Animal Taxonomy Protista Mammals 24-25 for Test PDF

PROTIST AND ANIMAL TAXONOMY Y5 OPTIONAL 0  TAXONOMY REVISION 1. What is a species and how do new species develop? Species are a group of organisms that are able to produce fertile offspring. They are created by...

PROTIST AND ANIMAL TAXONOMY Y5 OPTIONAL 0  TAXONOMY REVISION 1. What is a species and how do new species develop? Species are a group of organisms that are able to produce fertile offspring. They are created by allopatric speciation and niche partitioning. 2. Define taxonomy. Science that classifies and names organisms based on hierarchy. 3. Who is known as the "Father of Taxonomy"? Carl Linneaus 4. What is binomial nomenclature? The name is composed of 2 parts -genus and species 5. List the rules for writing a scientific name. Genus species - in italics 6. Write your first and last name. Juraj Šimko 7. If your name were a scientific name, which part would be the genus? Šimko 8. Which part would be the species identifier? juraj 9. Now write your name as a scientific name. ŠImko juraj 10. Number the major classification groups (taxa) in order from the most specific (1) to the least specific (7). 5 ___class 3___family 2 ___genus 7 ___kingdom 4 ___order 6 ___phylum 1___species 8 domain 11. What are the three domains? Give a brief description of each. a. b. c. 1  12. Put the word from the box into the correct sentence. Lineeaus a) _________ devised a system of naming organisms that is still in use today. 1. binomial taxa or classification groups. b) Organisms are placed in __________, nomenclature 2. taxonomy 3. Linneaus family c) The taxon that is larger than a genus and smaller than an order is a(n) __________. 4. taxa d) In ____________, an organism is given a 2- part binomial nomenclature 5. family scientific name that give the organism’s genus and species. 6. species species which is made up of organisms that similar e) The smallest taxon is the ________, characteristics and can breed with one another. f) The science of naming organisms and putting them into classification groups is known as taxonomy ______________. 2  1. KINGDOM: PROTOZOA/ PROTISTA – the simplest animals – unicellular organisms – occurrence: found everywhere (sea, fresh water, soil, moss,..) – size: microscopic – shape: various, usually asymmetric, or can have bilateral or radial symmetry – structure of cell: cytoplasm 1) ___________________ – colourless, can be divided into ectoplasm (outer, more homogenous) and endoplasm (inner, contains organelles) nucleus 2) ___________________ – essential for life, has different shape, protozoans can have one nucleus or more nuclei (e.g. Ciliates) 3) organelles for protection: o pellicle – rigid, for maintaining the shape of cell cell wall made of chitin, or SiO2 o ____________– o cyst – is made in harsh conditions, is needed to survive this conditions (such as exposure to extreme temperatures and harmful chemicals) 4) organelles for support: o axostyle – a sheet of microtubules present in many parasitic flagellates, it is for locomotion or support (by some species of Mastigofora) o fibres in cytoplasm 5) organelles for movement: pseudopodia o ___________________ – temporary projection of cytoplasm (used also for phagocytosis) (by Sarcodina and some species of Apicomplexa) o flagella ___________________ – fibres, usually longer than cell, located in the front part of cell, number of flagella is different – usually 1 or 2, movement caused by flagella is faster than movement with pseudopodia cilia o ___________________ – short hair-like structures, usually large number of cilia present on the cell, its structure is similar to the structure of flagellum, when are more cilia fused together – they create rigid structures undulating membrane o ___________________ ___________________ – a membrane running like a fin along the bodies of certain species of Mastigofora 6) organelles for digestion: o whole cell surface (by parasitic species) o food vacuole __________ _____________ (by Sarcodina) cytostoma o ___________________ (cell mouth) - usually with short cytopharynx leading food into food vacuole - food is excreted through cytoproct (= cytopyge, cell anus) 7) organelles for excretion and osmoregulation: contractile o ___________________ vacuole – excretes excessive water and waste products of metabolism 8) organelles for sensation: o haptic – cilia, flagella o light-sensitive – for sensation of light, e.g. stigma o perception of position – small inclusions in cytoplasm 3  – ways of ingestion of food: A. absorption B. pinocytosis C. phagocytosis – reproduction: asexual 1) ___________________ – by cell division – usually mitotic division, can be: ___________________ transverse division (Ciliates) longitudinal ___________________ division (Mastigofora) schizogony – cell is repeatedly divided (Sporozoa) budding ___________________ (Suctoria) 2) sexual: a) copulation – cell is behaving as gamete – two gametes fuse together – zygote is formed – than undergoes reduction division (Mastigofora, Sporozoa, Sarcodina) conjugation b) ___________________ – temporary connection of two cells, that exchange their micronuclei with each other, after this exchange cells are separated and they divide normally (Ciliates) metagenesis 3) ___________________ – alternation of a phase of asexual reproduction with the phase of sexual reproduction – importance of protozoans: important in food chains __________________ (in plankton) _____________ important for self-purification of water part of soils (they affect soil fertility) orogenic _______________________ importance -rock/mountain formation parasites _______________________ (causing diseases of animals and human) Phyllum Subphyllum Superclass Class Sarcomastigophora Mastigofora = Flagellata Sarcodina Rhizopoda Amoebina Foraminifera Actinopoda Radiolaria Heliozoa Apicomplexa = Sporozoa Gregarina Coccidia Haemosporidia Microspora Myxozoa Ciliophora 1. Phyllum: Sarcomastigophora − simplest protozoans − have flagella and/or pseudopods − nutrition – can be heterotrophic or autorophic (by Phytomastigophorea – plant mastigophora – e.g. Volvox globator, Euglena viridis,...) − are free-living or parasitic − according to the organelles of movement are divided into Mastigophora and Sarcodina 4 A. Subphyllum: Mastigophora − the initial unicellular organisms (all algae and also other species of unicellular organisms arose out of this group of organisms) − heterotrophic nutrition − move by flagella − species: Noctiluca milliaris - sea sparkle ❖ _______________________________________– the largest species of this subphylum, it lives in oceans and exhibits luminescence (= production and emission of light) ❖ Giardia intestinalis _______________________________________– parasite affecting humans, cats and dogs, etc., it lives in their small intestine and are anaerobes, it obtains nutrition by osmosis, it causes diarrhoea and fevers by children, it is spread through cysts Costia necatrix ❖ _______________________________________– parasitizes on the gills of fish Trichomonas vaginalis ❖ _______________________________________ – parasite, that causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease, the most common site of infection is vagina by women