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+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ |  What does chemical | ![](http://127.0.0.1 | 2 causes and | | control of | :55458/paste-a70182f | mechanism of | | ventilation refer | 2c31b0fee78804c71a09 | **Emphysema** | | to?...

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Pulmonary (and | 1. [Upper vs lower | measurement\ | | non-pulmonary) | respiratory | \ | | irritant | tract?]{style="color | \ | | reflexes ]{style="co | : rgb(64, 64, 64); f | \ | | lor: rgb(0, 0, 0);"} | ont-weight: bold;"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [\> stimulated by | [ ]{style="color: rg | | | accumulated mucus, | b(228, 131, 18);"}[S | | | inhaled smoke, dust, | ymptomology | | | lint or noxious | incl. | | | fumes]{style="color: | non-respiratory | | | rgb(0, 0, 0);"} | symptoms]{style="col | | | | or: rgb(64, 64, 64); | | | | "} | | | | | | | [ | | | | ]{style="color: rgb( | | | | 0, 0, 0);"} | | | | | | | | | [ ]{style="color: rg | | | | b(228, 131, 18);"}[C | | | -\> Irritant | linical | | | receptors send | examination incl. | | | signals to the**[ | auscultation | | | respiratory centres | ]{style="color: rgb( | | | via vagus | 64, 64, 64);"} | | | nerve]{style="color: | | | | rgb(0, 0, 0);"}**\ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [ | [ ]{style="color: rg | | | ]{style="color: rgb( | b(228, 131, 18);"}[R | | | 0, 0, 0);"} | adiological | | | | imaging (CXR, | | | | CT)]{style="color: r | | | | gb(64, 64, 64);"} | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2. [Patient | | | [2. Stimulation of | cohort]{style="color | | | receptors in the | : rgb(64, 64, 64); f | | | **bronchioles** - | ont-weight: bold;"} | | | **airways | | | | constrict** | | | | (asthma)]{style="col | | | | or: rgb(0, 0, 0);"} | | | | | | | | | [ ]{style="color: rg | | | | b(228, 131, 18);"}[A | | | [ | ge]{style="color: rg | | | ]{style="color: rgb( | b(64, 64, 64);"} | | | 0, 0, 0);"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | [ ]{style="color: rg | | | | b(228, 131, 18);"}[I | | | | mmune | | | | status]{style="color | | | | : rgb(64, 64, 64);"} | | | [3. Stimulation of | | | | receptors in the | | | | **trachea** and | | | | **bronchi** - | | | | **coughing**]{style= | | | | "color: rgb(0, 0, 0) | [ ]{style="color: rg | | | ;"} | b(228, 131, 18);"}[V | | | | accination | | | | history]{style="colo | | | | r: rgb(64, 64, 64);" | | | [ | } | | | ]{style="color: rgb( | | | | 0, 0, 0);"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | 3. [Seasonal | | | | epidemiology]{style= | | | | "color: rgb(64, 64, | | | | 64); font-weight: bo | | | [ | ld;"} | | | ]{style="color: rgb( | | | | 0, 0, 0);"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [4. Stimulation of | [◦]{style="color: rg | | | receptors in the | b(228, 131, 18);"}[W | | | **nasal cavity** - | inter | | | **sneezing**]{style= | respiratory virus | | | "color: rgb(0, 0, 0) | season | | | ;"} | (October-May)]{style | | | | ="color: rgb(64, 64, | | | | 64);"} | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | 4. [Travel]{style="c | | | | olor: rgb(64, 64, 64 | | | | ); font-weight: bold | | | | ;"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Adverse drig | Auntonomic bronchial | BTS- NICE- SIGN | | reactions in asthma | control (P Vs S) | guidlines for asthma | | treatment (3) | | treatment | | | ------------------ | | | ------------------ | | ------------------ | | | Parasympathetic\ | | | NSAIDS\ | - uses Ach on M3 -\> | \ | | - inibit COX -\> | cause constriction | \ | | more leukotrienes | (&mucus secretion)\ | [AIR:]{style="font-w | | production\ | \ | eight: bold;"} | | \ | Sympathetic\ | Anti-inflammatory | | ß adrenoreceptor | - uses adrenaline on | Reliever | | antagonists\ | ß2- ARs -\> | [MART:]{style="font- | | - esp. non selective | relaxation (& | weight: bold;"} | | (propanalol)\ | decrease mucus | Maintenance and | | \ | secretion)\ | Reliever | | Drug allergy\ | \ | [PRN:]{style="font-w | | \ | \ | eight: bold;"} | | \ | \ | As Needed | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [ICS:]{style="font-w | | | | eight: bold;"} | | | | Inhaled | | | | Corticosteroid | | | | [LABA:]{style="font- | | | | weight: bold;"} | | | | Long-Acting Beta2 | | | | Agonist | | | | [LAMA:]{style="font- | | | | weight: bold;"} | | | | Long-Acting | | | | Muscarinic | | | | Antagonist | | | | [LTRA:]{style="font- | | | | weight: bold;"} | | | | Leukotriene Receptor | | | | Antagonist Therapy | | | | [SABA: | | | | ]{style="font-weight | | | | : bold;"}Short-Actin | | | | g | | | | Beta2 Agonist | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Bohr effect - which | Breathing mechanism | CO2 transport | | way does | | | | dissociation curve | ------------------ | ------------------ | | shifft? | | | | | | 10% dissolved in | | ------------------ | | plasma\ | | | [At rest, diaphragm | 30% bound to Hb \ | | Shifts right\ | relaxed]{style="colo | \ | | (as weakens O | r: rgb(243, 87, 217) | 60% HCO~3~^- \ | | afficiency TF inc. | ;"} | -\>\ catalysed\ by\ | | dissociation)\ | | carbonic\ anhydrase\ | | \ | | \ | | | cavity - mainly | \ | | | diaphragm | | | | ]{style="color: rgb( | | | | 243, 87, 217);"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [This increases | | | | thoracic volume / | | | | decreases | | | | intra-thoracic | | | | pressure]{style="col | | | | or: rgb(243, 87, 217 | | | | );"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Air drawn into | | | | lungs from outside | | | | (where pressure | | | | greater)]{style="col | | | | or: rgb(243, 87, 217 | | | | );"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Air passes into | | | | terminal bronchioles | | | | / alveoli to | | | | oxygenate | | | | blood]{style="color: | | | | rgb(243, 87, 217);" | | | | } | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Diaphragm relaxes, | | | | lungs recoil, | | | | thoracic volume | | | | decreases, | | | | intrathoracic | | | | pressure | | | | ]{style="color: rgb( | | | | 243, 87, 217);"}[inc | | | | reases]{style="color | | | | : rgb(243, 87, 217); | | | | "}[ | | | | and air | | | | expelled]{style="col | | | | or: rgb(243, 87, 217 | | | | );"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | {w | | | | idth="144"}\ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Calculation for oral | Compare the Ig-E | Corticosteroids | | regimine dose  | levels of most | | | | people to people w/ | ------------------ | | ------------------ | allergies - give a | | | | term for the latter. | (steriods, glucocort | | \ | | icosteroids/ | | \ | ------------------ | glucocorticoids)\ | | \ | | Anti-inflammatory | | \ | Very low in | agents\ | | | circulation, nearly | - preventatives\ | | | undetectable.\ | \ | | | \ | \ | | | Allergic people are | \ | | | of IgE.\ | \ | | | (can have many Type | | | | I | | | | hypersensitivities). | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Define asthma | Define elicitation. | Degregation of RBCs | | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | | | Second and any | (life span \~ 120 | | | subsequent exposure | days)\ | | [Reversible]{.underl | to the same | \ | | ine} | allergen\ | Occurs by | | increases in airway | \ | phagocytosis in | | resistance, | | **reticuloendothelia | | involving: | | l** | | | | system of | | | | **spleen **, liver & | | | | bone marrow \ | | | \ | \ | | | \ | Haem -\> broken into | | \- | | biliruben then | | bronchoconstriction | | excreted\ | | | | Iron -\> released | | | | from haem + stored | | | | in macrophages, | | | | trannsported to bone | | | | marrow (via | | \- inflammation | | transferrin)\ | | | | \ | | | | Proteins-\> into | | | | globin etc., | | \ | | degraded into AAs\ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Describe how | Describe the | | | non-steroidal | different lines and | | | anti-inflammatory | planes of the | Describe the | | drugs (NSAIDs) may | thorax. (6) | formation of the | | cause bronchospasm | | respiratory | | | ------------------ | **diverticulum**? | | ------------------ | | | | | 1\. Midaxillary | | | NSAIDs are COX | line.