Animals PDF

Animals – invertebrates The animal phylogenetic tree No tissues Porifera Metazoa 770 mya ANCESTRAL...

Animals – invertebrates The animal phylogenetic tree No tissues Porifera Metazoa 770 mya ANCESTRAL Ctenophora PROTIST Eumetazoa 680 mya Cnidaria Tissues Acoela Hemichordata Deuterostomia Echinodermata Bilateria Chordata Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes 670 mya Syndermata Ectoprocta Brachiopoda MEET features Mollusca Annelida Ecdysozoa Nematoda Arthropoda Phylum Porifera – the sponges Simplest animals Lack of symmetry in many No tissues cellsnot intotruetissue organized Epidermal cells, choanocytes, amoebocytes, and spongin Scypha skeleton Adults are sessile, larvae swim with cilia A purple tube sponge larva An azure vase sponge How sponges make a living Suspension feeders Food particles morewaterthroughbody sistergroup in mucus to get food Choanocytes cell collarcells Collar Choanocyte Osculum opening Spongocoel Phagocytosis Flagellum of food movesMio particles Amoebocyte Pores EmaPh Mopassoutsideinside Spicules Epidermis movement Water of Hw flow Amoebocytes Mesohyl sponginskeleton Azure vase sponge celltypesmaking (Callyspongia plicifera) upspongebody How sponges make a living Suspension feeders Food particles in mucus Choanocytes Collar Choanocyte Osculum Spongocoel Phagocytosis Flagellum of food particles Amoebocyte Pores diffusion for Spicules exchange Epidermis no circulatory Water system flow Amoebocytes no muscles or Mesohyl nerves Azure vase sponge hermaphroditic (Callyspongia plicifera)  canproduceboth The animal phylogenetic tree egg spermcells No tissues Porifera Metazoa 770 mya ANCESTRAL Radial Ctenophora 2 germ layers PROTIST Eumetazoa 680 mya symmetry (diploblastic) Cnidaria Tissues Acoela Hemichordata Deuterostomia 9154Gtsponges Echinodermata Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Chordata Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes 670 mya Syndermata Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Ecdysozoa Nematoda Arthropoda Phylum Ctenophora Ectoderm Diploblastic Endoderm Radial symmetry Contractile tissue and nerve net! Modified gastrovascular cavity Eight rows of cilia move through water 2 tentacles tocaptureprey with colloblasts Toon stick prey side branches Comb jellies Phylum Cnidaria Ectoderm Diploblastic Endoderm Radial symmetry Contractile tissue and nerve net! Gastrovascular cavity Sea anemones, corals, hydras, and jellies Mouth/anus Tentacle Gastrovascular cavity Gastrodermis Mesoglea Body stalk Epidermis Tentacle Mouth/anus Polyp (cross section) Medusa (cross section) Complete vs incomplete digestive tract Incomplete One opening (mouth/anus) Gastrovascular cavity digestion diffusion or exchange hydrostatic skeleton Complete Two openings (mouth and anus) Separation of function along a tube (anterior and posterior)  Polyp body plan A hydra Medusa body plan (about 2 mm tall) A marine jelly A sea anemone (about 6 cm in diameter) (about 6 cm in diameter)  Haploid (n) Some alternate Diploid (2n) Reproductive polyp Medusa Feeding polyp Medusa MEIOSIS bud Gonad Egg Sperm SEXUAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTION (BUDDING) Portion of FERTILIZATION a colony of polyps Developing Zygote polyp Larva Mature polyp How cnidarians make a living Body surface of prey Tentacle Thread Nematocyst “Trigger” Thread discharges Thread (coiled) Cnidocyte Coral animals and symbiosis Dinoflagellates exoskeleton = reef ecosystem architects threatened by warming seas and ocean acidification The animal phylogenetic tree No tissues Porifera Metazoa 770 mya ANCESTRAL Radial Ctenophora 2 germ layers PROTIST Eumetazoa 680 mya symmetry (diploblastic) Cnidaria Tissues Acoela Hemichordata Deuterostomia Echinodermata Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Chordata Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes 670 mya Syndermata Ectoprocta 3 germ layers; (triploblastic) Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Ecdysozoa Nematoda Arthropoda The animal phylogenetic tree No tissues Porifera Metazoa 770 mya ANCESTRAL Radial Ctenophora 2 germ layers PROTIST Eumetazoa 680 mya symmetry (diploblastic) Cnidaria Tissues Acoela Hemichordata Deuterostomes: Deuterostomia Echinodermata Formation of Bilateria Bilateral mouth, 2nd, anus symmetry Chordata 1st Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes 670 mya Syndermata Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Protostomes: formation of Mollusca mouth, 1st, Annelida anus 2nd Ecdysozoa Nematoda Arthropoda The animal phylogenetic tree No tissues Porifera Metazoa 770 mya ANCESTRAL Radial Ctenophora PROTIST Eumetazoa 680 mya symmetry Cnidaria Tissues Acoela Hemichordata Deuterostomia Echinodermata Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Chordata Lophotrochozoa Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes 670 mya Syndermata lophophore Ectoprocta trochophore larva in Brachiopoda