Minerals and Vitamins Overview
95 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What are minerals?

Inorganic compounds not synthesized by the body.

Can the body synthesize minerals?

False

What is the importance of minerals?

For biochemical processes and formation of cells and tissues.

Are minerals changed by digestion or metabolism?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which minerals are more efficient (Animals or plants)?

<p>Animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are minerals mostly found in?

<p>Feedstuff and animal products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do animal products improve absorption?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Other substances in foods decrease absorption of minerals.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general function of minerals?

<p>Involved with body structure components of several hormones, vitamins, or other compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is our total body weight for minerals?

<p>4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vitamins are involved in body structure components of several hormones?

<p>Ca, P, Mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements are part of the acid base and water balance?

<p>Na, K, P, and Cl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you're below the optimal range of minerals?

<p>Leads to deficiency symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are macronutrients?

<p>Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macro are major materials.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Micro are not trace minerals.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of macro minerals?

<p>Structure, nerve, electrolytes, and osmotic balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if low in minerals?

<p>Deficiency symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is minerals status of plants known?

<p>By the mineral content of the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant mineral in animal tissue?

<p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are bones always growing?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do osteoblasts do?

<p>Form new bone cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two antagonistic hormones produced in the thyroid gland?

<p>Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does calcitonin do?

<p>Decreases plasma calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do parathyroid hormones do?

<p>Increases plasma calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is calcium regulated?

<p>Vitamin D3 from the kidney, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoporosis?

<p>Decreases in bone density where the bone is resorbed instead of being deposited</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoarthritis?

<p>Chronic inflammation of cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is milk fever?

<p>During at/after paturation in dairy cows there is a rapid decrease in serum Ca level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mineral is important in energy metabolism?

<p>Phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of bones/teeth?

<p>80% of phosphorus is in bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does magnesium do?

<p>Forms bones, enzyme activation, ATP metabolism, and binds mRNA to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does lodine do?

<p>Part of the thyroid hormones T4 (Thyroxine) and T3 (Triiodothyronine) by controlling the rate of energy metabolism in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when the thyroid gland is enlarged (Goiter)?

<p>Use of iodine is blocked reducing growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does high sulfur and molybdenum form?

<p>Thiomolybdates</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does copper and thiomolybdates form?

<p>Insoluble complexes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can thiomolybdate result in?

<p>reduced Cu absorption and systemic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specie of animals are sensitive to copper?

<p>Sheep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pelioencephalomalacia (PEM)?

<p>The gray matter of the brian tissue is dead</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is PEM caused?

<p>By thiamine deficiency, lead, or salt poisoning, and high sulfur diets</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Selenium?

<p>Is muscular dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is coblat?

<p>Essential component of B12 and is required by ruminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is B12 syntehsized from cobalt?

<p>THe rumen microorganisms synthesize it</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do vitamins function as?

<p>Functions as a catalyst in metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are vitamins found?

<p>Mostly from outside the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vitamin can be synthesized?

<p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitmains are metabolic fuels.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do vitamins function together or individually?

<p>Stricly as individual units</p> Signup and view all the answers

Minerals do not provide energy?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can vitamins be synthesized by the body?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fat soluble vitamins absorbed with?

<p>Absorbed with dietary fat across small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can you store fat soluble vitamins?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are fat soluble vitamins stored?

<p>In body lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the liver do to vitamins?

<p>Either stores or repackages</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is absorption regulated for fat soluble vitamins?

<p>When there is an increase for need</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if you eat too much fat soluble vitamins?

<p>TOxicities can occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are water soluble viatmins absrobed?

<p>Since they dissolve in water, they are immediately absorbed in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway for water-soluble vitamins?

<p>Absorbed across the small intestine → Regulated by either other vitamins or binding protein → Kidneys filters excess into urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ruminants obtain vitamins?

<p>Vitamins get synthesized in the rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the international unit (IU)?

<p>Standard unit potency based on bioassay that produces a particular effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Vitamin D effects on calcium metabolism?

<p>Increases Ca and phosphate absorption from intestine Increases renal reabsorption of Ca and PO4 Increases bone resorption from old bone and mineralize new bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do rickets occur?