\ | | | inhibitors (inhibits | 2. Midsternal | ------------------ | | prostaglandin | line.\ | | | production) which | 3. Midclavicular | Diverticulum (lung | | will divert | line.\ | bud) forms as a | | arachidonic acid to | 4. Suprasternal | blind-ending | | produce more | plane (at T2 | outgrowth from | | leukotrienes\ | posteriorly).\ | ventral wall of the | | \ | 5. Plane of | foregut.\ | | | sternal angle (at | \ | | | T4/5 | | | | posteriorly).\ | | | .\ | :55458/quizlet-Ae-pM | | g) | \ | Hq0yubRKdhfIMEkHQ.pn | | | | g) | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | \ | | | \ | \ | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Describe the | Diaphram position | Difference between | | pharmacological | | adult and foetal Hb | | action of a steroid | ------------------ | | | (in asthma). (3) | | ------------------ | | | \- innerviated by | | | ------------------ | phrenic nerve\ | Adult= 2 alpha 2 | | | - attaches in | beta subunits\ | | | xiphoid process & | Foetal= 2 alpha 2 | | | coastal margin\ | gama subunits\ | | 1\. Steroid (lipid | - laterally attaches | \ | | molecule) enters | to ribs 6-12\ | \ | | glucocorticoid | vertebra\ | \ | | receptors. | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2. Steroid-receptor | | | | complex goes to | | | | nucleus and | | | | regulates gene | | | | expression | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -\>  produces | | | | anti-inflammatory | | | | proteins and | | | | inhibits cytokine | | | | production causeing | | | | inflammation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Diffusion | Distinguish the | Draw a diagram to | | conductance | different types of | show the chemical | | | ribs. | timeline of an | | ------------------ | | asthmatic attack. | | | ------------------ | | | Measures how easily | | ------------------ | | CO crosses from | | | | alveoli to blood\ | | \ | | \ | **Ribs 1-7**: true | \ | | - patient inhales 1 | ribs - costal | \ | | breath of dilute CO | cartilages | \ | | for 10s and exhales\ | articulate directly | \ | | - diffusion capacity | with sternum. | | | calc. from lung vol. | | | | and % of CO in | | | | alveoli at beginning | | | | and end of 10s \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | **Ribs 8-10**: | | | \ | \'false\' ribs as | | | | costal cartilage | | | | articulates with one | | | | above. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **Ribs 11-12**: | | | | \'floating\' ribs - | | | | don\'t articulate at | | | | all. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Emphysema | Explain the 2 main | Explain the graph. | | | types of asthma | | | ------------------ | treatments? | ------------------ | | | | | | \- example of COPD\ | ------------------ | Asthma causes a more | | {w | [**Bronchodilators** | Can be reversed by | | idth="162"}\ | ]{style="background- | ß2 agonist\ | | \ | color:#fde8ff;"} | \ | | {w | | | | idth="457"}\ | | | | \ | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | | | [**Anti-inflammatory | | | | agents**]{style="bac | | | | kground-color: rgb(2 | | | | 05, 231, 250);"} | | | | - to prevent attacks | | | | caused by cytokine | | | | release. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | F factor | First order kinetics | Function of | | | equations | Apneustic centre in | | ------------------ | | ventilation | | | ------------------ | | | Bioavailabilty\ | | ------------------ | | \ | \ | prolonged gasps | | \ | \ | (apneuisis)\ | | | \ | and prolonged DRG | | | \ | stimulation\ | | | | (no involvement in | | | | normal respiration)\ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Function of | Function of cerebral | Function of the | | Pneumotaxic centre | cortex in | medulla-dorsal | | in ventilation | ventilation | respiratory group | | | | (DRG) in ventilation | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | | {width="258"}\ | breathing (e.g | intercostal muscles\ | | \> Transmits signals | holding breath)\ | \ | | to DRG (medial | \ | To cause | | dorsal respiratory | (although limited, | inspiration\ | | group)\ | drowning victems | \ | | \> \'fine-tunes\' | eventually reinstate | \ | :55458/Picture%201-a | | \ | \ | cf20d6a106c34ff2f814 | | To limit period of | \ | 0b8ed75b7a84906c5dc. | | inspiration and | \ | png)\ | | over-inflation of | \ | \ | | lungs\ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Function of the | Function of vagus | Give 3 examples of | | medulla-ventral | nerve in ventilation | anti-inflammatory | | respiratory group | | treatments for | | (VRG) in ventilation | ------------------ | asthma. | | | | | | ------------------ | \> Sends afferent | ------------------ | | | information from | | | Innervates\ | lungs to DRG to | ‣ Steroids\ | | \> Abdominal | **switch** **off** | ‣ CystLT Receptor | | muscles\ | inspiration\ | Antagonists\ | | \> Internal | \ | ‣ Omalizumab\ | | intercostal muscles\ | To prevent over | \ | | \ | inflation of the | \ | | To cause forced | lungs\ | \ | | expiration\ | \ | | | \ | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Give 6 lung defence | Give a summary of | Give an example of | | mechanisms | lung maturation. | an acute and chronic | | throughout the upper | | **restrictive** lung | | and lower | ------------------ | disease | | respiratory tract. | | | | | \ | ------------------ | | ------------------ | \ | | | | | Acute: ARDS (acute | | | | respiratory distress | | | | syndrome)\ | | 1\. Organisms are | | \ | | trapped in mucus | | Chronic: Pulmonary | | and removed by | \ | fibrosis, | | **mucocilliary | \ | pneumoconioses\ | | elevator**. | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2\. Those entering | | | | **distal | | | | respiratory tree** | | | | are | | | | **phagocytosed** | | | | by resident | | | | **alveolar | | | | macrophages**. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3\. Can reach | | | | draining **lymph | | | | nodes** to | | | | initiate **more | | | | immune response**. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4\. **Upper RT** | | | | can secrete | | | | **IgA** which | | | | blocks | | | | **attachment to | | | | epithelium**. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5\. **Lower RT** | | | | secretes **serum | | | | antibodies** | | | | (**IgM, IgG**) in | | | | **alveolar lining | | | | fluid**. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6\. **T-cell | | | | immunity**. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | [Give the 6 | Heart borders | Heart markings- | | classifications of | | valve positions | | lung | ------------------ | | | disease]{style="colo | | ------------------ | | r: rgb(26, 29, 40); | 2,3,5,6 (rember 2+3 | | | background-color: rg | & 2x3)\ | PAMT 3344\ | | b(255, 255, 255);"} | \ | Pulmonary = medial | | | \ | to L cc3\ | | ------------------ | \ | Aorta= medial to L | | | \ | ics3\ | | | \ | Bicuspud/ mitral = | | | | medial to L cc4\ | | \- Disorders of | | Tricuspid = medial | | airway / gas | | to R ics4\ | | exchange | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | \- Atelectasis | | | | ([collapse]{style="t | | | | ext-decoration-line: | | | | underline;"}) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \- [Vascular]{style= | | | | "text-decoration-lin | | | | e: underline;"}pulmo | | | | nary | | | | disease | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \- [Pleural]{style=" | | | | text-decoration-line | | | | : underline;"}diseas | | | | e | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \- [Upper]{style="te | | | | xt-decoration-line: | | | | underline;"}respirat | | | | ory | | | | tract  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | disease | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \- | | | | Pulmonary [infection | | | | ]{style="text-decora | | | | tion-line: underline | | | | ;"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \- [Cancer (neoplasm | | | | s)]{style="text-deco | | | | ration-line: underli | | | | ne;"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [\ | | | | ]{style="text-decora | | | | tion-line: underline | | | | ;"} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Heart pericardium | Helium dilution test | How are airways kept | | | | open and why? (2) | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | | Outer layer = | {w | Airways are kept | | \ | idth="266"}\ | open to **cope with | | Inner layer= | Start with known | changing pressure** | | **serous** | conc of helium (C1)\ | | | pericardium\ | Before eq. - C1 x | | | - made up of | V1\ | | | visveral and | After eq - C2 x | | | parietal layer\ | (V1+V2)\ | | | \ | \ |  This is by: | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | [C1 = initial | | | | (known) helium | | | | concentration]{style | \- either **bony** | | | ="color: rgb(22, 62, | or **cartilaginous | | | 100);"} | scaffolds**. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [V1 = volume of gas | \- **Turbinate | | | in | bones** in nasal | | | spirometer]{style="c | cavity form narrow | | | olor: rgb(22, 62, 10 | passageways which | | | 0);"} | create | | | | **turbulence**, | | | | driving air in and | | | | out of sinuses \> | | | | enhanced SA:V ratio. | | | | | | | [C2 = final helium | | | | concentration | | | | ]{style="color: rgb( | \ | | | 22, 62, 100);"} | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ![](http://127.0.0.1 | | | | :55458/quizlet--WI72 | | | [V2 = total gas | 7PKZF.OBjHN-zPceA.pn | | | volume]{style="color | g) | | | : rgb(22, 62, 100);" | | | | } | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | How are large and | | How are the | | small particles | | vertebrae different? | | prevented entry in | How are the | | | the nasal cavity? | **pleural cavities** | ------------------ | | | developed during the | | | ------------------ | **pseudoglandular** | | | | stage? (3) | | | | | **T1 - T12 changes** | | | | - they change | | **Large particles** | | **shape** based on | | are trapped by | ------------------ | the load - they | | **vibrissae** - | | increase in | | hairs at entry to | | **size**. | | nasal cavity. | | | | **Smaller** | 1. | | | particles are | **Pericardioperitone | | | trapped by mucus | al | \ | | covering lining all | canals** are | \ | | the way to the | initially connected | \ | | terminal | to **pericardial** | \ | | bronchioles. | (primitive thoracic) | | | | and **peritoneal** | | | | (primitive | | | | abdominal) cavities. | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | 2\. The canals | | | | become | | | | **separated** from | | | | the **pericardial | | | | cavity** by | | | | [**pleuropericardial | | | | folds**]{style="back | | | | ground-color:#fde8ff | | | | ;"}. | | | | The cavities | | | | around the | | | | **heart** and | | | | **lungs** become | | | | separate. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3\. However, the | | | | pericardioperitoneal | | | | canals (which form | | | | pleural cavities) | | | | **remain | | | | connected** to the | | | | **peritoneal | | | | cavity** until | | | | closed by the | | | | **fusion of | | | | pleuroperitoneal | | | | folds** during | | | | **diaphragm | | | | formation**. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | | | How can you avoid | | | | the main | | How can | How can | neurovascular bundle | | **oesophageal | **respiratory | when inserting a | | atresia and | distress syndrome** | needle? | | tracheoesophageal | occur in premature | | | fistulas** cause | babies? (3) | ------------------ | | problems? | | | | | | | | | | | | | ------------------ | Insert needle | | ------------------ | | **close to upper | | | 1\. Don\'t have | border of lower | | | enough lung | rib**. | | | surfactant in type | | | **XS fluid** in | II pneumocytes.\ | | | mouth and upper | 2. Surface tension | | | tract cause | is high at | \ | | **reflux** \> can go | blood-air | \ | | into **trachea and | interface.\ | \ | | lungs** \> coughing | 3. Alveoli are at | \ | | and choking \> | risk of collapsing | | | **pneumonia.