Animal Reproduction - One page summary.docx

**Animal Reproduction  - One page summary** **[Male Reproductive Physiology]** ------- bull2 ------- **[Sperm]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - **Head** | ![Diagram of a sperm cell | |...

**Animal Reproduction  - One page summary** **[Male Reproductive Physiology]** ------- bull2 ------- **[Sperm]** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - **Head** |  | | | | | | | | | | | - Haploid Nucleus - | | | Condensed DNA | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Midpiece** | | | | | | - Centrioles | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mitochondria- Energy | | | Production (ATP for | | | locomotion) | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Tail: Flagellum** | | | | | | - Microtubules - | | | Structure/Movement | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 5. Male Hormones  -------------- --------------- **Hormone:** **Function**: -------------- --------------- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Responsible for stimulating synthesis of sperm cells in the testicle  --------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Luteinising Hormone  Responsible for stimulating testosterone production in the testicle  Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Produced by the hypothalamus in the brain. Function is to stimulate synthesis of LH and FSH by the pituitary gland which is location in the brain also.  Testosterone  Responsible for sexual development and sex characteristics in males, required for synthesis of sperm cells and bull sex drive (libido)  **Female Reproductive Physiology: ** 1. **Oestrous Cycle - Cow:** 1. 21 day cycle 1. polyestrous 1. oestrus typically lasts 14 to 24 hours 1. Gestation -- 283 days   2. **Oestrous Cycle - Ewe:** 1. 17 day cycle 1. seasonally polyestrous 1. oestrus lasts 24 to 36 hours 1. Gestation -- 147 days **Oestrous Cycle - Sow:** e. 21 day cycle e. seasonally polyestrous e. oestrus lasts 2 to 3 days e. Gestation -- 3 months, 3 weeks & 3 days    **Cow reproductive tract:** ----------------------------------------------------------- A diagram of the body Description automatically generated ----------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Ovaries | Produce ova and steroid sex | | | hormones | +===================================+===================================+ | Oviducts | Site of fertilisation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Uterus  | Nourishes and protects embryo and | | | foetus | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cervix  | Prevents infection | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Vagina  | Site of sperm deposition  | | | | | | Birth canal | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Bovine Oestrous Cycle:** **Hormone ** **Function** ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- **Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)** **Follicular development** **Luteinizing hormone (LH)** **Causes ovulation** **Progesterone (P4)** **Promotes maintenance of pregnancy**  **Methods of Fertilisation: ** 1. **Artificial Insemination:** Artificial insemination (AI) in bovine animals is a reproductive technology where semen is collected from a selected bull and manually introduced into the reproductive tract of a cow or heifer to achieve fertilisation. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Advantages of AI ** | **Disadvantages of AI ** | +===================================+===================================+ | **- \*\*Genetic Improvement:\*\* | **- \*\*Requires Specialized | | Allows the use of superior | Training\*\*: AI requires skilled | | genetics from top bulls, | personnel to correctly perform | | enhancing desirable traits like | the procedure, which may not be | | milk production, growth rates, | readily available in all areas.** | | and disease resistance in the | | | herd.** | **- \*\*Higher Initial Costs\*\*: | | | The equipment, semen storage | | **- \*\*Disease Control:\*\* | facilities, and training involved | | Reduces the risk of transmitting | in AI can be expensive to set | | sexually transmitted diseases | up.** | | compared to natural mating, | | | promoting healthier herds.** | **- \*\*Reduced Genetic | | | Diversity\*\*: Relying heavily on | | **- \*\*Cost-Effective:\*\* | a few selected bulls can decrease | | Eliminates the need to keep and | genetic diversity within a herd, | | maintain a bull, reducing costs | potentially leading to inbreeding | | associated with feeding, housing, | issues.** | | and veterinary care for male | | | animals.** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 2. **Sexed Semen:** **\*\*Sexed semen\*\* in bovine animals is a reproductive technology used to predetermine the sex of offspring before conception.** **Heat Detection:** **1. \*\*Tail Paint/Chalk\*\*:** **2. \*\*Activity Monitors\*\*:** **3. \*\*Heat Detection Patches\*\*:** **4. \*\*Heat Detection Software/Apps\*\*:** **   **