Zoology Part 1 + 2 (1) PDF

Zoology Dr LAADEL N  Kingdoms of life Protista (the single-celled eukaryotes) Fungi (fungus and related organisms) Plantae (the plants) Animalia (the animals) Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria) Eubacteria (true bacteria)  Domain Eukarya (multicellular) Fungi, animals, plants, protists...

Zoology Dr LAADEL N  Kingdoms of life Protista (the single-celled eukaryotes) Fungi (fungus and related organisms) Plantae (the plants) Animalia (the animals) Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria) Eubacteria (true bacteria)  Domain Eukarya (multicellular) Fungi, animals, plants, protists Prokarya (unicellular) Eubacteria + Archaebacteria (Survive in extreme environments) Introduction to Zoology Zoology is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the structure, embryology, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek zōion ('animal'), and , logos ('knowledge', 'study') copyright cmassengale 4  What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale 5  Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale 6 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale 7 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale 8  Standardized Naming Binomial Turdus migratorius nomenclature used Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing copyright cmassengale American Robin 9  Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more copyright cmassengale closely related? 10  Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Was developed by Carolus Linnaeus Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale 11  Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain BROADEST TAXON Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Most Specific copyright cmassengale 12  Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberr y Soup! copyright cmassengale 13  Hierarchical Classification Panthera Species pardus Panthera Genus Felidae Family Carnivora Order Mammalia Class Chordata Phylum Animalia Kingdom Eukarya Domain Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Species characteristics Group of organisms that resemble closely in structure and function Most specific classification unit Species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring 2 different species sharing same genus breeding often results in sterile offspring Ex: Horse x Donkey = Mule 5.Germ Layers copyright cmassengale 16 copyright cmassengale 17 copyright cmassengale 18 copyright cmassengale 19 copyright cmassengale 20 I) Protostomia (Proto : first ; Stomium : mouth) : from Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) until Arthropoda II) Deuterostomia (deuteron: secondary; stomium: mouth) : includes Echinodermata and Chordata (Vertebrates) copyright cmassengale 21 copyright cmassengale 22 copyright cmassengale 23  5.Germ Layers Endoderm (innermost germ layer): gives rise to the lining of the digestive & respiratory tract Mesoderm (middle germ layer): gives rise to muscles, circulatory, reproductive and excretory systems Ectoderm (outermost germ layer): gives rise to sensory organs, nerves, integumentary system (skin, hair, nails, etc.) copyright cmassengale 25 Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus. Characteristics of Protista These are eukaryotic and unicellular organisms. Most of them live in water while some inhabit moist places. They have a membrane-bound nucleus and other cellular organelles. They have pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella for movement. Most of these organisms show aerobic respiration. They show both the autotrophic nutrition (Euglena) and heterotrophic nutrition (Amoeba). They show the asexual mode of reproduction. 3 Categories I. Animal-like Protists (protozoan). II. Plant-like Protists. III. Fungus-like Protists. I. Animal-like Protists (protozoa). Protozoan means “First Animal”. Cells contain a nucleus. Cells lack a cell wall. They are heterotrophs. Most can move on their own. 4 Groups of Animal-like Protists 1. Sarcodines : Amoeba, Entamoeba 2. Ciliates : Paramecium 3. Flagellates : Trypanosoma, Giardia, Leishmania 4. Sporozoans : Plasmodium 1. Sarcodines Have pseudopods (Greek:“false foot”) Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Pseudopods are used for movement and to capture food. These shells form limestone, marble and chalk. Contractile Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside Food Vacuole: where food is digested. Amebas reproduce by dividing into two new cells (binary fission). Example : Amoeba proteus  2. Ciliates Have cilia on the outside of their cells used for movement, to gather food and as feelers. Oral groove: like the mouth Food Vacuole: digests food. Anal Pore: removes wastes 2 Contractile Vacuoles 2 Nuclei Reproduces by either binary fission or conjugation. Example :Paramecium caudatum  3. Flagellates (Zooflagellates) Have a Flagellum: a long whip structure used for movement. Many live in animals Example : Trypanosoma gambiense Giardia intestinalis Leishmania sp  4. Sporozoans All Sporozans are parasites. They feed on cells and body fluids. Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells). Pass from one host to another. Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans. Example : Toxoplama gondii Plasmodium sp (Malaria)  II. Plant-like Protists (Algae) Unicellular and Multicellular Colonies (groups of unicellular protists) Can move on their own Autotrophs: using photosynthesis Produce 70% of the Earth’s oxygen 1. Euglenoids Green Unicellular Live in fresh water Autotrophs, but can be heterotrophs under certain conditions. Flagella Eyespot: sensitive to light. Chloroplasts Example : Euglena sp 2. Red Algae 3. Green Algae 4. Brown Algae III. Fungus-like Protists Heterotrophs Have cell walls. Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives. Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism) Three types: Slime Molds, Water Molds & Downy Molds  Phylum Porifera Hollow tube body plan Contains pores (holes) throughout body and water goes into pores (Ostia) and out the Osculum No tissue, organs and organ systems, no nervous System Live in water Asymmetry As adults sponges are sessile for the rest of its life Reproduce asexually via budding and sexually (hermaphrodites) External fertilization Spicules are like calcium carbonate (Ca CO3) or silica, providing support for a larger congregation copyright cmassengale 38  2 Germ Layers (Diploblastica) Ectoderm + Endoderm and Mesoglea(Gel) between them Ectoderm (outside) can be made of soft, flexible material called spongin or hard, spiky material called spicules No cephalization (Head) Circulatory: Diffusion Digestive (Intra-cellular): Filter Feeders Choanocytes capture food will flagellum Excretory System- Diffusion Respiratory System: Diffusion  Sponges 3 types Classification of the phylum Porifera : Phylum Porifera is classified into three classes Class-1: Calcarea : Body structure is simple. Spicules are made of Ca CO3. Class-2: Hexactinellida : Spicules are siliceous made of silicon dioxide – glass. Class-3: Demospongiae : Skeleton consists of siliceous spicules or spongin 41 fibres or both, Ex: Demospongia officinalis  Phylum Cnidaria Soft bodies Tentacles with cnidocytes = stinging cells with poison Cnidocytes are triggered by touch Used to paralyze & capture prey Digestive cavity that breaks down food using enzymes Mouth No circulatory/respiratory systems Simple nervous system called Nerve Net or Nerve Ring 2 Body types – Medusa (moves) & Polyp (sessile) Corals made by Cnidaria copyright cmassengale 42  Germ layers: 2 Ectoderm+Endoderm (Diploblastica) Symmetry: Radial No Cephalization Circulatory: Diffusion Excretory: Diffusion Reproductive: sexually (separate sexes) asexually via budding External fertilization Respiratory: Diffusion Ex: Aurelia aurita 4 Classes of Cnidaria copyright cmassengale 44  Phylum platyhelminthes  Flatworms  3 cell (germ) layers (Triploblastica) ore complex than sponges, cnidarians  Bilateral symmetry (left and right side)  3 Classes class: Turbellaria *planaria (free living) Ex. planaria sp class: Trematoda *Flukes (parasitic) Fasciolidae: Ex. Fasciola hepatica (Fasciolose) Schistosomatidae: Ex. Schistosoma sp. (Bilharziose) class: Cestoda *tapeworms (parasitic) Ex : Taenia saginata (Taeniasis)  General characteristics Simplest animal with bilateral symmetry  Protostome  Develops from 3 germ layers 1. ectoderm (outer layer) 2. mesoderm (middle layer) 3. endoderm (inner layer) Belong to group called acoelomate which means without body cavity  It has no circulatory or respiratory system Respiratory: Diffusion  Digestion Gastrovascular cavity is a gut with single opening (mouth=anus) Nervous system consists of anterior cerebral ganglia (brain) and longitudinal nerve cords  1. Class Turbellaria : non parasitic  Majority live in ocean  Some in fresh water  Move in water using wave like motion (Vibration) Have Cilia used for movement Limited economical benefits Free living Ex : planaria sp  2. Class Trematoda  Flukes  have 2 host: intermediate