<p>Occurs in young animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of rickets when there is a vitamin D deficiency?

<p>Failure in bone growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the adult form of rickets when there is a vitamin D deficiency?

<p>Osteomalacia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of osteomalacia when there is a vitamin D deficiency?

<p>Soften bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of water?

<p>It is a regulatory and structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water is the cheapest and most abundant nutrient.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water cannot regulate temperature?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of water in early morning dew on grass of grazing ruminants?

<p>&lt;10% to &lt;90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of metabolilc water?

<p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do kangaroo rat drink water?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What yields the highest metabolic water (Glucose, Alanine, Palmitic acid)?

<p>Palmitic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feed gives the highest percentage of water?

<p>Corn Silage, Alfalfa Haylage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feed gives the highest percentage of dry matter?

<p>Cottonseed meal, Hay, corn</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much water percentage is there in a adult bovine?

<p>54%</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much water percentage is there in plant?

<p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does the temperature of water affect intake?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do ruminants or non ruminants drink more water

<p>Ruminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the water intake when an animal is stressed?

<p>Water intake increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biggest factor for affecting water intake?

<p>Quality of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors increase water consumption?

<p>Dm intake, protein content, Salt content, indigestible fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor decreases water intake?

<p>Feed water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the palatability factor for water?

<p>Total dissolved solids, alkalinity, sulfur, stagnant water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the toxic factors of water?

<p>Nitrates, trace minerals, bacteria, Pesticides and herbicides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is water content in the body higher extracellularly or intracellularly?

<p>Intracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

Young calves requires less water than a lactating cow

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cattle requires less water than a lactating cow

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of water balance?

<p>Gl tract absorbs water → blood, lymp (extracellular) ← adrenal gland, kidney (Regulates water loss)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Gl tract do?

<p>Food and fluid is ingested, secreted, absorbed, and excreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you lose water in your body?

<p>Urine, feces, lungs and skin (vaporization), and swear glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

You get less hungry when you lack water

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can the lack of water decrease in productivity?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of osmoregulation?

<p>Maintains water level</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does aldosterone do in kidney regulation?

<p>Signals the kidneys to retain sodium and water which increases blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the angiotensin do?

<p>Signals the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Minerals and Vitamins

  • Minerals are inorganic compounds not synthesized by the body
  • The body cannot synthesize minerals
  • Minerals are crucial for biochemical processes and cell/tissue formation
  • Minerals are not changed by digestion or metabolism
  • Animals are more efficient at absorbing minerals than plants
  • Minerals are primarily found in animal products and feedstuffs
  • Animal products improve mineral absorption
  • Some substances in food decrease mineral absorption
  • Minerals are involved in the structure of hormones, vitamins, and other compounds
  • Minerals constitute 4% of total body weight
  • Vitamins like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium are involved in hormone and other compound structure

Additional Mineral Information

  • Sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and chloride are essential for acid-base and water balance
  • Mineral deficiencies lead to deficiency symptoms
  • Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
  • Macronutrients are major components
  • Micronutrients include minerals and vitamins
  • Low minerals lead to deficiency symptoms
  • High minerals lead to toxicity symptoms
  • Mineral content of soil indicates the mineral status of plants

Calcium and Bone Health

  • Bones are constantly growing and breaking down
  • Osteoblasts form new bone cells
  • Osteoclasts break down bone cells
  • Osteocytes are mature bone cells
  • Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones are antagonistic, regulating calcium levels
  • Calcitonin decreases plasma calcium
  • Parathyroid hormones increase plasma calcium
  • Vitamin D3, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormones regulate calcium
  • Osteoporosis is reduced bone density with bone resorption
  • Osteoarthritis is cartilage inflammation
  • Milk fever is a rapid decrease in serum calcium levels after parturition
  • Phosphorus is essential for energy metabolism
  • Bone and teeth components include phosphorus