molluscs and Mollusca annelids high diversity Annelida Ecdysozoa Nematoda Arthropoda Phylum Platyhelminthes the flatworms Triploblastic acoelomates Bilateral sym. and high SA:V for exchange Free-living flatworms (planarians) Predators Scavengers Gastrovascular cavity Ventral nerve cords Mouth Pharynx Eyecups Chemical sensors Ganglia – clusters of nerve tissue Simple cephalization and centralization in nervous system Other types: Parasites How do they make a living? Tapeworms No mouth Trematodes - Flukes No digestive system Proglottids (units with Reproductive structures) Hooks Sucker Scolex Colorized SE M 65× (anterior Often use an intermediate host end)  Phylum Mollusca Small coelom around heart and hemocoel Complete digestive tract Basic body anatomy = foot, visceral mass, and mantle Shells of calcium carbonate Radula common Open circulatory system = hemolymph Most are aquatic A sea slug (about 5 cm long) Gastropods snails and slugs shell present or none aquatic or terrestrial eyes on tentacles A land snail Basic mollusc anatomy Visceral mass Coelom Heart Intestine Digestive tract Gonads Mantle Stomach Mantle Shell cavity Mouth Radula Anus Gill Mouth Foot Nerve Esophagus cords Hemocoel Radula  Squid Octopus Bivalves Chambered suspension feeders nautilus 2 shells Strong adductor muscles ex.) scallop, mussels, clams Cephalopods octopus, nautilus, squid closed circulatory system internal shell or none complex brains Phylum Annelida the segmented worms Larger coelom (no hemocoel) Complete digestive tract Closed circulatory system Segmentation – Anus Septum (partition Epidermis separate repeating Longitudinal muscle between segments) Circular units of the body Septum muscle plan Chaetae (bristles) Dorsal Mucus-secreting vessel organ Esophagus Septum Body Ganglia cavity Intestine Ventral Chaetae Mouth Ventral nerve cord vessel Ventral Pharynx nerve cord  Sedentarians earthworms tubeworms leeches The animal phylogenetic tree No tissues Porifera Ecdysozoa Metazoa 770 mya ANCESTRAL Radial Ctenophora PROTIST Eumetazoa 680 mya symmetry Cnidaria Tissues Acoela Hemichordata Deuterostomia Echinodermata Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Chordata Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes 670 mya Syndermata Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Ecdysozoa Nematoda ecdysis Arthropoda Phylum Nematoda the round worms Hemocoel No circulatory system No segmentation Cuticle = exoskeleton protection hydrostatic skeleton Mouth Complete digestive tract Ecdysis Only longitudinal muscles Anus Free-living or Colorized SEM 400× parasites Nematode are small and incredibly abundant! "If all the matter in the universe except the nematodes were swept away, our world would still be dimly recognizable... we should find its mountains, hills, vales, rivers, lakes, and oceans represented by a film of nematodes.” -Nathan A. Cobb, 1915 Phylum Arthropoda Coelomate… but coelom is reduced and hemocoel is large Complete digestive tract Cuticle = exoskeleton Cephalothorax Abdomen Ecdysis Jointed appendages Thorax Most diverse group! Head Segmentation = most have groups of segments fused in three main units Head Thorax Abdomen Segmentation Body regions specialized for a function Walking Feeding Swimming Division of labor Changes to one may not affect the others Myriapods Millipedes Two legs per segment Detritovore Centipedes One leg per segment Carnivore  Horseshoe crab Chelicerates Cephalothorax and abdomen No antennae Claw-like feeding appendage called chelicerae Arachnids Mites Scorpions Spiders Four pair of walking legs Ticks Pancrustaceans - crustaceans Mostly aquatic Barnacles Decapods Lobsters Crayfish A ghost crab Shrimp (body about Goose barnacles (about 2 cm high) Crabs 2.5 cm across) Pancrustaceans - Insects 75% of animal species Freshwater and terrestrial environments Highly specialized Head Thorax Abdomen segments Six walking legs Wings Specialized (extensions Antennae Antennae jumping legs of cuticle) Flight! Eye Water proofing Walking legs Mouthparts Pancrustaceans - Insects Life cycle (metamorphosis) Complete Incomplete larva nymph pupa adult adult The animal phylogenetic tree No tissues Porifera Metazoa 770 mya ANCESTRAL Radial Ctenophora 2 germ layers PROTIST Eumetazoa 680 mya symmetry (diploblastic) Cnidaria Tissues Acoela Hemichordata Deuterostomes: Deuterostomia Echinodermata Formation of Bilateria Bilateral mouth, 2nd, anus symmetry Chordata 1st Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes 670 mya Syndermata Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Protostomes: formation of Mollusca mouth, 1st, Annelida anus 2nd Ecdysozoa Nematoda Arthropoda Echindodermata Deuterostomes Adults with radial-ish symmetry (larvae are bilateral) Endoskeleton Water vascular system Anus with tube feet Spines Examples Sea urchin Starfish Stomach Brittle stars Sea cucumber Sand dollars Tube feet Canals Tube foot Adhesion created by chemicals