host (Snail ;Lymnaea) and definitive host (vertebrates)  Leaf shape parasites  Difference between free-living and parasitic is that parasitic flatworms have simpler structures Live inside host or outside on host Digestion : Attaches itself with anterior and ventral sucker, draws hosts body fluid into gastrovascular cavity (Wastes go out the same opening) Ex. Fasciola hepatica (Fasciolose) Ex. Schistosoma sp. (Bilharziose)  Reproduction (Life cycle)  1-Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) Hermaphrodites but sexual reproduction occurs. The life cycle of Fasciola hepatica involves adult flukes in the bile ducts and intestines of definitive hosts, which release eggs excreted in the feces. that hatch into in water free-swimming Miracidia that infect freshwater snails as intermediate hosts, where they develop into Cercariae that encyst as Metacercariae on plants, which are then consumed by the definitive host, completing the cycle.  Reproduction (Life cycle)  2-Schistosoma sp (Blood fluke) The Schistosoma life cycle involves adult worms in the blood vessels of definitive hosts producing eggs (released into the host's bloodstream and pass out of the body through the urine or feces) that hatch into freshwater giving Miracidia, which infect freshwater snails as intermediate hosts, developing into Cercariae that are released and can penetrate the skin of the definitive host, where they mature into adult worms then migrate to the blood vessels, completing the cycle.   Tapeworms 3. Class Cestoda Hermaphrodites (sexually or asexually)  Endoparasites in the intestines of most vertebrates  Get through undercooked food, which contains eggs or larvae Digestion : no mouth, no gastrovascular cavity, no digestive organs (absorb nutrients directly from host’s digestive tract through its own tegument) Causes digestive problems, weight loss, lack of energy and anemia Ex : Taenia saginata (Cow tapeworm) → Taeniasis , Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm) , Echinococcus granulosus (Dog tapeworm) →hydatid cysts disease. Stucture and reproduction : Scolex (head) has hooks and suckers for the fixation Proglottids contain reproductive organs and are filled with eggs Each proglottid contains both sex organs Sperm from 1 proglottid fertilizes eggs from itself or another worm  Has 2 hosts : *primary host is human *intermediate host is cow or pig  Phylum Nematoda Round worms Some free-living, some parasitic Live in soil, fresh & salt water, animals Has a complete digestive tract with a separate mouth and anus No circulatory/respiratory system Nervous: simple nervous system and several ganglia and sense organ Sexual reproduction – internal fertilization Dimorphism ; male and female are different Germ layers: 3 (Triploblastica) Symmetry: Bilateral Pseudocoelomate Excretory: diffusion Respiratory: Diffusion Protostomiens Ex: Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle  Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms) Annelida means “little rings” or “segments” Protostome Bilaterally symmetrical + coelomates Inhabit marine, fresh water, & moist environments Has complex digestive system Has closed circulatory system Are hermaphroditic 3 Classes : Class Oligochaeta Class Polychaeta Class Achaeta (Hirudinea)  Class Oligochaeta Include earthworms Extracts nutrients from soils Extremely beneficial to farming as they enrich and aerate soils (Friends of farmer) Food is brought in by a muscular pharynx. Annelids have closed circulatory systems. Earthworms have five (aortic arches) hearts. The excretory : pair of nephridia (similar to our kidneys) The nervous : pair of cerebral ganglia (brain) Hermaphrodites (cross fertilization) Ex : Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm) Class Polychaeta Very similar to oligochaeta Most are marine Have paddle (parapodia)Aid in gas exchange and locomotion External fertilization Separated sex Class Hirudinea Achaeta (Hirudinea) (leeches) Most inhabit fresh water, or moist terrestrial environments Feed on small invertebrates or are parasitic Have significant medicinal value in treating bruising Hermaphroditic (Internal fertilization) Ex : Hirudo medicinalis (freshwater leech)  Phylum Mollusca Protostome Eucoelomate Soft body Body covered by mantle (Thin layer of tissue that secretes the shell) Have paired gills or lungs Occupy all marine environments, fresh water and Land Bilateral or spiral symmetry Ventral muscular foot used for locomotion Some have radula (small teeth used to rasp food) 3 Major