Other Minerals and Vitamins

  • Phosphorus comprises 80% of bone
  • Magnesium is involved in bone formation, enzyme activation, ATP metabolism, and mRNA binding
  • Iodine is part of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) regulating metabolism
  • Thyroid enlargement (goiter) results from blocked iodine use
  • High sulfur and molybdenum form thiomolybdates, which can affect copper absorption
  • Copper and thiomolybdates form insoluble complexes
  • Sheep are sensitive to copper
  • Pelioencephalomalacia (PEM) involves grey matter brain damage due to thiamine deficiency
  • Selenium deficiency can cause muscular dystrophy
  • Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, required by ruminants
  • Ruminant microorganisms synthesize vitamin B12 from cobalt
  • Vitamins are catalysts for metabolic processes
  • Most vitamins come from external sources
  • Vitamins are metabolic fuels
  • Minerals aid in energy production, and vitamins do not

Water and Body Fluids

  • Water is essential for regulation and structure
  • Water is the cheapest and most abundant nutrient
  • Water does not regulate temperature
  • Ruminants have water intake ranging from <10% to <90%
  • Metabolite water constitutes 5-10%
  • Kangaroo rats do not drink water
  • Palmitic acid yields the most metabolic water
  • Corn silage and alfalfa haylage have high water content
  • Adult bovine water content is 54%
  • Water intake varies depending on plant water content and temperature
  • Water intake increases under stress
  • Factors like feed quality and dietary constituents influence water intake
  • Water toxicity includes nitrates, trace minerals, and other contaminants
  • Intracellular water is higher than extracellular water
  • Young calves require less water than lactating cows

Blood and Body Systems

  • Blood consists of plasma and formed elements
  • Plasma is a fluid tissue containing electrolytes, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, and proteins
  • Water is the highest concentration solute in plasma
  • Blood proteins include electrolytes, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and antibodies
  • Bone marrow produces red blood cells
  • Hemoglobin carries oxygen
  • Leukocytes are immune cells; platelets clot blood
  • Hemoglobin components include heme, iron, and globin
  • Blood delivers oxygen, removes waste, and maintains temperature and pH
  • Blood clotting involves vitamin K
  • Hemoglobin synthesis requires vitamin B12 and folate
  • Electrolytes in blood include sodium, potassium, and chloride

Reproduction

  • Reproduction involves the process of organisms producing offspring or giving rise to new organisms
  • Reproduction can involve attracting a mate
  • Placenta is an organ for nutrient exchange between mother and fetus
  • Gestation is the period of pregnancy
  • Pregnancy in females involves carrying an embryo or fetus
  • In lactation, milk is secreted
  • Zygotes are the first stage of human development
  • Zygotes implant after 0-2 weeks
  • Embryo stage (2-8 weeks) involves internal and external body structures
  • Fetal stage (9 weeks) is the third stage
  • Embryos are vulnerable to damage at risk of damage
  • Birth occurs between 38 -42 weeks
  • Premature birth happens before 37 weeks of gestation
  • Malnutrition can affect a mother's ability to reproduce
  • Vitamin E is important for reproduction
  • Poor vitamin E levels impact fertility
  • Antioxidant and structural maintenance roles of vitamin E
  • Various factors affect reproductive success

Deficiency

  • Anemia's deficiency of red blood cells
  • Electrolytes involve salts that dissociate into ions
  • Iron balance negatively affects iron bioavailability
  • Serum ferritin is suggestive of iron deficiency
  • Ferritin stores iron intracellularly
  • Electrolytes are salts dissolved in body fluids
  • Sodium is the predominant extracellular cation
  • Chloride is the predominant extracellular anion
  • Potassium is the predominant intracellular cation
  • Phosphates are the predominant intracellular anion

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Minerals and Vitamins PDF

Description

This quiz explores the roles and importance of minerals and vitamins in the body, highlighting their biochemical processes and contribution to overall health. It discusses mineral absorption, deficiencies, and the relationship between minerals and macronutrients. Gain a comprehensive understanding of how these essential nutrients support bodily functions.

More Like This

Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals
8 questions

Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals

TrendyOrientalism avatar
TrendyOrientalism
Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals Overview
5 questions

Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals Overview

AccurateRocket avatar
AccurateRocket
Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals Overview
5 questions

Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals Overview

AccurateRocket avatar
AccurateRocket
Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals Overview
16 questions

Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals Overview

DistinctiveJasper9790 avatar
DistinctiveJasper9790
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser