboration in an interconnected unearthed Native world to solve social and American remains. environmental issues. 4.​ Offers a scientific basis for dealing with multicultural knowledge and III. Quick Recall Questions | LESSON 2 global dilemmas. 5.​ Helps us in fighting against 1.​ How is Anthropology related to both prejudice and discrimination, social and natural sciences? promoting a better understanding of 2.​ What are the five main fields of humankind across time and space. Anthropology? 3.​ What does Primatology study? 6.​ Serves as a tool for development, 4.​ How does Linguistic Anthropology helping societies progress through analyze communication beyond anthropological insights. words? 5.​ Give an example of how Applied -​ Nauunawaan natin ang Anthropology is used in real-world kaibahan natin sa iba pa. situations. -​ Nagkaka ideya tayo sa pamamaraan ng buhay. -​ May pagsasama o pagbubuklod para sa Lesson 1.3 - Relevance of Anthropology | pagresolba ng problema. Reviewer -​ Tinutulungan tayo labanan ang panghuhusga -​ Kasangkapan para sa pagbabago. I. Importance of Anthropology ​ Anthropology provides a comprehensive understanding of III. Quick Recall Questions human experiences. ​ It is panhuman, evolutionary, and 1.​ Why is Anthropology considered comparative, requiring deep panhuman, evolutionary, and knowledge about humankind. comparative? ○​ Panhuman - apektado or related 2.​ How does Anthropology help in sa humanity. understanding human diversity? ○​ Evolutionary - nagbabago, 3.​ What role does Anthropology play in lumalago. solving global social and ○​ Comparative - maiku-kumpara environmental problems? 4.​ How does Anthropology contribute II. Reasons Why Anthropology is to fighting prejudices and Relevant discrimination? 5.​ In what ways can Anthropology be a 1.​ Helps in understanding human tool for development? diversity and world affairs from past to present.  V. 19th Century – Birth of Modern Anthropology Lesson 1.4 - Historical Development of Anthropology ​ Discovery of ancient remains (bones, tools) expanded understanding of human history. ​ Anthropology became an I. Early Foundations of Anthropology academic discipline. ​ Scientific acceptance of biological ​ Ancient Greek Influence: and cultural evolution. ○​ Herodotus (400s BC) – One of the first anthropologists. VI. 20th Century – Modern Anthropology ○​ Recorded cultures through second- and third-hand ​ Franz Boas & Alfred Kroeber – accounts. Advocated detailed research and ○​ Established the East-West fieldwork. cultural division. ​ Shift from evolutionary view to structural functionalism. ​ Islamic Contributions: ​ Anthropology became more ○​ Ibn Khaldun (14th century scientific, data-driven, and AD) – Studied the impact of applied. environment, sociology, psychology, and economics VII. Quick Recall on civilizations. ​ Who is considered one of the first II. Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuries AD) anthropologists and what was his contribution to the field? ​ Dominated by biblical scholars ​ How did the European Age of who viewed human origins through Enlightenment influence the study of religious beliefs. anthropology? ​ Promoted the idea that human ​ What was the role of Franz Boas diversity was a divine creation. and Alfred Kroeber in the development of modern III. Age of Exploration (15th Century anthropology? Onward) ​ European explorers described exotic cultures but lacked respect and Lesson 1.5 - Famous Anthropologists systematic study. IV. Age of Enlightenment (17th – 18th centuries) 1.​ Christian Jurgensen Thomsen (1788-1865) - Developed the ​ Marked the rise of scientific and Three-Age System (Stone, Bronze, rational thought. and Iron Ages), a classification ​ Imperialism (18th – 19th method for ancient societies. centuries) led to greater European interest in studying cultures. 2.​ Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) - Studied kinship systems and proposed the three stages of social evolution: savagery, barbarism, and civilization. 3.​ Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) anthropology, using "thick - Known as the Father of British description" to analyze cultural Anthropology; focused on the meanings. evolution of religion from animism to science. 14.​Marvin Harris (1927-2001) - A key figure in cultural materialism, 4.​ Franz Boas (1858-1942) - Known focusing on the economic and as the Father of Modern Cultural environmental influences on Anthropology, he emphasized culture. fieldwork and cultural relativism. 15.​Napoleon Chagnon (1938- ) - 5.​ Marcel Mauss (1872-1950) - Conducted ethnographic research Developed Social Ethnology, on the Yanomamö tribe, contributing studying religion and social to evolutionary anthropology. structures. 16.​Paul Farmer (1959-2022) - A 6.​ Ruth Benedict (1887-1948) - medical anthropologist and human Studied culture and personality, rights activist, working to provide emphasizing the connection health care for impoverished between primal cultures and communities. modern humans. 7.​ Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) - Researched folklore and culture in the American South, Haiti, and the Caribbean. 8.​ Margaret Mead (1901-1978) - Famous for research on childhood, parenthood, and gender roles, using an accessible writing style. 9.​ Julian Steward (1902-1972) - Developed multilinear cultural evolution, focusing on how societies adapt to their environment. 10.​Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009) - Known as the Founder of Structuralism, analyzing myths, kinship, and rituals. 11.​ Ray Birdwhistell (1918-1994) - Pioneered kinesics, studying nonverbal communication through body language. 12.​Eric Wolf (1923-1999) - Examined peasant communities and their connections to global socio-economic systems. 13.​Clifford Geertz (1926-2006) - Developed symbolic/interpretive