and urethra by men (men are only carriers) Trypanosoma gambiense ❖ _______________________________________– causes sleeping sickness, which is fatal if it is not treated, it´s transported by tsetse fly, the disease is endemic in certain regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, symptoms: fever, rash, swelling around the eye and hands, headaches, extreme fatigue, aching muscles and joints, swollen lymph nodes on the back of your neck, weight loss, when infection has invaded the central nervous system: personality changes, slurred speech, irritability , loss of concentration, and difficulty in walking and talking , sleeping for long periods of the day and having insomnia at night is a common symptom 5  B. Subphyllum: Sarcodina − move by pseudopods, but some species can have also flagella in some stages − pseudopodia also used as food-capturing organelles − marine species can have some shells I. Superclass: Rhizopoda − species creep at the bottom − can be free-living or parasitic − divided into: Class: Amoebina − don´t have shells − have thick pseudopods − species: ❖ Amoeba proteus – lives in static waters ❖ Entamoeba coli – lives in large intestine of human, is harmless Naegleria fowleri ❖ _______________________________________– known as the brain eating amoeba, causes atypical meningitis by human ❖ Pelomyxa palustris – lives in polluted water Class: Formaminifera − are marine − have shells made of CaCO3, shells have numerous holes for pseudopods − have thin, filamentary (nitkovitý) pseudopods − species: ❖ Nummulite – lived in cenozoic period, it was about 5-7 cm large II. Superclass: Actinipoda − have thin pseudopods − they float in water − divided into: Class: Radiolaria − are marine − produce shells made of SiO2 Class: Heliozoa − live in fresh water 2) Phyllum: Apicomplexa – are exclusively parasitic – have apical complex – needed to catch the host cell and to penetrate into it – take in food by absorption – through small holes in pellicle – have complex life-cycle – cause human´s disease – are divided into 3 classes: Coccidia, Gregarina, Haemosporidia 6 A. Class: Gregarina – found in digestive system of invertebrates – are extracellular parasites – Gregarina blattarum – host: cockroach, is harmless B. Class: Coccidia – are intracellulary parasites – found in cells of arthropods and vertebrates – members: A. Eimeria stiedae - causes hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits Toxoplasma gondii B. _______________________________________– causes toxoplasmosis, the primary host is the felid (cat) family, animals are infected by eating infected meat, by contact with cat faeces or by transmission from mother to fetus, cats have been shown as a major reservoir of this infection, this disease is very dangerous for pregnant women C. Class: Haemosporidia – parasites of red blood cells of vertebrates – members: - Plasmodium (f.e. Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae) - they cause disease called malaria - it is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa - it can be lethal - symptoms: fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anaemia, splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), headache,... - these protozoa are transferred by genus Anopheles (a kind of mosquito) 7 5) Phylum: Ciliates (Ciliophora) – cilia occur in all members of the group - are used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation – are free-floating in water, some are parasites, some live as a symbiont in animal´s body – have pellicle on the cell surface – have cytostomes, cytopharynx, food vacuole, cytoproct – have two types of nuclei: 1. a small micronucleus (for reproduction) 2. a large macronucleus (for general cell regulation). – reproduction can be: a) sexual – conjugation - involves fusion of nuclei but not cells, cells attach to each other with cytostomes, macronucleus die out, micronucleus is divided, cells change micronuclei, then macronucleus arise b) asexual – transversal division – members: A. Paramecium caudatum - it feeds on bacteria, its natural habitat is fresh water B. Colpidium C. Suctoria 8  2. KINGDOM ANIMALIA 2.1 PHYLUM: PORIFERA – SPONGES - Heterotrophic organism: _______________________________________________ - Consumers: __________________________________________________________ - Multicellular: _________________________________________________________ o 2 basic cell types: ▪ Somatic: ________________________________________________ ▪ Gametes: _______________________________________________ - belong to group Diblastica o have 2 germ layers ▪ ectoderm ▪ endoderm - PROTOSTOMIA - simplest multicellular organisms, __________________________________________ - primarily marine, secondarily fresh water - ___________ forms – except larvae - filter feeders – ___________ digestion - no nervous system or sensory cells - high regeneration ability BODY STRUCTURE 9  1. Collar cells (choanocytes) - ________________________________________________________ - ________________________________________________________ 2. Epidermal cells - ________________________________________________________ 3. AmoeboyteS - ________________________________________________________ - ________________________________________________________ - ________________________________________________________ - ________________________________________________________ 4. Porocytes - ________________________________________________________ BODY TYPES: NAME CHARACTERISTIC PICTURE 10 REPRODUCTION: - Hermaphrodites: ___________________________________________________________ - Types of reproduction: o Asexual o Sexual INTERESTING FACTS: 1. 2. 3. REPRESENTATIVES: 11  2.2. PHYLLUM: CNIDARIA (PŔHLIVCE) - Knide = ___________ - Microscopic to 1-2m - Germ layers: ▪ _____________________ ▪ _____________________ ▪ Mesoglea _______________________________________________________________ - Radial symmetry________________________________________________________________ - Tissue level of organisation – no ______________ - Have differentiated gonads - Mostly marine - gastrovascular cavity: _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ - carnivorous or filter feeders - respiratory system______________________________________ - nervous system ___________________________________________ - 2 life stages: ▪ Polyp ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ▪ Medusa ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ 12 - Reproductive system: ▪ Hermaphrodites ▪ Asexual: _____________________________________ ▪ Sexual: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ TAXONOMY: LATIN ENGLISH SLOVAK HYDROZOA - POLYPOVCE CLASS CUBOZOA BOX JELLIES ŠTVORHRANOVCE SCYPHOZOA JELLYFISH MEDÚZOVCE ANTHOZOA CORALS KORALOVCE A. CLASS HYDROZOA - primarily _____________ - _____________________ - marine and fresh water - filter feeders, feed on plankton REPRESENTATIVES: 13 B. CLASS BOX JELLIES - cube-shaped - poison toxic – can cause death - tropical oceans - representative: _____________________________________ C. CLASS JELLYFISH - primarily medusas - ___________________ reproduction – strobillation - have ocelli – simple eye (not images but light detection and direction of movement - representative: _____________________________________ D. CLASS CORALS - ONLY _____________ stage - have nematocysts - internal (needles) and external skeleton (formation of coral reefs and atols) - warm, clean oceans - Create _________________ REPRESENTATIVES: 14  2.3 ACNIDARIA − from the Greek ktenos for a comb − belong to Diblastica (ectoderm + endoderm + mesoglea) − size is different – from few mm to 1,5 m − marine, usually ________________ − body is _______________ symmetrical − body shape: like barrel − lack tentacles typical for cnidaria − have 8 meridional rows of fused cilia (plates of fused cilia) – they look like ribs, these rows are used for movement of animal − do not contain stinging cells, but _____________________ (sticking cells)- these cells burst when prey comes in contact with the tentacle, sticky threads released from each of the colloblasts will then capture the food − don´ t have larval stage in development − hermaphrodites, usually reproduce sexually − usually almost transparent (their bodies consists of more than 90 % of water) − some species have the ability to produce green and blue coloured light − species: Beröe ovata Venus´ girdle (Cestum veneris) 15  2.4 PHYLUM FLATWORMS (PLATHELMINTHES) − belong to group _____________ − have ______________ body − are ________________ and _______________symmetrical − free living or parasitic species − have hooks and suckers - _____________________________ − Integumentary system: o have _____________ – one layer of cells o tiny bristles called ____________ that help it move o can have ___________ for protection − Muscular system: o have muscles – muscular fibres don´t create fascicles o three types of muscles: ______________________________________________ − Digestive system: o have ______, which is often very highly branched in order to transport food to all parts of the body o lack _________ – have one opening for intake of food and excretion of wastes, too − Respiratory system: o don´t have specialized respiratory organs o obtain oxygen by diffusion − Circulatory system: o _______________________ − Excretory system: o have protonephridium – consists of flame cell and a duct (channel), o flame cell is pear-shaped and has a cavity with flagella, o flagella are moving and causing formation of underpressure in flame cell o because of this pressurization waste material drives from the inside of the animal into the protonephridium o from the protonephridium the waste material is led through the channel and exits the animal through small opening (there can be more openings or channels fuse and create one large opening) 16 − Nervous system: o ______________- consists of a pair of head ganglia usually attached to longitudinal nerve cords that are interconnected across the body by transverse branches − Sensory system: o front part of body o have simple eyes and balance receptor = _____________, o sensory organs are well-developed only by flatworms, that aren´t parasitic − Reproductive system: o _____________________, o _______________development (have larval stage) o parasitic species – complicated development − System: 3 classes: Turbellaria, Trematodes, Cestodes (tapeworms) a) Class: Turbellaria − free living − sometimes coloured animals (have pigments on epidermis) − have a huge _________________ (can reproduce asexually in this way) − feed on algae - _____________________ or are predacious − usually live in water − members: ___________________________________ - white colour, usually under rocks in fresh water b) Class: Trematodes − parasitic – _______________________________________ of vertebrates − size: 1 - 30 mm − have 2 ____________: oral and ventral − no _____________ on body − are hermaphrodites, usually have more hosts − members: Common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) o infects liver of a various mammals (mostly sheep, human rarely) o →life cycle: sheep are the primary host of this fluke → eggs from the faeces of sheep need water for their future life → in water they change into larvae (called miracidia) → miracidia have to get into intermediate host´s body (mud snail) →in the body of snail they change into another type of larvae (called cercaria) → larvae leave the snail´s body and create cysts → cysts need to be eaten by sheep 17 c) Class: Cestodes (Tapeworms) − are ___________________ in intestines of vertebrates − the length – up to20 m − parts of body: _______________________________________________ – up to 1500 segments − on head – hooks and suckers − mature proglottids (full of eggs) are released from the mature tapeworm and leave the host in its faeces − they take in the food only by osmosis − are hermaphrodites, life cycle is usually complicated − they can produce toxic substances − members: Taenia saginata (Beef tapeworm) – parasites in human intestine, length: up to 10 m, the most common type of tapeworm, doesn´t have hooks, intermediate host: cattle Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm) – parasites in human intestine, length: up to 8 m, has hooks, intermediate host: pig − their life cycles: 18 19  2.5. PHYLLUM: ROUNDWORMS (NEMATODES – HLÍSTOVCE)  group Triblastica: have ________________ E______________ M_____________ E______________  Body with round cross-section  ______________ symmetrical  Habitat: water, soil, parsites of humans, animals, plants  Hydroskeleton: ______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________  BODY SYSTEMS: Integumentary system (IS): body cover_________________________________________________________ Skeletal system (SS): _______________________________________________________________________ Digestive system (DS): ______________________________________________________________________ Respiratory system (RS): ____________________________________________________________________ Excretory system (ES): ______________________________________________________________________ Circulatory system (CS): _____________________________________________________________________ Nervous system (NS): ______________________________________________________________________ Reproductive system (ReS):__________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ __ _____________________________________________________________________________________ __ 20 REPRESENTATIVES: NAME: CHARACTERISTIC: NAME: CHARACTERISTIC: NAME: CHARACTERISTIC: 21  NAME: CHARACTERISTIC: NAME: CHARACTERISTIC: 22  2. 6. PHYLUM: MOLLUSCS (MÄKKÝŠE) → Triblastica, real coelom – true body cavity → soft, non-segmented → parts of body: o ______________________ o ______________________ o ______________________ → Mantle cavity between mantle and body → BODY SYSTEMS → IS: ____________________________________________________________________________ → MS: ___________________________________________________________________________ → DS: ____________________________________________________________________________ → RS: gills, pulmonary sacs → CS: open ____________________________________________ o haemolymph, heart – 1 ventricle, atrium(-a) → ES: metanephridium → NS: ganglaited, specialized → SS: eyes, _________________ → Rep. S: o _____________________ or hermaphrodites o internal fertilization o direct or indirect (through larva) development → importance: o _________________________________________________ o _________________________________________________ o Production of shells and pearls o Pests TAXONOMY: A. CLASS GASTROPODA (ULITNÍKY) ▪ assymetrical ▪ shell – ______________ ▪ head with eyes and tentacles ▪ modified muscular foot ▪ gonochorist or hermaphrodites (proterandrous), lay eggs ▪ ___________________ 23 REPRESENTATIVES B. BIVALVILA (LASTÚRNIKY) ▪ only aquatic, RS: gills ▪ shell – 2 valves (ligament, muscles) ▪ lack head, radula ▪ siphons ▪ filter feeders ▪ gonochorists, indirect development REPRESENTATIVES 24 C.CEPHALOPODA (HLAVONOŽCE) ▪ only marine ▪ no shell (or reduced - cuttlebone) ▪ carnivorous ▪ movement - jet-propulsion system ▪ muscular foot changed into tentacles (with suckers) ▪ gills ▪ CS: closed ▪ well developed NS ▪ ink sac ▪ chamber eye ▪ change of colour, luminescence ▪ gonochorists, hectocotylus, direct development ▪ intelligent (learning, memory) representatives 25  2.6. PHYLLUM ANNELIDA (OBRÚČKAVCE) Triblastica: ___ germ layers well developed coelom (body cavity) Body: o ____________________________ o Cylindrical o segmented – homonomous segmentation no. of external segments = no. of internal segments Hydroskeleton Head region + pygidium(_________________________ ________________) Movement: o Parapodia _______________________ ________________________________ o Setae ________________________________ ________________________________ Marine ones have shells Can have clitellum: _____________________________________________ CS: closed, dorsal and ventral vessels DS: 2 openings, gut (anus on pygidium) RS: gills, body surface ES: metanephridium NS: o gangliated, ladder-like, o “cerebral” ganglia + nerve cords o pharyngeal nerve ring SS: different types of eyes, tentacles, statocysts RS: _______________________________________ __________________________________________ CLASSIFICATION  CLASS POLYCHAETA (MNOHOŠTETINAVCE)  marine  parapodia, setae  gills  shells  carnivorous  indirect development  REPRESENTATIVE:________________________________  CLASS OLIGOCHAETA (MÁLOŠTETINAVCE)  ___________________ body  clitellum  setae 26   whole surface breathing  REPRESENTATIVES: C. CLASS HIRUDINEA (LEECHES/PIJAVICE)  freshwater  _____________________________ segmentation  carnivorous or ectoparasites  suckers (mouth, terminal sucker)  gut with lateral projections  REPRESENTATIVES: 27  2. 7. PHYLLUM: ARTHROPODA (ČLÁNKONOŽCE) ▪ largest animal group (75% of species) ▪ Inhabit every environment ▪ Size: less than 1 cm – 3.2 m ▪ ___________________ segmentation ▪ Coleom: ▪ Reduced ▪ forms mixocoel (with haemolymph) ▪ Body parts: ▪ 3: _______________________________________________ ▪ 2: _______________________________________________ ▪ ____________________legs – 6 and more with striated muscles ▪ Cuticle ▪ Chitin + proteins ▪ Prevents growth ▪ Regular ___________________________________________________________ ▪ Exoskeleton ▪ Formed by cuticle ▪ May be encrusted with CaCO3 ▪ Prevents water loss ▪ BODY SYSTEMS ▪ IS – epidermis, cuticle ▪ SS – exoskeleton ▪ MS – striated muscles ▪ DS – various, have specialized mouthparts ▪ CS – _____________, tubulous heart ▪ RS – gills, pulmonary sacs, tracheae ▪ ES – maxillary or antennal glands, Malphigian tubule system ▪ NS – gangliated, ladder-like, but higher concentration of ganglia ▪ SS – compound eyes, antennae,... ▪ RS ▪ _______________________________________________ 28  ▪ _______________________________________________ 1) Subphylum: Trilobitomorpha ▪ extinct ▪ homonomous segmentation ▪ 3 bodyparts: ___________________________________________ ▪ legs made of 2 segments ▪ 2 lobed armour 2) Subphylum: Chelicerata ▪ Body parts: __________________________________ ▪ 4 pairs of legs ▪ exoskeleton ▪ _______________________________________________________________________________ ▪ RS: tracheae, pulmonary sacs ▪ ES: modified metanephridium or Malphigian tubule system ▪ SS: simple eyes ▪ RS: gonochorists, sexual dimorphism, direct or indirect development ▪ predacious or ectoparasites ▪ have chelicers and pedipalps on cephalothorax ▪ poisonous glands ▪ spin glands/spinnerets: ___________________________________ ▪ REPRESENTATIVES OTHER: 3) Subphylum: Branchiata – class: Crustacea ▪ cephalothorax + abdomed ▪ many legs ▪ thick exoskeleton – armour 29 ▪ RS: ___________ ▪ ES: antennal or maxillary glands ▪ SS: 2 pairs of antennae, statocyst, compound eyes ▪ RS: _______________________, direct or indirect development, larval stages (nauplius, zoea) ▪ 2 pairs of antennae, mandibles + 2 pairs of maxillae ▪ REPRESENTATIVES: 30 4) Subphylum: Tracheata  head + thorax + abdomen  3 pairs of legs  exoskeleton  DS: metamorphosed mouth organs (piercing, sucking, licking)  RS: tracheae  ES: Malphigian tubule system  SS. 1 pair of antennae  gonochorists, direct or indirect development (complete or incomplete metamorphosis)  1 pair of mandibles, 2 pairs of maxillae  can have wings SUBPHYLLUM CLASS SUBCLASS ORDER Tracheata example for each order winged vs. wingless holometabola vs. hemimetabola 31 PICTURE NAME TAXONOMY 32 33 Woolly apple aphid 34 35 36 37  2.8. SUPERPHYLUM: DEUTEROSTOMIA (nadkmeň: druhoústovce) Primary __________ change to _______ New __________ is created secondary Nervous system ▪ Dorsal tube ▪ Continuously developing to central nervous system: __________________________ ▪ No nervous ganglia Circulatory system ▪ _________________ Most complex organisms 2. 8. 1. PHYLLUM ECHINODERMATA (OSTANTOKOŽCE) ▪ Old deuterostoma ▪ Strictly marine ▪ free living ▪ macroscopic ▪ Benthic (_____________________________) ▪ Symmetry: ▪ Larva: _____________________________ ▪ Adults: _____________________________ ▪ oral opening on the ______________ side of body, anal opening on _________________ side ▪ IS: Spines or venom glands ▪ SS: Internal skeleton (calcareous) ▪ No head or brain – only specialised sensory organs: ▪ Statocyst ▪ Simple eyes 38  ▪ Ambulacral system: ▪ Possibly replaces RS + CS ▪ Network of water-filled canals ▪ RepS: gonochorists, external fertilisation REPRESENTATIVES 39  2.8.2. PHYLUM: CHORDATA (STRUNOVCE) _____________________ organisms Chorda (during any life stage) – Support organ – Creates internal axial skeleton – Of ectodermal origin – Tough but flexible – In the most developed organisms is replaced by vertebral column SUBPHYLUM SUPERCLASS CLASS 40  2.8.2.1 Subphylum: Tunicata (plášťovce) marine body = ___________________ ________________ open CS no ES RS: hermaphrodites 3 classes: ENGLISH SLOVAK a) CLASS: ASCIDIACEA (SEA SQUIRTS ) sac-like marine filter feeders a tough outer tunic ___________________ larvae with notochord NS: nervous ganglion with nervous fibres Water___________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________ most of the body of the adult is occupied by a very large pharynx with numerous gill slits ________________________________ used as food and model organism for research 41 B) C LASS : T HALIACEA (S ALPS) free-floating filter-feeders jelly-like tunic endostyle - groove on the ventral side of pharynx containing glandular and flagellated cells DS: ___________________________________________________ larvae with notochord NS: nervous ganglion with nervous fibres C) C LASS : LARVACEANS /C OPELATA ( VRŠOVKY ) tiny jelly-like shell notochords maintain in adulthood 2. 8.3 SUBPHYLUM: CEPHALOCHORDATA (KOPIJOVCE) marine, bottom dwellers thin body filter-feeders oral cirri -_____________ without eyes and mandibles notochord – whole life Endostyle – groove on the ventral side of pharynx containing glandular and flagellated cells 42  2.8.3.1 SUBPHYLUM: VERTEBRATA __________________________________ bony or cartilaginous endoskeleton muscles attached to skeleton __________________________________ tubular nervous system with brain digestive system with glands Heart (2-4 chambers) blood with RBC, WBC paired kindey _________________________ oviparous, ovoviviparous or viviparous 1 Superclass: Cyclostomata ▪ _______________________________________ ▪ fresh water or marine ▪ "eel-like", elongated ▪ _____________________________________________________) ▪ rows of teeth that move in a circular motion ▪ mostly parasitic, also predacious ▪ a wholly cartilaginous skeleton with persistent notochord ▪ median fin ▪ __________________________________ ▪ reproduce only in fresh water ▪ well-developed sense of smell and taste ▪ 2 groups: ▪ lampreys– __________________________________________________________________________ ▪ hagfish–___________________________________________________________________________ 43 REPRESENTATIVES 2 Superclass: Gnathostomata a. Class: Chondrichthyes ▪ ______________________________________ ▪ are mostly marine ▪ all lack _____________ and have an endoskeleton made of ____________, their skeleton is more flexible than the skeleton of fish ▪ their tough skin is covered with placoid scales (chimerae – without scales ) ▪ ____________________________________ ▪ RS: gills, spiracles - behind each eye, __________________________ ▪ a lot of oil in liver ▪ ES: have ___________ ▪ SenS: _________________ line, have a horizontal semi-circular canal in the inner ear, sharks have sharp vision and good smell, but they cannot distinguish colours, have ampullae of Lorenzini 44 ▪ RepS: have a pelvic clasper, development is without larval stage, have internal fertilization ▪ _____________________________________________________________ ▪ DS: replacing their __________________ - teeth are not attached to any skeletal element of the jaw, liver which is full of oil ▪ larger sharks and rays are ____________________ that feed on mostly plankton and small fish, the rest are carnivores – they feed on fish and invertebrates ▪ 3 groups: ▪ sharks : __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ rays and skates : _________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ▪ chimera: __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ REPRESENTATIVES 45 B. CLASS: OSTEICHTHYES (BONY FISH) The biggest group of vertebrates All types of aquatic ecosystems: o _____________ o _____________ o _____________ Integumentary system o Body covered by _______ o Function: ▪ Protection ▪ Slime production lowers friction Repulsion of parasites and pathogenes ▪ _________ attraction ▪ Warning – bright colours ▪ Territory protection ▪ Prey attraction ▪ May contain _________ (non-/venomous) Skeletal system o Light but strong ______________ - internal support o Skeleton has 3 main parts: ▪ Skull ▪ Spine ▪ Fins Pair fins – ______________________ Non-pair – ______________________ 46  Respiratory system o _______ supported by cartilagineous or bony support o covered by ______________________ sensory system o Sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste o ___________ ▪ Receptors under scales ▪ sensing vibrations ▪ movement of predators or preys ▪ Changes of pressure ▪ Changes of water current (__________,______________) Swim bladder ________________________________________________________________ Reproductive system o Usually ______________ fertilisation called spawning o Marine fish – eggs floating as plankton o Source of _________ o Some species take care of their eggs o May be ______________ or change sex Slovak fish 47 48 C. CLASS: AMPHIBIANS Amphi - _________________, bios - ________________-- first terrestrial chordates water bound in reproduction are tetrapodous (have 4 limbs) tetra - _____________, podos - _________________ the limbs evolved from pectoral and pelvic fins on the front limbs have ___ fingers, on the back limbs usually ____ fingers notochord is replaced by ____________ creating vertebral column Integumentary System Thin skin – Soft with glands (_________) and pigments (___________) can be shed can contain _________ glands mostly lack scales SkeS: flattened skull vertebral column has 4 sections ▪ __________________ ▪ __________________ ▪ __________________ ▪ __________________ Urostyl: ____________________________________________________________________ Ribs: not in frogs Sternum: for muscle attachment Muscular System segments: head, neck, thoracic, abdominal, dorsal muscles and muscles of limbs Digestive System simple and short Frogs - _____________________________________________ parts: ______cavity, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, __________ glands: liver, pancreas, gall ______ Respiratory System: Swallow air Breathe by: ▪ Gills - _______________ ▪ Lungs - _____________ ▪ Skin - _____________________________ Circulatory System heart – 3 _____________ – 2 atria and 1 ventricle there is a _________________ circulation formed between heart and lungs ___________ blood circulating in the body Nervous System CNS made of _________________________________ brain has 5 parts: hindbrain, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum and medulla oblongata 49  Sensory System: good ____________ good sense of hearing Jacobs organ (some holes on palate, it´s additional ___________ organ) have lymphatic system body temperature is not constant, they are ectotherms Excretory System: kidneys – flow into cloaca SexS: ___________________ - ovaries/testes fertilization is external (Caudata) or internal (Anura) they are mostly oviparous (indirect metamorphosis) some species are viviparous eggs are anamniotic - doesn’t have a shell but covered with a series of gelatinous layers are divided into 3 orders: Caudata, Anura, Gymnopohiona (= červone, like worms, without legs, in tropics, have ribs, live mostly in soil ) 1. ORDER: CUADATA (MLOKOTVARÉ ) – have long tail – they reproduce always in water – have slimy (slizovitý) skin – hibernation, aestivation – representatives: 2. ORDER: ANURA (ŽABY) – without tail – long back limbs with webbed toes (prsty s plávacími blanami) – skin is always moist – have sticky tongue – reproduce mostly in water, their larval stages are called tadpoles (they breathe with gills, feed on algae) – REPRESENTATIVES: 50 D. CLASS: REPTILIA (REPTILES)  reptiles finalize the transfer from the ________________ to the __________________  are ectothermic organisms :____________________________________________________  are tetrapods  are amniotes – amnion, chorion and allantois prevent ____________________ of egg  IS - skin o skin is _____ o few glands o scaly skin (_ _______) o some reptiles can have small bony plates, called ________________, are able to moult – snakes in 1 piece, lizards in multiple pieces  SkelS: o skeleton is almost entirely made of _________, o vertebral column is divided into 4 segments: _______________________________ o differentiation in the first two cervical vertebrae_________________, which allow these animals to move their head more freely compared to amphibians o have rib cage o snakes have no __________________ o turtle/tortoise – shell grown with __________ and ____________  DS: o more complex as that of amphibia, 51  o have tongue and teeth o appendix,liver, gallbladder  ResS: o _______________ o ribcage helps them with breathing movements o some aquatic species breathe through _______________________ o snakes have only __________________  CS: o ___________ circulatory system o heart has 3 chambers, ▪ ▪ o crocodiles are two parts of ventricle almost partitioned  have spleen, thymus  NS: o Tubular NS o contains the same basic part of the amphibian brain o further development of ___________ and __________  SenS: o __________- the most important sense o ______________________- is not so well developed o Jacobson’s organ auxiliary ____________________________ organ ▪ detection of _______________________________ ▪ hunting and tracking prey  ES: kidneys, have cloaca  RepS: o Gonochorists o fertilization is internal o most of reptiles are oviparous o do not have a larval stage in development  are divided onto 3 main orders: Testudines, Crocodilia, Squamata 52 1. ORDER: TESTUDINES (TURTLES AND TORTOISES )  freshwater,____________________ or ______________________  large _____________ which is mainly used for their protection, carapace has a nearly flat part, which is called plastron  ribs and vertebrae are connected to carapace  terrestrial species have stout (zavalitý) legs, marine species have flattened legs (it serves as fins)  don´t have ________  are _______________  member: o _____________________________________________________ 2. ORDER: SQUAMATA  their body is covered with __________________ (squama means a scale)  are _______________ or can be without legs  are oviparous  lizards can move their ____________________  some species have sharp teeth which may contain poison  have very good ______________  they also possess movable _________________, making it possible to move the upper jaw relative to the skull, this is particularly visible in snakes, which are able to open their mouths very widely to accommodate comparatively large prey  males have special copulatory organ, which is called hemipenis  members: 53 3. ORDER: CROCODILES  are most developed and largest reptiles  their heart has ________________________________________ (ventricles are separated by a complete septum)  have diaphragm – use it for breathing  members: o American alligator (aligátor severoamerický) o Chinese alligator (aligátor čínsky) o Nile crocodile (krokodíl nílsky) o Mugger crocodile (krokodíl močiarový) 54 E. CLASS: AVES (BIRDS) - evolved from ______________ about 150 million years ago - this class includes 9000 species - are ______________ (have two limbs) - are __________________ – have constant body temperature (40-44ºC) - range in size from the ostrich (pštros) to the hummingbird (kolibrík) - are adapted for flight, some of them are skilled swimmers and divers - body is usually light, but strong - body: ____________ + ____________+ ____________ (front limbs are transformed to ____________) - Integumentary System o skin is dry o have only 1 gland – _____________________ gland ▪ opens dorsally at the base of the tail feathers ▪ usually secretes an oily fluid which the bird uses in preening its feathers ▪ also called oil gland o they have ____________ - corneous strucutre ▪ unique to birds ▪ functions: enable flight provide insulation that aids in thermoregulation used in display, camouflage, and signaling ▪ are epidermal growths attached to the skin and arise only in specific tracts of skin called pterylae (pernice), the distribution pattern of these feather tracts is used in taxonomy and systematics ▪ the arrangement and appearance of feathers on the body, called plumage (operenie), may vary within species by age, social status, and sex ▪ plumage is regularly moulted, usualy annual ▪ are derived from scales STRUCTURE __________________(osteň) is the main (and hollow) supporting shaft of the feather. ______________(vetvy)-are numerous lateral or side branches. The side barbs are covered in even smaller sub-branches (barbs) and are linked together by a set of barbules (vetvičky) and hooks (háčiky). __________(brko) is the base of the feather that has no side branches. _______(zástavica) – flat area of a feather 55  TYPES OF FEATHERS o ____________ (“obrysové”) – with vane, they cover most of the surface of the bird, providing a smooth appearance, they protect the bird from sun, wind, rain, and injury, often, these feathers are brightly coloured and have different colour patterns. o _____________ (“letky”) – with vane, the large feathers of the wing and tail o ___________________ (“páperie”) – without vane, small, soft, fluffy, and are found under the contour feathers, function: termoregulation - Skeletal system o skeleton is light, but strong o they have lightweight bones (have large air-filled cavities called air- sacs) o the ribs are flattened; the sternum is responsible for the attachment of flight muscles except in the flightless bird orders o the forelimbs are modified into wings - Muscular System: well-developed muscles, which are necessary for flying - Circulatory System: o four- chambered heart o right side – deoxygenated blood, left side oxygenated blood o oxygenation happens in lungs - Digestive System o have horny bill (various shape – depending on the diet) o no teeth o have enlargements of parts of the esophagus, the crop (hrvoľ), where food is stored and softened o they have 2 stomachs: proventriculus (glandular) and gizzard (muscular stomach) o they have pancreas, large liver, have very fast metabolism - Resiratory System: o consists of highly efficient tubular lungs o lungs are grown on dorsal part of thorax, lungs don´t change their shape by inhalation and exhalation o air sacs are reservoirs of air (also needed for lightening of body) o in the place where bronchi branch, there is the syrinx, the main vocal organ of birds 56 - Nervous System: is divided into central (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral, brain is similar to reptiles´ brain, most developed part is forebrain, but it has smooth surface, or only slightly folded - Sensory System: have keen senses of vision and hearing, the sense of smell (olfaction) is not particularly well developed, although in some birds there is a good sense of smell - Excretory System: o Kidneys o for the first time they have Henle´s loop o no urinary bladder o they excrete uric acid in the form of solid white crystals, rather than urea in a water solution - Reproductive System: o Gonochorists o internal fertilization o sexual dimorphism - difference between male and female individuals in the same species (differences in colour, size, presence or absence of some parts) o are oviparous - they lay eggs with a calcified shell, which have the extra-embryonic membranes (amniotic sac, allantois, yolk sac) o birds often construct elaborate nests o birds can be nidifogous (leave the nest soon after hatching, they are able to take in the food by themselves) and nidicolous (they need care and have to be fed by parents) Class: Aves – Taxonomy A. SUBCLASS: SAURURAE (PRAVTÁKY) − have many characteristics typical for reptiles: small and flat sternum, long tail, 3 free fingers with claws on wings, pelvis grown with 6 vertebrae,... − some characteristics typical for birds: differentiated feathers, forelimbs changed to wings, thermoregulation − can´t fly like “true” birds − member: Archaeopteryx lithographica B. SUBCLASS: O RNITHURAE (PRAVÉ VTÁKY ) I. Superorder: Paleognathae (pštrosovidné) − secondarily lost ability to fly − sutures on skull − free vertebrae of tail − have penis − youngsters are nidifugous, male cares for them 1. Order: Struthioniformes (pštrosotvaré) − largest birds − adapted for running: strong legs with 2 fingers 57 − flat sternum, lack clavicles, big caecum − polygamy − member: Struthio camelus (pštros dvojprstý) 2. Order: Rheiformes (nanduotvaré) − similar to Struthioniformes, but are smaller and legs with 3 fingers − polygamy − member: Rhea americana (nandu pampový) – in South America 3. Order: Casuariiformes (kasuárotvaré) − large, with 3 fingers with claws − almost without flight feathers − members: Casuarius casuarius (kasuár prilbový) Dromaius novaehollandianae (emu austrálsky) 4. Order: Apterygiformes (kiviotvaré) − non-flying − reduction of feathers and wings − long beak − well-developed sense of smell, bad sight − active during night − member: Apteryx australis (kivi austrálsky/južný) – New Zealand II. SUPERORDER: NEOGNATHAE (LETCOVIDNÉ ) − good flyers − lack penis − both parents take care of hatchling 1. Order: Sphenisciformes (tučniakotvaré) − secondarily lost ability to fly − specialized for swimming and diving − paddlelike wings − have webbed feet − thick layer of subcutaneous fat − no pneumatisation − living in colonies 58 − nidicolous hatchlings − south hemisphere − members: Aptenodytes patagonicus (tučniak patagónsky) Aptenodytes forsteri (tučniak cisársky) Spheniscus demersus (tučniak okuliarnatý) 2. Order: Procellariiformes (víchrovníkotvaré) − mostly south hemisphere − trophically bound to sea − one nidicolous hatchling − good at gliding − members: Diomedea exulans (albatros sťahovavý) 3. Order: Podocipediformes (potápkotvaré) − aquatic, adapted to swimming and diving − each finger has its own rim − members: Podiceps cristatus (potápka chochlatá) 4. Order: Pelecaniformes (pelikánotvaré) − marine and freshwater − have webbed feet, big beak − throat (or gular) patch − nidicolous hatchlings − members: Pelecanus onocrotalus (pelikán biely) Phalacrocorax carbo (kormorán veľký) Sula bassana (sula) 5. Order: Ciconiiformes (bocianotvaré) − long beak, neck and legs − good at gliding − nidicolous − members: Ciconia ciconia (bocian biely) Ardea cinerea (volavka popolavá) Threskiornis aethiopicus (ibis posvätný) 59 6. Order: Gaviiformes (potáplicotvaré) − webbed feet − good divers and swimmers − north freshwaters − members: Gavia arctica (potáplica severná) 7. Order: Phoenicopteriformes (plameniakotvaré) − long neck and legs − short beak with lamellae – used for filtration of food from water − webbed feet − colonies − member: Phoenicopterus roseus (plameniak ružový) 8. Order: Anseriformes (kačicotvaré) − aquatic − longer neck, shorter legs − dense, thick feathers − large crop and uropygial gland − flattened beak with lamellae − good at swimming and walking − webbed feet − members: Cygnus olor (labuť veľká) Cygnus atratus (labuť čierna) Cygnus cygnus (labuť spevavá) Anser anser (hus divá/veľká) Anas platyrhynchos (kačica divá) Anas crecca (kačica obyčajná) Anas clypeata (kačica lyžičiarka) Aythya fuligula (chochlačka vrkočatá) 9. Order: Falconiformes (sokolotvaré) − adapted to hunting living prey – strong beak, strong claws, good eyesight, very good at flying − nidicolous − members: Vultur gryphus (kondor veľký) – in America, well-developed sense of smell, scavenger Accipiter nisus (krahulec obyčajný) Accipiter gentilis (jastrab lesný) Buteo buteo (myšiak hôrny) Circus aeruginosus (kaňa močiarna) 60  Aquila chrysaetos (orol skalný) Aquila heliaca (orol kráľovský) Gyps fulvus (sup bielohlavý) Falco peregrinus (sokol sťahovavý) Falco tinnunculus (sokol myšiar) 10. Order: Galiiformes (kurotvaré) − have strong short claws and short sharp beak − large crop − male – spurs may be present on the tarsus − often polygamy − nidifugous − members: Tetrao urogallus (tetrov hlucháň) Tetrastes bonasia (jariabok lesný) Phasianus colchicus (bažant obyčajný) Perdix perdix (jarabica poľná) Coturnix coturnix (prepelica poľná) Gallus gallus (kura bankivské) – domesticated form developed Pavo cristatus (páv korunkatý) Meleagris gallopavo (moriak domáci) 11. Order: Gruiformes (žeriavotvaré) − without crop − members: Fulica atra (lyska čierna) Rallus aquaticus (chriaštel vodný) Otis tarda (drop fúzatý) 12. Order: Charadriformes (kulíkotvaré) − bound to water − webbed feet − without crop − members: Vanellus vanellus (cibík chochlatý) Larus ridibundus (čajka smejivá) Alca torda (alka malá) 61 13. Order: Columbiformes (holubotvaré) − short beak − crop – two parts − drink water by sucking − members: Columba livia (holub skalný) Streptopelia turtur (hrdlička poľná) Streptopelia decaocto (hrdlička záhradná) 14. Order: Psittaciformes (papagájotvaré) − colourful with curved beak − members: Nymphicus hollandicus (korela chochlatá) Melospittacus undulates (papagájec vlnkovaný) Cacadu sp. (kakadu) Amazona sp. (amazoňan) Ara sp. (ara) 15. Order: Cuculiformes (kukučkotvaré) − living on trees − long wings and tail − nest parasitism − member: Cuculus canorus (kukučka jarabá) 16. Order: Strigiformes (sovotvaré) − nocturnal − curved sharp beak − soft plumage − good sense of hearing − without crop − nidicolous − members: Tyto alba (plamienka driemavá) Strix aluco (sova lesná) Athene noctua (kuvik plačlivý) Bubo bubo (výr skalný) Asio otus (myšiarka ušatá) Nyctaea scandiaca (belaňa snežná) 62 17. Order: Apodiformes (dážďovníkotvaré) − specialized for fast flying − long, thin wings, well-developed muscles for flying − short and weak legs − members: Chaetocercus sp. (kolibrík) 18. Order: Coraciiformes (krakľotvaré) − colourful − long or enlarged beak − members: Alcedo athis (rybárik riečny) Coracias garrulus (krakľa belasá) Merops apiaster (včelárik zlatý) Upupa epops (dudok chochlatý) 19. Order: Piciformes (ďatľotvaré) − living on trees − sticky tongue, hard skull − members: Dendrocopos major (ďateľ veľký) Dendrocopos minor (ďateľ malý) Picus viridis (žlna zelená) Ramphastos toco (tukan obrovský) 20. Order: Passeriformes (vrabcotvaré) − largest order with many families − no marine species − have 14 cervical vertebrae − nidicolous − members: Alauda arvensis (škovránok poľný) Galerida cristata (pipíška chochlatá) Hirundo rustica (lastovička domová) Delichon urbica (belorítka domová) Turdus merula (drozd čierny) Turdus philomelos (drozd spevavý) Phoenicurus phoenicurus (žltochvost lesný) Erithacus rubecula (červienka obyčajná) Regulus regulus (králiček zlatohlavý) Troglodytes troglodytes (oriešok hnedý) Motacilla alba (trasochvost biely) Anthus trivialis (labťuška lesná) Certhia familiaris (kôrovník dlhoprstý) 63  Sitta europaea (brhlík lesný) Parus major (sýkorka bielolíca) Parus ater (sýkorka uhliarka) Sylvia communis (penica obyčajná) Carduelis carduelis (stehlík obyčajný) Coccothraustes coccothraustes (glezg hrubozobý) Pyrrhula pyrrhula (hýľ lesný) Loxia curvirostra (krivonos smrekový) Passer domesticus (vrabec domáci) Sturnus vulgaris (škorec obyčajný) Corvus corax (krkavec čierny) Corvus corone (vrana túlavá) Corvus frugileus (havran poľný) Corvus monedula (kavka tmavá) Garrulus glandarius (sojka škriekavá) Nucifraga caryocatactes (orešnica perlavá) Pica pica (straka čiernozobá) 64 F. CLASS: MAMMALIA (MAMMALS) − evolved from ______________________ about 200 million years ago (still some mammals have some characteristics of reptiles – e.g. lying eggs) − mammals have also some characteristics common with amphibians – articular connection (kĺbové spojenie) of limbs and glands in skin − are _________________________ – have constant body temperature (36-38°C) − range in size − important characteristics: presence of ____________________ glands by females ___________________ on body usually complicated instincts mostly terrestrial − _________________ (have 4 limbs) − we can divide mammals to three subclasses according to the way of development of younglings: oviparous (Prototheria) - _________________________________ marsupial mammals (Marsupialia) - _________________________ placental mammals (Placentalia) - __________________________ − Integumentary System multilayer ______________, dermis and subcutaneous tissue (with fat) epidermis on the surface keratinizes (rohovatie) and sloughs (odlupuje sa) typical structures are _________ − Skeletal System well-ossified (osifikovaná) parts: ▪ skull ▪ vertebral column ▪ limbs ▪ some parts of skeleton are modified according to the way of movement (change into flippers, wings,..) − Digestive System various, they have teeth – are various ▪ ________________ animals – well developed canines to kill prey and to tear meat ▪ ________________ – many molars for chewing and don´t have canines − Respiratory System: lungs with alveoli have ______________ − Circulatory System: ______-chambered heart small, __________ erythrocytes largest vessel - ___________ − have lymphatic system − Nervous system: larger brain than other vertebrates the largest part is _______________ – folded and with _________ have pons − Sensory System: well developed sight, sense of hearing, smell, taste and touch − Excretory system: kidneys made of medulla and cortex 65 − Endocrine system: well developed (best from vertebrates) − Reproductive System: gonochorists, paired _________ (ovaries, testes – placed in the body or outside the body in scrotum) sexual dimorphism is not so expressive internal fertilization, some are oviparous, placental mammals have placenta, important is breast-feeding (milk contains proteins, fats, antibodies,...), they take care of descendants Class: Mammals – Taxonomy I. SUBCLASS: PROTOTHERIA ( VAJCORODÉ ) 1. Order: Monotremata (vtákopyskotvaré) ▪ primitive mammals with reptilian characteristics ▪ only in Australian region ▪ reptilian characteristics: urogenital system, cloaca, reduced thermoregulation, … ▪ mammalian characteristics: fur, dermal glands (also mammary), 2 bones in middle ear, 7 cervical vertebrae, homoeothermic, diaphragm, anucleated erythrocytes,.. II. SUBCLASS: THERIA (ŽIVORODÉ ) A. Superorder: Metatheria (vačkovcovidné) 1. Order: Marsupialia (klokanotvaré) ▪ Australian region and America ▪ dermal pouch ▪ nipples in 2 rows ▪ representatives: B. Superorder: Placentalia = Eutheria (placentálovcovidné) 1. Order: Insectivora (piskorotvaré) 66  − elongated skull − complete teeth − 5 fingers on limbs − orientation with smell − simple echolocation − nidicolous − active by twilight and night − representatives: 2. Order: Chiroptera (netopierotvaré) − the only actively flying mammals − forelimbs changed to wings (membrane = patagium is without fur) − strong muscles for flying − echolocation − nocturnal − hibernation − representatives: 3. Order: Edentata (slabozubcotvaré) − America − reduced or absent teeth − small brain − slow motion − representatives 4. Order: Rodentia (myšotvaré) − herbivorous, some omnivorous − teeth – not complete teeth set, incisors grow continually throughout life, incisors have thick enamel layers on the front, but not on the back − fast reproduction, short gestation, numerous descendants − representatives: 5. Order: Carnivora (šelmotvaré) − carnivorous, omnivorous − well-developed senses 67  − without clavicles and caecum − 2 suborders: Fissipedia (pozemné šelmy) and Pinnipedia (plutvonožce) − Representatives 6. Order: Lagomorpha (zajacotvaré) − herbivorous − in upper jaw – 4 incisors − no clavicle − _____________________ – eating their own faeces and their re-digestion − fast reproduction − Representatives: 7. Order: Proboscidea (slonotvaré) − largest terrestrial mammals − trunk – for smell, feeding, gaining water, production of sound − tusks – upper incisors prolonged to tusks, without roots, grow continually throughout life − thick skin, without glands − representatives 8. Order: Perissodactyla (nepárnokopytníkotvaré) − ODD-TOED UNGULATES − big mammals − reduced number of fingers protected by hooves (strongest or only finger is third finger) − no clavicles − simple stomach, large caecum − elongated facial part of skull − have incisors 68  − representatives 9. Order: Artiodactyla (párnokopytníkotvaré) − EVEN-TOED UNGULATES − herbivorous − 1st finger absent, 3rd and 4th fingers covered by hooves, 2nd and 5th fingers covered by small hooves or absent − no clavicles − partially reduced incisors (don´t bite off the grass) − 3 suborders: Nonruminantia (neprežúvavce), Tylopoda (mozoľnatce) and Ruminantia (prežúvavce) − Representatives A. SUBORDER RUMINANTIA (PREŽÚVAVCE ) − herbivorous − 4 stomachs: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum − food: rumen (symbiotic microorganisms – digestion of cellulose) → reticulum → antiperistalitic contractions → oral cavity (re-chewing) → omasum (mixing) → abomasum (chemical digestion) → small intestine (very long, up to 60 m) − have udder − representatives 10. Order: Cetacea (veľrybotvaré) − adapted to water − thin hollow skin − thick layer of subcutaneous fat − hind limb reduced − special bond of oxygen to blood pigments, tolerance to higher concentration of CO2 and lactic acid − inspiration after resurfacing, expiration before immersing (they have blowholes - allowing them to remain almost completely submerged while breathing) 69  − poor sense of smell, good sense of hearing − echolocation − representatives: 11. Order: Primates (primátotvaré) − active during days (mostly) − ____ fingers − ____________ thumb (A thumb that can be placed opposite the fingers of the same hand. Opposable thumbs allow the digits to grasp and handle ob jects and are characteristic of primates.) − ____________________ vision − development of telencephalon − claws replaced by flat nails − 2 nipples A. SUBORDER : PROSINIAE (NIŽŠIE PRIMÁTY = POLOOPICE ) − Africa, Madagascar, Asia − living mostly on trees − big eyes − nail only on thumb − representative B. SUBORDER ANTHROPOIDEA = SINIAE (VYŠŠIE PRIMÁTY , OPICE) − short facial part of skull − brain with gyri − excellent sight, reduced sense of smell − fingers with nails − active during day − repersentatives 70