Minerals and Vitamins PDF

Minerals and Vitamins What are minerals? Inorganic compounds not synthesized by the body Can the body synthesize minerals? No What is the importance of minerals? For biochemical pr...

Minerals and Vitamins What are minerals? Inorganic compounds not synthesized by the body Can the body synthesize minerals? No What is the importance of minerals? For biochemical processes and formation of cells and tissues Are minerals changed by digestion or metabolism? No Which minerals are more efficient (Animals or plants) Animals Where are minerals mostly found in? Feedstuff and animal products Do animal products improve absorption? Yes T/F other substances in foods decrease absorption of minerals T General function of minerals Involved with body structure components of several hormones, vitamins, or other compound What is our total body weight for minerals 4% Vitamins involved in body structure components of several hormones Ca, P, Mg Minerals and Vitamins 1  What elements are part of the acid base and water balance? Na, K, P, and Cl What happens when you’re below the optimal range of minerals? Leads to deficiency symptoms Macornutrients Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids T/F macro are major materials T T/F micro are not trace minerals F Purpose of macro minerals Strucuture, nerve, electrolytes, and osmotic balance Purpose of micro minerals Enzyme co-factor or component Micronutrients Minerals and vitamins If low in minerals Deficiency symptoms If high in minerals Leads to toxicity symptoms How is minerals status of plants known By the mineral content of the soil What is the most abundant mineral in animal tissue? Calcium Are bones always growing? Minerals and Vitamins 2  No they are always growing and breaking down What do osteoblasts do? Form new bone cells What do osteoclasts do? Break bone cells down What do osteocytes do? Mature bone cells What are the two antagonistic hormones produced in the thyroid gland? Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones What do calcitonin do? Decreases plasma calcium What do parathyroid hormones do? Increases plasma calcium How is calcium regulated? Vitamin D3 from the kidney, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone What is osteoporosis? Decreases in bone density where the bone is resorbed instead of being deposited What is osteoarthritis? Chronic inflammation of cartilage What is milk fever? During at/after paturation in dairy cows there is a rapid decrease in serum Ca level What mineral is important in energy metabolism? Phosphorus What are the components of bones/teeth? Minerals and Vitamins 3  80% of phosphorus is in bone What does magnesium do? Forms bones, enzyme activation, ATP metabolism, and binds mRNA to proteins What does Iodine do? Part of the thyroid hormones T4 (Thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothyronine) by controlling the rate of energy metabolism in cells What does it mean when the thyroid gland is enlarged (Goiter)? Use of iodine is blocked reducing growth What does high sulfur and molybdenum form? Thiomolybdates What does copper and thiomolybdates form? Insoluble complexes Thiomolybdate can result in reduced Cu absorption and systemic metabolism What specie of animals are sensitive to copper Sheep WHat is pelioencephalomalacia (PEM)? The gray matter of the brian tissue is dead How is PEM caused By thiamine deficiency, lead, or salt poisoning, and high sulfur diets WHat is Selenium? Is muscular dystrophy What causes selenium? reproductive problems such as retained placenta and low fertility, weak newborns Minerals and Vitamins 4  What is coblat? Essential component of B12 and is required by ruminants How is B12 syntehsized from cobalt? THe rumen microorganisms synthesize it What do vitamins function as? Functions as a catalyst in metabolic processes Where are vitamins found Mostly from outside the body What vitamin can be synthesized? Vitamin D T/F Vitmains are metabolic fuels F Do vitamins function together or individually Stricly as individual units T/F Minerals do not provide energy? T Can vitamins be synthesized by the body? No What is fat soluble vitamins absorbed with? Absorbed with dietary fat across small intestine Can you store fat soluble vitamins? Yes How are fat soluble vitamins stored? In body lipids What does the liver do to vitamins? Either stores or repackages Minerals and Vitamins 5  How is absorption regulated for fat soluble vitamins? When there is an increase for need What happens if you eat too much fat soluble vitamins? TOxicities can occur How are water soluble viatmins absrobed? Since they dissolve in water, they are immediately absorbed in the bloodstream Can you store water soluble vitamins? No Pathway for water-soluble vitamins Absorbed across the small intestine -> Regulated by either other vitamins or binding protein -> Kidneys filters excess into urine How do ruminants obtain vitamins? Vitamins get synthesized in the rumen What is the international unit (IU)? Standard unit potency based on bioassay that produces a particular effect Measure biological activity What are Vitamin D effects on calcium metabolism? Increases Ca and phosphate absorption from intestine Increases renal reabsorption of Ca and PO4 Increases bone resorption from old bone and mineralize new bone Where do rickets occur? Occurs in young animals Effects of ricket when there is a vitamin D deficiency? Failure in bone growth What is the adult form of rickets when there is a vitamin D deficiency? Minerals and Vitamins 6  Osteomalacia Effects of osteomalacia when there is a vitamin D deficiency? Soften bones Water and body fluids What is the function of water? It is a regulatory and structural T/F Water is the cheapest and most abundant nutrient T T/F water cannot regulate temperature? F What is the range of water in early morning dew on grass of grazing ruminants?