Respiratory Function Assessment Quiz

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Which of the following methods are used to assess respiratory function?

Auscultation

Radiological imaging (CXR, CT)

Patient history and physical examination

All of the above (correct)

What is the primary role of the vagus nerve in respiratory function?

Filtering inspired air

Regulating blood flow to the lungs

Sending signals to the respiratory centres (correct)

Controlling lung capacity

Which of these is NOT a component of radiological imaging of the respiratory system?

Computed tomography (CT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Electrocardiogram (ECG) (correct)

Chest X-ray (CXR)

What is the primary function of the respiratory centers in the brain?

Coordinating breathing and regulating its rate and depth (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does auscultation contribute to the assessment of respiratory function?

By evaluating the sounds produced by breathing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What technique is used to assess the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after a maximal inhalation?

Spirometry (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom associated with upper or lower respiratory tract irritation?

Headache (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques utilizes the dilution of a known volume of helium gas to measure lung volume?

Helium dilution (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the body respond to accumulated mucus, inhaled smoke, dust, lint, or noxious fumes?

By stimulating irritant receptors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the technique known as Nitrogen washout?

To measure lung volume (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main clinical benefit of conducting a peak flow measurement?

Assessing the severity of asthma (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe non-respiratory symptoms, such as nausea or headache, that might occur due to respiratory irritation?

Clinical examination (C) Signup and view all the answers

The content mentions that irritant receptors are stimulated by accumulated mucus, inhaled smoke, dust, lint, or noxious fumes. This response is primarily classified as belonging to which broader category?

Pulmonary reflexes (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of layers found in the serous pericardium?

Parietal and Visceral (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the helium dilution test?

To measure the volume of the lungs (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the body cope with changing pressures in the airways?

By using cartilage to keep the airways open (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the fibrous pericardium?

To provide a protective and supportive layer for the heart (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula for calculating the volume of air in the lungs after a helium dilution test?

V2 = (C2 x V1) / C1 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a classification of lung disease?

Cardiovascular disease (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of atelectasis?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of vascular pulmonary disease?

Both A and B (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is pleurisy?

Inflammation of the pleura (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of upper respiratory tract disease?

Pharyngitis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between pneumonia and bronchitis?

Pneumonia affects the alveoli of the lungs, while bronchitis affects the bronchi. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of lung cancer?

Non-small cell lung cancer (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of lung cancer?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between T cell immunity and B cell immunity?

Both T cell and B cell immunity are types of adaptive immunity, but they target different antigens. (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?

B cell (B) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response?

Helper T cells activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells to produce antibodies and kill infected cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response?

Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of regulatory T cells in the immune response?

Regulatory T cells suppress the immune response. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of natural killer T cells in the immune response?

Natural killer T cells directly kill infected cells. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between T cell immunity and B cell immunity?

T cell immunity and B cell immunity work together to provide effective immunity. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver of ventilation during the initial phase of acclimatization to high altitude?

Decreased PaO2 (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the body's response to high altitude change over time?

The body initially attempts to maintain a stable PaCO2, eventually shifting to a new, lower PaCO2. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the body corrects blood alkalinity during acclimatization to high altitude?

Increased HCO3- excretion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological basis for the 'hypoxic drive' that contributes to the sustained increase in ventilation at high altitude?

Increased sensitivity of chemoreceptors to PaO2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the increased PaCO2 in the initial phase of acclimatization to high altitude?

Stimulate increased ventilation to compensate for low PaO2. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the hypoxic drive on ventilation at high altitude?

It leads to a sustained increase in ventilation, even after PaCO2 returns to normal levels. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor in the body's long-term adaptation to high altitude?

Decreased lung capacity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the timeframe over which the body typically reaches a new equilibrium in ventilation after a significant altitude change?

Few hours (C) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the binding of carbon monoxide (CO) to hemoglobin have on the oxygen dissociation curve?

It shifts the curve to the left, decreasing oxygen affinity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neutrophils in the context of respiratory infections?

They act as phagocytes, engulfing and destroying pathogens. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonists, like salbutamol, achieve their bronchodilator effect?

They bind to and activate β2-ARs, triggering relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and the shift in the oxygen dissociation curve caused by carbon dioxide?

Increased carbon dioxide levels decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, shifting the curve to the right. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect associated with the use of β2-AR agonists?

Increased blood pressure and heart rate. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common viral cause of pneumonia or upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'vascular leakiness' described in the context of respiratory infections?

It facilitates the entry of immune cells to the site of infection. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor (LABA) agonists, compared to short-acting β2-AR agonists (SABA)?

They are typically prescribed for the long-term control of asthma symptoms. (B) Signup and view all the answers