classes Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda Class Gastropoda – Stomach Footed Most use radula to scrape algae Respiratory organs are gills or lungs Most are marine, freshwater and terrestrial species Possess a single, spiraled shell Mantle (Tissue that secretes the shell) Slugs lack a shell Most are hermaphrodites Ex : slugs snails  Class Bivalvia Body laterally compressed and enclosed with two parts (valves) No head or Radula Filter feeders (particles ; phytoplankton + organic matter) Gills expanded and folded used to obtain oxygen Separated sex (External Fertilization) Oysters produce pearl (CaCO3) Siphon for locomotion and respiration Clams Mussels Oysters  Class Cephalopoda (head footed) Predators specialized in locomotion All are marine (Agile swimmers) / Separated sex complex nervous system (intelligent animals) Some has internal shell (ex: Sepia officinalis) Large eyes on side of head Water enters mantel and leaves through siphon = jet propulsion Some uses camouflage to hide from predators / some produces ink (defense) Octopus (8 arms) Squid (10 arms) Cuttlefish (10 arms) General Morphology Phylum Arthropoda “joint-footed” animals  Phylum Arthropoda The largest phylum 80% of all animals Jointed appendages Triploblastic Bilateral Symmetry Eucoelomate Protostome Exoskeleton composed of chitin (protection) Respiration : (on land: most have a respiratory system that consists of tubes that deliver air directly to tissues and cells (tracheal system) /in water: most have gills) Nervous system (ventral nerve cord, cerebral ganglia/brain) Metamorphosis : larval stage differs morphologically and behaviorally from the adult Arthropoda Grow by molting, shedding their exoskeleton to allow for growth copyright cmassengale 66  1/Subphylum Chelicerata no antennae 1 pair = pincer, fang-like (chelicerae) 2 pair = pedipalps 4 pair = walking legs body divided into 2 tagmata (Prosoma + Opisthostoma) 1/Subphylum Chelicerata Class Merostomata Horseshoe crabs  1/Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida Body divided into two regions: the cephalothorax (prosoma) and the abdomen (opisthosoma). Spiders produce silk used for web building, prey capture, and shelter. Many are predators, while some are parasitic (ticks and mites) Arachnids play essential roles in ecosystems as predators, helping control insect populations Simple eyes / 8 legs / 0 antenna They breathe through book lungs Ex ; spiders scorpions pseudoscorpion ticks  2/ Subphylum Crustacea most are marine, some terrestrial and freshwater 2 pairs of antenna 10 Legs Cephalothorax (head and the thorax ) has 2 pairs of antennae + mandibles +5 pairs of walking legs Respiration: Gills External fertilization Crustaceans Grow by molting, shedding their exoskeleton to allow for growth body divided into 2 Tagmata (cephalothorax + abdomen):  2/ Subphylum Crustacea Class Branchiopoda Zooplankton (Often microscopic) Marine and freshwater Use their appendages for filter feeding Most are herbivorous, feeding on phytoplankton Important ecological role as aquatic food webs for fish Ex : Daphnia  2/ Subphylum Crustacea Class Cirripedia marine and sessile as adults Feed with modified appendages called cirr Ex ; Barnacles gooseneck barnacles  2/Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca Largest class of Crustacea (23,000 species = Great diversity ) Marine, freshwater, terrestrial Ex : Crab Lobster Shrimp  3/Subphylum Uniramia Class Insects + Class Chilopoda + Class Diplopoda copyright cmassengale 74 3/Subphylum Uniramia Class of Insects  General characteristics Body divided into 3 tagmata (Head + Thorax + Abdomen) 1 pair antenna (head) : Sensory (smell) Called “feelers” 6 legs or 3 pairs (thorax) 2 pairs of wings (thorax) - Called forewings and hindwings - Some are wingless (Silverfish) Represent 70 % of all animals Jointed appendages Segmented bodies Exoskeleton made of Chitin - Complete and incomplete metamorphosis copyright cmassengale 78  INSECT ORDERS 1/ Hemiptera (Half wings) Some species use Parthenogenesis for reproduction Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism develops from an unfertilized egg ex : aphids Aphids Cicadas Aphids 2/Dermaptera (Skin wings) Called earwigs / Long, flat bodies Large jaws (mandibles) Short, hard forewings (membranous wings)  3/Diptera (2 wings) One pair functional wings Halteres for balance Ex : mosquitoes and flies Vectors for diseases (Maria, Leishmaniasis) 4/Orthoptera (straight wings) Very long bodies / Rear legs modified for jumping Grasshoppers can impact crops positively and negatively Ex : Grasshoppers katydids  5/Coleoptera (sheath wings) Called beetles / Tough exoskeleton Forewings called Elytra Fly with membranous hindwings Ex: Ladybug (Ladybird) Hercules beetle 6/ Lepidoptera (Scale Proboscis (Mouth) as adult wings) Powdery scales on wings Important plant pollinators Ex : butterflies ,Moths  7/Hymenoptera (membranous wings) Have stinger on abdomen / Social insects (queen workers males) Pollinators for plants (producing honey) Ex : Bees (Apis mellifera) ants wasps  3/Subphylum Uniramia Class Chilopoda Class Diplopoda Flatten bodies Cylindrical bodies Carnivorous 2 pair of legs per segment 1 pair of legs per segment Herbivorous Include: centipedes Include: millipedes Ex : Scolopendrium sp  Phylum Echinodermata Echinos = spiny derma = skin ata = to bear Symmetry: Radial or pentamerous No Cephalization (No head) Deuterostome as Invertebrate Circulatory: Water Vascular System Digestive/ Feeding: carnivores tube feet Nervous: nerve rings and radial nerves Reproductive: Separated sex/ External fertilization Respiratory: Tube feet/ water vascular system and skin gills Movement: The water vascular system of echinoderms is responsible for their movement and ability to clean (Ecological role) Have an anus, but undigested food is expelled back through the mouth  Classes of Echinodermata: 1/ Class Stelleroidea 5 arms (or rays) radiating from disc Found on rocks along coasts Ex: sea stars (starfish) 2/ Class Echinoidea Rounded body shape Long spines on exterior Ex: sea urchins 3/ Class Holothruoidea Cucumberlike shape (Soft body) Found on the sea bottom Ex: Sea cucumbers 4/ Class Ophiuroidea Long, slender arms More mobile than brittle stars 5/ Class Crinoidea Numerous feathery arms Found on the sea bottom filter feeders, using their arms to capture plankton and small particles Ex: Feather stars  Phylum Chordata Dr LAADEL N Animals with a backbone (notochord)  3 SUBPHYLUMS of Chordata #1 Urochordata Subphylum (Tail chordates : Tunicates)  Considered as the invertebrate chordata (Gelatinous body)  Adult forms are typically sessile (attached to a substrate), while larval forms are free-swimming.  Possess a notochord during the larval stage,. In adults, the notochord is reduced or absent.  No definite head  Filter feeders (Marine) Tunicates 2 #2 Cephalochordata Subphylum (Tail chordates : Lancelets)  Also a invertebrate chordata-only 29 species (All are marine)  Filter feeders with cilia to carrier particles into their mouths  Reproduce sexually, with external fertilization (Separate sexes) Lancelets 3 #3 Vertebrata Subphylum (vertebrates) General characteristics 1. Endoskeleton 2. Backbone (vertebrate) surrounds and protects a nerve cord 3. Skull and vertebrate are made of either bone or cartilage 4. Endotherms (warm-blooded animals) that maintained a constant body temperature 5. Ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) that body temperature changes with their environment 6. Deuterostomia anus formed first 7. Central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord  Vertebrata’s Classes #1 Agnathans class (Agnatha = jawless vertebrates) (Lampreys) - Have cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord - Lampreys lack true jaws. Instead, they have a sucker-like mouth filled with sharp teeth - Many lampreys are parasitic, attaching to fish with their sucker-like mouths to feed on blood and tissues - Inhabiting various marine and freshwater habitats 5  General characteristics of Fish (Chondrichthyes class +Osteichthyes class) 1. Fins- help the fish move steer, stop, and balance 2. scales- protect the body 3. Well developed sense of vision, hearing, taste, and smell 4. lateral line system- row of sense organs 5. Breathe with gills 6. External and internal fertilization 7.have a two-chambered heart with one atrium and one ventricle 8. Hydrodynamic shape  2. Chondrichthyes class (Cartilaginous fish) Have cartilage, no bones, strong jaws : Sharks and rays Gills not protected Heterocercal caudal fin Ventral mouth position (inferior)  Salmo salar 3. Osteichthyes class ( Bony fishes) bony skeleton, can float in place without swimming because they have a swim bladder Swim bladder- balloon like organ filled with oxygen and other gases that gives the fish buoyancy Gills protected by an operculum Homocercal caudal fin Sardinella aurita Terminal mouth position  4. Amphibian Class Amphibians live on land they needed lungs for breathing Lung- saclike organ that takes oxygen from the air and delivers it to the blood Amphibian means “double life” because they live in water and on land Eggs do not have a shell or membrane to prevent water loss so they are laid in water Skin is smooth and slimy They don’t drink water, they absorb it through their skin breath by taking air into their lungs and they absorb it through their skin Their skin is so thin and moist they must live in water or in damp habitats Their skin is brightly colored to warn predators away. This is called warning coloration. Ectotherms 3 chambered heart, 2 for tadpole. Metamorphosis Classification of Amphibians 1. Apoda Order Caecilians- shaped like worms or snakes, they have no legs. They live in tropical areas 2. Caudata Ordes Salamanders - live under stones or logs in damp woods Ex ; Salamandra salamandra 3. Anura order Frogs and toads have powerful legs for jumping, well developed ears for hearing, sticky tongues, and vocal cords for calling Ex ; Bufo bufo  5. Reptiles class Most live in a dry environment They have thick, dry skin that protected them from water loss Their legs were stronger so they could walk and they have a special egg that could survive on dry land Some reptiles live in water but they use lungs to breathe air Ectothermic Amniotic egg-surrounded by a shell that protects an developing embryo Internal fertilization Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart, similar to amphibians.However, some species, like crocodilians (e.g., crocodiles and alligators), have a four- chambered heart.  Reptiles orders 1. Testudines Order : Turtles and Tortoises 2. Crocodilia Order : Crocodiles and Alligators 3. Squamata Order : Lizards and Snakes  Testudines Order : Turtles and Tortoises Testudines are characterized by their protective shells, which are made up of a dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron. Turtles are adapted to various habitats, including both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They have a unique bony or cartilaginous shell that provides protection. Ex ; Testudo graeca  Crocodilia Order This order includes crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials. Crocodilians are large, semi-aquatic reptiles with a powerful build, strong jaws, and a muscular tail. They are well-adapted to aquatic habitats and are known for their ambush hunting behavior. Crocodiles and alligators are the most well-known members of this order. Ex: Nile crocodile  Squamata Order This order includes 2 Sub-orders: lizards and snakes, making it the largest order of reptiles. Squamates are characterized by their scaly skin, elongated bodies, and the ability to shed their skin periodically. ✓Sub-order Sauriens (Lizards) : Elongated body, short limbs. Example: Chamaeleo chamaeleon ✓Sub-order Ophidiens (Snakes) : Elongated body, Sub-order Ophidiens (Snakes) : Elongated body, eye without eyelids, the mouth has a particular articulation, limbs and ribs are absent. Example: Cerastes cerastes eye without eyelids, the mouth has a particular articulation, limbs and ribs are absent. Example: Anaconda 6.Birds Class 1. called Aves class 2. Share some characteristics with reptiles A. Bird legs and feet are covered with thick dry scales like reptiles B. Both have amniotic eggs with a shell  Bird Characteristics Beaks instead of teeth or jaws Feathers Wings Need a lot of energy to be able to fly Eat large amounts of food Air Sacs- special sacs attached to the lungs that increases the amount of oxygen that birds can take in Lighter skeletons- hollow bones Endothermic have a four-chambered heart, with two atria (left and right) and two ventricles. Ex: Carduelis carduelis Sexual dimorphism: Sexual dimorphism, males are often more brightly colored or have more elaborate plumage compared to females. This phenomenon is known as sexual selection and is driven by various factors, including mate choice. The reasons for this difference in appearance between males and females can vary, but a common explanation is that females may prefer mates with certain characteristics, such as vibrant colors or intricate displays, as these traits may be indicative of good health, genetic fitness, or the ability to provide for offspring. This is known as "ornamental" or "aesthetic" selection. Cassification of Birds The class Aves is divided into two subclasses: Paleognathae and Neognathae. These subclasses are based on differences in the structure of the palate and the keel of the sternum (breastbone). Paleognathae subclass: includes flightless birds. The name "Paleognathae" means "old jaws," referring to the relatively simple structure of their jaw bones. They do not have a keel. Ex: ostriches, emus, kiwis, rheas, and cassowaries.  Neognathae subclass: Includes the vast majority of bird species. The name "Neognathae" means "new jaws," reflecting the more advanced structure of their jaw bones. Neognath birds have a keeled sternum, which provides an anchor for flight muscles. BIRD CLASSIFICATION order Sphenisciformes : penguins order Struthioniformes : ostrich order Procellariiformes : Albatross order Pelecaniformes : Pelicans order Ciconiiformes : Storks, Flamingos order Anseriformes : Ducks, Geese, Swans  ORDER FALCONIFORMES , Vultures, Hawks, Eagles ORDER GALLIFORMES : Roaster, Turkeys ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES : Shorebirds, Gulls ORDER COLUMBIFORMES : Pigeons, Doves ORDER PSITTACIFORMES : Parrots, Macaws ORDER STRIGIFORMES : Owls ORDER APODIFORMES : Hummingbirds ORDER CORACIIFORMES : Kingfishers, Bee eaters ORDER PICIFORMES : Woodpeckers, Toucans ORDER PASSERIFORMES Largest avian order 69 families : Swallows, Goldfinch, Crows, many others  7.Mammals class 1. Mammary glands- secrete nutritious milk 2. Endothermic 3. Hair somewhere on their bodies, some have Spines (Hedgehog), scales Hedgehog (Pangolin) , or armored shell made of tough bony plates (Armadillo) Pangolin Armadillo  4. Specialized teeth 5. 4 chamber heart 6. Large brains  7. Diaphragm- muscle at the bottom of the rib cage that moves and helps with inhaling and exhaling 8. have a four-chambered heart, with two atria (left and right) and two ventricles.  Classification of Mammals 1. Sub-class Prototheria (Monotremes) mammals that lay eggs they are found in specific regions of Australia and New Guinea have mammary glands They have a cloaca, which is a single opening for excretion and reproduction, similar to reptiles and birds A. Echidna live in various habitats across Australia and Tasmania and New Guinea Echidnas B. Duckbilled Platypus is found in the eastern part of Australia, including Tasmania. They inhabit freshwater areas such as rivers, streams, and lakes. Platypus 2. Sub-class Metatheria (Marsupials)- mammals with pouches Pouch Development: Marsupials have a short gestation period, and the underdeveloped young, are born in an immature state. They crawl into the mother's pouch, where they continue their development by attaching to a teat for further nourishment. short-lived placenta that provides limited transfer of nutrients during gestation. The majority of nutrient exchange occurs after birth, during the pouch phase. - Most live in Australia, except Possums live in Australia, New Zealand, and North America EX : Opossums, kangaroos, koalas and Tasmanian devils  3. Sub-class Eutheria (Placentals) Eutherians, also known as placental mammals, are the largest and most diverse group of mammals within the subclass Eutheria. Unlike marsupials (Metatherians), eutherian mammals give birth to relatively well-developed live young, which have undergone an extended period of gestation in the womb nourished by a complex placenta. Here are some key characteristics and examples of eutherian mammals: Orders of Eutheria (Placentals). Rodentia: Rodents are characterized by continuously growing incisors that they must gnaw to keep from overgrowing. Examples include mice, rats, squirrels, and beavers.. Chiroptera: Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight. They are characterized by their elongated fingers and thin membranes of skin that form wings.. Carnivora: Carnivores are adapted for hunting and eating other animals. This order includes cats, dogs, bears, and seals.  Cetacea: Cetaceans are marine mammals, including whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Artiodactyla: Even-toed ungulates have an even number of toes on each foot and include animals like deer, cattle, pigs, and giraffes. Perissodactyla: Odd-toed ungulates have an odd number of toes on each foot. include horses, zebras, and rhinoceroses. Proboscidea: Elephants are the only living members of this order. They are known for their long trunks and large tusks. Lagomorpha: Lagomorphs include rabbits, hares, and pikas. They are characterized by their continuously growing incisors and hind limb adaptations for hopping. Insectivora: Small insectivorous mammals, such as shrews, Hedghogs and moles, are part of this order. Primates: Primates, including, monkeys, and apes, are characterized by advanced cognitive abilities, forward-facing eyes, and grasping hands. Proboscidea Insectivora