Biological Anthropology: Human Variation, Adaptation, and Evolution PDF

Biological Anthropology Human Variation, Adaptation & Evolution Detail of Stephen Nash painting, Darwin and Friends (1980) Agenda The Subfields of Biological Anthropology Primatology primates Paleoanthropology ancient people M...

Biological Anthropology Human Variation, Adaptation & Evolution Detail of Stephen Nash painting, Darwin and Friends (1980) Agenda The Subfields of Biological Anthropology Primatology primates Paleoanthropology ancient people Molecular Anthropology Human Biology Human Osteology bones  Cultural Visual Biological Subfields Primatology Paleoanthropology Anthropology Linguistic Molecular Anthropology Human Biology Subdisciplines Osteology - Bioarchaeology, Forensic Anthropology Archaeology  Primatology non-human primates Strepsirrhine Primates Duke University Chimpanzees use a stick to fish for termites. Manoj Shah/Getty Images  Paleoanthropology Evolution and Fossils “Lucy” 3.2 mya Australopithecus afarensis. Australopithecus afarensis (3.9-2.9 mya) Smithsonian painting Michael Hegelberg via Indiana U Molecular Anthropology Genetic (DNA) analysis to answer anthropological questions Jobling et al. 2013. Human Evolutionary Genetics. Fig 7.19  Flores Island, Indonesia Homo floresiensis Rampasasa The Conversation 100,000-60,000 Agenda The Subfields of Biological Anthropology Primatology Paleoanthropology Molecular Anthropology Human Biology Human Osteology Human Biology Human Variation and Adaptation SLC24A5 gene flow into East Africa Crawford et al. 2017. Science. 160: 8433-26 Human Biology Human Variation and Adaptation to the Environment  Human Osteology Skeletal Studies Bioarchaeology - human remains from archaeological sites Forensic Anthropology - legal context and disaster recovery Osteographia, or the Anatomy of the bones William Cheselden 1733, by P.D. Are the Remains Human? How many Individuals are there? Photo by C Wilczak Sex Estimation: Pelvis Female Male Mays.1999. The Archeology of Human Bone for child birth  Female Male Mays.1999. The Archeology of Human Bone for child birth Sex Estimation: Skull White et al.1991 Human Osteology. San Diego: Academic Press. pg 321 Up Next: Question photos C. Wilczak Age Estimation Tooth Eruption and Development 0-20 years Deciduous Permanent Shaded = deciduous White = permanent Figure Buickstra and Ubelaker. 1994. Standards. Up Next: Question  A. 2-3 yrs B. 4-5 yrs Age? C. 6-7 yrs D. 8-9 yrs E. 10+ Figure Buickstra and Ubelaker. 1994. Standards. Age Estimation Epiphysis Formation and Closure: 0-30 years From: Jurmain et al 2011. Intro to Physical Anthropology. Wadsworth, Cengage Madden 2011. Age and Sex. Osteoware Manual Part 1. Dudar and Wilczak (eds) Age Estimation Pubic Symphysis: Adults 15+ Phase 1 Surface ridges and furrows. Lower & upper edges not well defined (~15-22 yrs) Photo: T Gore, Smithsonian Institution; Figure: 7 Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994. Standards for data collection for human skeletal remains. Up Next: Question Age Estimate? A. Phase 2 Some ridges but less defined. Lower and upper edges starting to be defined. Extensions from extremities start to form on ventral side. (~20-30 yrs). B. Phase 3 Surface smooth or a few ridges. Extensions from extremities meet or nearly meet to form a broad elevation (~27-37 yrs) C. Phase 4 Surface smooth and fine-grained. Clear oval outline complete. (~34-44 yrs) D. Phase 5 Slight depression of surface relative to rim. Lipping around edge. (~40-55 yrs) E. Phase 6 Surface more depressed. Pores and pits on surface; erosion at edges. Irregularities and disfigurement. (50+) Paleopathology Evidence of Disease Infectious - TB Photo: D. Ortner collection Nutritional: Rickets Photo: D. Ortner Collection Evidence of Trauma Photo: D. Ortner collection Photo: D. Ortner Collection Photos: D. Ortner Collection Cultural Practices Cranial Reshaping Photo: D. Ortner collection Photo: D. Ortner Collection Markers of Habitual Activity Pressure Facets - Sacral facets Photo: Trotter, Mildred. 1964. AJPA 22 (2): 247–61. photo: Eliot Elisofon 1970. Smithsonian Archives Markers of Habitual Activity Osteoarthritis Photo: D. Ortner Collection Markers of Habitual Activity Muscle and ligament attachments Hawkey, D.E., and C.F. Merbs. 1995. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 5:324–338. NY African Burial Ground 1989, Lower Manhattan Dr. Michael Blakey Wilczak, C. A. et al. 2009. In: Blakey and Rankin-Hill (eds). The Skeletal Biology of the New York African Burial Ground. Howard University Press. Wilczak, C. A. et al. 2009. In: Blakey and Rankin-Hill (eds). The Skeletal Biology of the New York African Burial Ground. Howard University Press.  Cervical (neck) osteophytosis/osteoarthritis 60 Cervical Thoracic Lumbar 45 Percentage of Sample 30 15 0 15-24 25-34 35-49 50+ Age Range in Years Wilczak, C. A. et al. 2009. In: Blakey and Rankin-Hill (eds). The Skeletal Biology of the New York African Burial Ground. Howard University Press. Ring Fracture at base of skull Wilczak, C. A. et al. 2009. In: Blakey and Rankin-Hill (eds). The Skeletal Biology of the New York African Burial Ground. Howard University Press. Mack and Blakey 2004. Ann Review Anthropol. 38:10-17 Agenda The Subfields of Biological Anthropology Primatology Paleoanthropology Molecular Anthropology Human Biology Human Osteology