** | when expiring, | | | | leads to RDS.\ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | \ | \ | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | How do PDE | How do central | How do peripheral | | inhibitors work? | chemoreceptors | chemoreceptors | | (describe what PDE | (CCRs) work? | (PCRs) work? | | does normally) | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | ------------------ | | | | | Blood brain barrier | Stimulated by low | | Phosphodiesterase | (BBB) is impermeable | arterial O2 (caused | | (PDE) breaks down | to H+ and HCO3^-^\ | by | | cAMP that causes | [But permeable to | hyperventilation) \ | | bronchodilation.\ | CO2]{style="backgrou | \ | | \ | nd-color: rgb(255, 2 | Fall in pH - | | PDE inhibitors | 55, 0);"}\ | detected by carotid | | inhibit PDE, | \ | bodies\ | | allowing | TF when pCO2 inc. | \ | | bronchodilation to | -\> CO2 diffuses out | \ | | occur.\ | of blood vessel and | \ | | \ | into brain | \ | | Also have | extracellular fluid | \ | | anti-inflammatory | (ECF) and | | | effect (can be | cerebrospinal fluid | | | paired w/ β-AR | (CSF)\ | | | agonists to enhance | \ | | | them).\ | This causes \ | | | \ | **CO2 + H2O | | | | \ H2CO3 \ HC | | | | O3- | | | | + H+**\ | | | ![](http://127.0.0.1 | [production of H+ | | | :55458/quizlet-LU87z | ions in ECF and | | | EIQ.7.9AremFgAnrQ.pn | CSF]{style="backgrou | | | g) | nd-color: rgb(255, 2 | | | | 55, 0);"}, | | | | this lowers pCO2\ | | | | = hyperventilation)\ | | | \ | \ | | | \ | inc. of pCO2 = | | | | hypoventilation\ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | How do the arterial | How do the | How do the | | blood gases change | bronchioles | bronchioles relax? | | with the different | contract? (State | (State what else is | | stages of exercise? | what else is caused) | caused) | | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | | | ACh binds to M3 | Adrenaline binds to | | | receptors on | β2 adrenergic | | **Initial stage**: | bronchial smooth | receptors on | | PaO2 and PaCO2 are | muscle.\ | bronchial smooth | | normal. | Causes:\ | muscle. Causes:\ | | | - constriction of | - relaxation of | | | smooth muscle\ | smooth muscle\ | | | - increase mucus | - decrease mucus | | | secretion.\ | secretion\ | | | \ | \ | | **Moderate | | | | exercise**: PaO2 and | | | | PaCO2 are normal. | | | | | |  | | | | | | **Vigorous | | | | exercise**: Increase | | | | in \[H+\] - | | \ | | anaerobic | | \ | | metabolism, lactic | | | | acid production | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | | | How does the | | | | pulmonary | | How does the | How does the body | ventilation rate | | **airway structure** | adapt to a **high | change with | | vary? | altitude**? (6) | exercise? | | | | | | | | ------------------ | | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | Increases as more | | | | hyperventilation | | Less cartilage and | | ocurs. During | | more smooth muscle, | | exercise, it can | | fewer glands and | 1\. Acute hypoxia | reach 120 L/min. At | | flatter cells as you | detected by | rest, it is 6L/min | | go down to the | **peripheral | (12bpm x | | deeper airways.\ | chemoreceptors**. | 0.5L/breath).\ | | \ | | \ | | | | Ventilation= freq x | | | | tidal volume\ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | 2\. More | \ | | \ | ventilation. | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3\. PaCO2 falls, | | | | CSF becomes | | | | alkaline due to | | | | more HCO3-. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4\. Choroid plexus | | | | cells move HCO3- | | | | from CSF to | | | | correct pH. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5\. Hypoxic drive | | | | reinstalled, more | | | | ventilation. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5\. Over hours, | | | | breathing is | | | | controlled at new | | | | low PaCO2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6\. Over days, | | | | blood alkalinity | | | | is corrected by | | | | HCO3- urine | | | | excretion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | How if PEF affected | How is CAP risk | How is CAP treated? | | by asthma attack | stratification | | | | measured? | ------------------ | | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | Less severe (score | | \ | | 1/2)\ | | System tries to | [CURB 65\ | - Amoxicillin or | | return to | \ | Doxycline\ | | \'normal\'\ | C]{style="background | - Iv if unable to | | \ | -color: rgb(255, 255 | take orally\ | | \ | , 0);"}onfusion | \ | | \ | (MMT score \< 8)\ | More severe (score | | | [U]{style="backgroun | 3)\ | | | d-color: rgb(255, 25 | - Co-amoxiclav + | | | 5, 0);"}rea | amoxacillin = | | | (\> 7 mmol/ l )\ | clarithromycin\ | | | [R]{style="backgroun | \ | | | d-color: rgb(255, 25 | \ | | | 5, 0);"}espiratory | \ | | | rate (\> 30 per | | | | min)\ | | | | [B]{style="backgroun | | | | d-color: rgb(255, 25 | | | | 5, 0);"}lood | | | | pressure (systolic | | | | BP \< 90 or | | | | diastolic BP \< 60)\ | | | | {style="backgrou | | | | nd-color: rgb(255, 2 | | | | 55, 0);"} | | | | or more years old\ | | | | \ | | | | Score of \ | | | | 1 = low severity\ | | | | \> 3= high severity\ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | How is Iron | How is pec major | [How is | | Haemostasis | arranged to pec | pneumonia ]{style="c | | regulated? | minor? | olor: rgb(26, 29, 40 | | | | ); background-color: | | ------------------ | ------------------ | rgb(255, 255, 255); | | | | "}**classified**[? ] | | Hepacin (from | Superficial to pec | {style="color: rgb(2 | | liver)\ | minor. Pec minor is | 6, 29, 40); backgrou | | \ | deep to pec major.\ | nd-color: rgb(255, 2 | | Erythroid regulator | \ | 55, 255);"} | | (signals from bone | \ | | | marrow to inc. | \ | ------------------ | | absorbtion)\ | | | | \ | | | | Iron stores | | | | regulator (monitors | | 1. **Anatomical**: | | based on reserves)\ | | how has infection | | \ | | spread to lung | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2. **Clinical | | | | setting**: | | | | circumstances around | | | | disease | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. **Microbiologica* | | | | *l: | | | | causative agent | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | [How is pneumonia | [How is | How is respiratory | | different | pneumonia ]{style="c | distress syndrome | | from ]{style="color: | olor: rgb(26, 29, 40 | treated? | | rgb(26, 29, 40); ba | ); background-color: | | | ckground-color: rgb( | rgb(255, 255, 255); | ------------------ | | 255, 255, 255);"}**b | "}**treated**[?]{sty | | | ronchitis**[?]{style | le="color: rgb(26, 2 | | | ="color: rgb(26, 29, | 9, 40); background-c | | | 40); background-col | olor: rgb(255, 255, | **Artifical | | or: rgb(255, 255, 25 | 255);"} | surfactant** and | | 5);"} | | treatment with | | | ------------------ | **glucocorticoids** | | ------------------ | | to **stimulate** | | | Antibiotics\ | surfactant | | Bronchitis is | - immediatly start | production. | | infection of | with broad spectrum | | | airways, pneumonia | and become more | | | affects alveoli\ | spec.\ | | | \ | \ | \ | | \ | \ | \ | | \ | \ | \ | | | | \ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | | How is the TW | | | | different for | | | How is **temperature | Gentamicin | How is the **blood | | adjustment** and | | and air** in **close | | **moisturing** | ------------------ | proximity** between | | enhanced in the | | capillaries and | | nasal cavity? | As can be toxic to | alveoli? | | | kinday/ears, aim for | | | | trough, but to be | | | | effective aim for | | | ------------------ | peak\ | ------------------ | | | \ | The electron | | \ | To do this ensure | micrograph shows | | \ | tau is greater than | there is a [**very | | | 2 half lives \ | close | | | And use test dose to | interface**]{style=" | | | determine creatine | background-color:#fd | | | CL\ | e8ff;"} | | | \ | between the air and | | | \ | the blood, allowing | | | \ | efficient gas | | | \ | exchange. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |