Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are minerals?
What are minerals?
Inorganic compounds not synthesized by the body.
Can the body synthesize minerals?
Can the body synthesize minerals?
False (B)
What is the importance of minerals?
What is the importance of minerals?
For biochemical processes and formation of cells and tissues.
Are minerals changed by digestion or metabolism?
Are minerals changed by digestion or metabolism?
Which minerals are more efficient (Animals or plants)?
Which minerals are more efficient (Animals or plants)?
Where are minerals mostly found in?
Where are minerals mostly found in?
Do animal products improve absorption?
Do animal products improve absorption?
Other substances in foods decrease absorption of minerals.
Other substances in foods decrease absorption of minerals.
What is the general function of minerals?
What is the general function of minerals?
What is our total body weight for minerals?
What is our total body weight for minerals?
What vitamins are involved in body structure components of several hormones?
What vitamins are involved in body structure components of several hormones?
What elements are part of the acid base and water balance?
What elements are part of the acid base and water balance?
What happens when you're below the optimal range of minerals?
What happens when you're below the optimal range of minerals?
What are macronutrients?
What are macronutrients?
Macro are major materials.
Macro are major materials.
Micro are not trace minerals.
Micro are not trace minerals.
What is the purpose of macro minerals?
What is the purpose of macro minerals?
What happens if low in minerals?
What happens if low in minerals?
How is minerals status of plants known?
How is minerals status of plants known?
What is the most abundant mineral in animal tissue?
What is the most abundant mineral in animal tissue?
Are bones always growing?
Are bones always growing?
What do osteoblasts do?
What do osteoblasts do?
What are the two antagonistic hormones produced in the thyroid gland?
What are the two antagonistic hormones produced in the thyroid gland?
What does calcitonin do?
What does calcitonin do?
What do parathyroid hormones do?
What do parathyroid hormones do?
How is calcium regulated?
How is calcium regulated?
What is osteoporosis?
What is osteoporosis?
What is osteoarthritis?
What is osteoarthritis?
What is milk fever?
What is milk fever?
What mineral is important in energy metabolism?
What mineral is important in energy metabolism?
What are the components of bones/teeth?
What are the components of bones/teeth?
What does magnesium do?
What does magnesium do?
What does lodine do?
What does lodine do?
What does it mean when the thyroid gland is enlarged (Goiter)?
What does it mean when the thyroid gland is enlarged (Goiter)?
What does high sulfur and molybdenum form?
What does high sulfur and molybdenum form?
What does copper and thiomolybdates form?
What does copper and thiomolybdates form?
What can thiomolybdate result in?
What can thiomolybdate result in?
What specie of animals are sensitive to copper?
What specie of animals are sensitive to copper?
What is pelioencephalomalacia (PEM)?
What is pelioencephalomalacia (PEM)?
How is PEM caused?
How is PEM caused?
What is Selenium?
What is Selenium?
What is coblat?
What is coblat?
How is B12 syntehsized from cobalt?
How is B12 syntehsized from cobalt?
What do vitamins function as?
What do vitamins function as?
Where are vitamins found?
Where are vitamins found?
What vitamin can be synthesized?
What vitamin can be synthesized?
Vitmains are metabolic fuels.
Vitmains are metabolic fuels.
Do vitamins function together or individually?
Do vitamins function together or individually?
Minerals do not provide energy?
Minerals do not provide energy?
Can vitamins be synthesized by the body?
Can vitamins be synthesized by the body?
What is fat soluble vitamins absorbed with?
What is fat soluble vitamins absorbed with?
Can you store fat soluble vitamins?
Can you store fat soluble vitamins?
How are fat soluble vitamins stored?
How are fat soluble vitamins stored?
What does the liver do to vitamins?
What does the liver do to vitamins?
How is absorption regulated for fat soluble vitamins?
How is absorption regulated for fat soluble vitamins?
What happens if you eat too much fat soluble vitamins?
What happens if you eat too much fat soluble vitamins?
How are water soluble viatmins absrobed?
How are water soluble viatmins absrobed?
What is the pathway for water-soluble vitamins?
What is the pathway for water-soluble vitamins?
How do ruminants obtain vitamins?
How do ruminants obtain vitamins?
What is the international unit (IU)?
What is the international unit (IU)?
What are Vitamin D effects on calcium metabolism?
What are Vitamin D effects on calcium metabolism?
Where do rickets occur?
Where do rickets occur?
What are the effects of rickets when there is a vitamin D deficiency?
What are the effects of rickets when there is a vitamin D deficiency?
What is the adult form of rickets when there is a vitamin D deficiency?
What is the adult form of rickets when there is a vitamin D deficiency?
What are the effects of osteomalacia when there is a vitamin D deficiency?
What are the effects of osteomalacia when there is a vitamin D deficiency?
What is the function of water?
What is the function of water?
Water is the cheapest and most abundant nutrient.
Water is the cheapest and most abundant nutrient.
Water cannot regulate temperature?
Water cannot regulate temperature?
What is the range of water in early morning dew on grass of grazing ruminants?
What is the range of water in early morning dew on grass of grazing ruminants?
What is the percentage of metabolilc water?
What is the percentage of metabolilc water?
Do kangaroo rat drink water?
Do kangaroo rat drink water?
What yields the highest metabolic water (Glucose, Alanine, Palmitic acid)?
What yields the highest metabolic water (Glucose, Alanine, Palmitic acid)?
What feed gives the highest percentage of water?
What feed gives the highest percentage of water?
What feed gives the highest percentage of dry matter?
What feed gives the highest percentage of dry matter?
How much water percentage is there in a adult bovine?
How much water percentage is there in a adult bovine?
How much water percentage is there in plant?
How much water percentage is there in plant?
Does the temperature of water affect intake?
Does the temperature of water affect intake?
Do ruminants or non ruminants drink more water
Do ruminants or non ruminants drink more water
What happens to the water intake when an animal is stressed?
What happens to the water intake when an animal is stressed?
What is the biggest factor for affecting water intake?
What is the biggest factor for affecting water intake?
What factors increase water consumption?
What factors increase water consumption?
What factor decreases water intake?
What factor decreases water intake?
What is the palatability factor for water?
What is the palatability factor for water?
What are the toxic factors of water?
What are the toxic factors of water?
Is water content in the body higher extracellularly or intracellularly?
Is water content in the body higher extracellularly or intracellularly?
Young calves requires less water than a lactating cow
Young calves requires less water than a lactating cow
Cattle requires less water than a lactating cow
Cattle requires less water than a lactating cow
What is the process of water balance?
What is the process of water balance?
What does the Gl tract do?
What does the Gl tract do?
How do you lose water in your body?
How do you lose water in your body?
You get less hungry when you lack water
You get less hungry when you lack water
Can the lack of water decrease in productivity?
Can the lack of water decrease in productivity?
What is the point of osmoregulation?
What is the point of osmoregulation?
What does aldosterone do in kidney regulation?
What does aldosterone do in kidney regulation?
What does the angiotensin do?
What does the angiotensin do?
Flashcards
What are minerals?
What are minerals?
Inorganic compounds that are not synthesized by the body.
Can the body synthesize minerals?
Can the body synthesize minerals?
No, the body cannot synthesize minerals.
What is the importance of minerals?
What is the importance of minerals?
Minerals are crucial for biochemical processes, formation of cells and tissues.
Are minerals changed by digestion or metabolism?
Are minerals changed by digestion or metabolism?
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Which minerals are more efficient (Animals or plants)?
Which minerals are more efficient (Animals or plants)?
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Where are minerals mostly found?
Where are minerals mostly found?
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Do animal products improve absorption?
Do animal products improve absorption?
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T/F other substances in foods decrease absorption of minerals
T/F other substances in foods decrease absorption of minerals
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General function of minerals
General function of minerals
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What is our total body weight for minerals?
What is our total body weight for minerals?
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Vitamins involved in body structure components of several hormones
Vitamins involved in body structure components of several hormones
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What elements are part of the acid base and water balance?
What elements are part of the acid base and water balance?
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What happens when you’re below the optimal range of minerals?
What happens when you’re below the optimal range of minerals?
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T/F macro are major materials
T/F macro are major materials
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T/F micro are not trace minerals
T/F micro are not trace minerals
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Purpose of macro minerals
Purpose of macro minerals
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Purpose of micro minerals
Purpose of micro minerals
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Micronutrients
Micronutrients
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If low in minerals
If low in minerals
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If high in minerals
If high in minerals
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How is minerals status of plants known
How is minerals status of plants known
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What is the most abundant mineral in animal tissue?
What is the most abundant mineral in animal tissue?
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Are bones always growing?
Are bones always growing?
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What do osteoblasts do?
What do osteoblasts do?
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What do osteoclasts do?
What do osteoclasts do?
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What do osteocytes do?
What do osteocytes do?
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What are the two antagonistic hormones produced in the thyroid gland?
What are the two antagonistic hormones produced in the thyroid gland?
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What do calcitonin do?
What do calcitonin do?
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What do parathyroid hormones do?
What do parathyroid hormones do?
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How is calcium regulated?
How is calcium regulated?
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What is osteoporosis?
What is osteoporosis?
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What is osteoarthritis?
What is osteoarthritis?
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What is milk fever?
What is milk fever?
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Study Notes
Minerals and Vitamins
- Minerals are inorganic compounds not synthesized by the body
- The body cannot synthesize minerals
- Minerals are crucial for biochemical processes and cell/tissue formation
- Minerals are not changed by digestion or metabolism
- Animals are more efficient at absorbing minerals than plants
- Minerals are primarily found in animal products and feedstuffs
- Animal products improve mineral absorption
- Some substances in food decrease mineral absorption
- Minerals are involved in the structure of hormones, vitamins, and other compounds
- Minerals constitute 4% of total body weight
- Vitamins like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium are involved in hormone and other compound structure
Additional Mineral Information
- Sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and chloride are essential for acid-base and water balance
- Mineral deficiencies lead to deficiency symptoms
- Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
- Macronutrients are major components
- Micronutrients include minerals and vitamins
- Low minerals lead to deficiency symptoms
- High minerals lead to toxicity symptoms
- Mineral content of soil indicates the mineral status of plants
Calcium and Bone Health
- Bones are constantly growing and breaking down
- Osteoblasts form new bone cells
- Osteoclasts break down bone cells
- Osteocytes are mature bone cells
- Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones are antagonistic, regulating calcium levels
- Calcitonin decreases plasma calcium
- Parathyroid hormones increase plasma calcium
- Vitamin D3, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormones regulate calcium
- Osteoporosis is reduced bone density with bone resorption
- Osteoarthritis is cartilage inflammation
- Milk fever is a rapid decrease in serum calcium levels after parturition
- Phosphorus is essential for energy metabolism
- Bone and teeth components include phosphorus
Other Minerals and Vitamins
- Phosphorus comprises 80% of bone
- Magnesium is involved in bone formation, enzyme activation, ATP metabolism, and mRNA binding
- Iodine is part of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) regulating metabolism
- Thyroid enlargement (goiter) results from blocked iodine use
- High sulfur and molybdenum form thiomolybdates, which can affect copper absorption
- Copper and thiomolybdates form insoluble complexes
- Sheep are sensitive to copper
- Pelioencephalomalacia (PEM) involves grey matter brain damage due to thiamine deficiency
- Selenium deficiency can cause muscular dystrophy
- Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, required by ruminants
- Ruminant microorganisms synthesize vitamin B12 from cobalt
- Vitamins are catalysts for metabolic processes
- Most vitamins come from external sources
- Vitamins are metabolic fuels
- Minerals aid in energy production, and vitamins do not
Water and Body Fluids
- Water is essential for regulation and structure
- Water is the cheapest and most abundant nutrient
- Water does not regulate temperature
- Ruminants have water intake ranging from <10% to <90%
- Metabolite water constitutes 5-10%
- Kangaroo rats do not drink water
- Palmitic acid yields the most metabolic water
- Corn silage and alfalfa haylage have high water content
- Adult bovine water content is 54%
- Water intake varies depending on plant water content and temperature
- Water intake increases under stress
- Factors like feed quality and dietary constituents influence water intake
- Water toxicity includes nitrates, trace minerals, and other contaminants
- Intracellular water is higher than extracellular water
- Young calves require less water than lactating cows
Blood and Body Systems
- Blood consists of plasma and formed elements
- Plasma is a fluid tissue containing electrolytes, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, and proteins
- Water is the highest concentration solute in plasma
- Blood proteins include electrolytes, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and antibodies
- Bone marrow produces red blood cells
- Hemoglobin carries oxygen
- Leukocytes are immune cells; platelets clot blood
- Hemoglobin components include heme, iron, and globin
- Blood delivers oxygen, removes waste, and maintains temperature and pH
- Blood clotting involves vitamin K
- Hemoglobin synthesis requires vitamin B12 and folate
- Electrolytes in blood include sodium, potassium, and chloride
Reproduction
- Reproduction involves the process of organisms producing offspring or giving rise to new organisms
- Reproduction can involve attracting a mate
- Placenta is an organ for nutrient exchange between mother and fetus
- Gestation is the period of pregnancy
- Pregnancy in females involves carrying an embryo or fetus
- In lactation, milk is secreted
- Zygotes are the first stage of human development
- Zygotes implant after 0-2 weeks
- Embryo stage (2-8 weeks) involves internal and external body structures
- Fetal stage (9 weeks) is the third stage
- Embryos are vulnerable to damage at risk of damage
- Birth occurs between 38 -42 weeks
- Premature birth happens before 37 weeks of gestation
- Malnutrition can affect a mother's ability to reproduce
- Vitamin E is important for reproduction
- Poor vitamin E levels impact fertility
- Antioxidant and structural maintenance roles of vitamin E
- Various factors affect reproductive success
Deficiency
- Anemia's deficiency of red blood cells
- Electrolytes involve salts that dissociate into ions
- Iron balance negatively affects iron bioavailability
- Serum ferritin is suggestive of iron deficiency
- Ferritin stores iron intracellularly
- Electrolytes are salts dissolved in body fluids
- Sodium is the predominant extracellular cation
- Chloride is the predominant extracellular anion
- Potassium is the predominant intracellular cation
- Phosphates are the predominant intracellular anion
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Description
This quiz explores the roles and importance of minerals and vitamins in the body, highlighting their biochemical processes and contribution to overall health. It discusses mineral absorption, deficiencies, and the relationship between minerals and macronutrients. Gain a comprehensive understanding of how these essential nutrients support bodily functions.
