Animal Anatomy Notes - Grade 11 Biology PDF

Animal Anatomy notes - Grade 11 Biology Circulatory system ➔​ moves nutrients, hormones, oxygen and other gases to your body's organs, muscles and tissues, to use for energy, growth and repair. Includes: ​ Blood: a medium to transport resources around the body. ​ Containe...

Animal Anatomy notes - Grade 11 Biology Circulatory system ➔​ moves nutrients, hormones, oxygen and other gases to your body's organs, muscles and tissues, to use for energy, growth and repair. Includes: ​ Blood: a medium to transport resources around the body. ​ Contained in blood vessels ​ Pumped by the heart ​ Distributed throughout the entire body - links every system ​ Vessels: the structures through which blood moves. ​ Heart: at least one pump to move the blood around. *Red filled color parts are contained in blood Part Function/description Plasma ★​ 90% water ★​ Contains blood cells + blood clotting factors, sugars, fats, vitamins, minerals, hormones, enzymes, antibodies and other proteins ★​ Main protein: albumin - prevents fluid leaking into tissues ★​ Carries and distributes heat Red blood cells ★​ Transport oxygen with the help of hemoglobin ★​ Carries away carbon dioxide from tissues White blood cells ★​ Seeking out and removes bacteria, viruses, fungi and other foreign matter Platelets ★​ Clots blood when skin gets cut to help healing and prevent more blood loss ★​ Releases blood clotting chemicals Arteries ★​ Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. ★​ Thick and elastic to withstand pressure Veins ★​ Return blood to the heart ★​ Less thick and elastic ★​ Lower blood pressure and slower flow Capillaries ★​ Allow for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the blood to muscles and organs ★​ Allow blood to pick up the waste products and carbon dioxide from metabolism. Human heart labeled diagram: Flow of blood in circulatory system: 1.​ Oxygen-poor blood enters your heart through 2 large veins (superior and inferior vena cava) 2.​ The blood enters the right atrium into the tricuspid valve and is pumped to your right ventricle 3.​ The pulmonary artery then carries the oxygen poor blood from the right ventricle to your lungs. 4.​ Gas exchange occurs 5.​ Oxygen rich blood returns to your heart through the pulmonary veins. 6.​ The blood enters the left atrium through your bicuspid valve and is pumped to the left ventricle. 7.​ Blood then leaves the heart to go to the rest of the body by traveling through a large artery called aorta. Respiratory system ➔​ Takes up oxygen from the air we breathe and expels carbon dioxide ➔​ Gas exchange: -​ External respiration: moving O2 and CO2 into and out of the body -​ Internal respiration: moving O2 and CO2 into and out of cells  Component Function/description Nasal passage ★​ Moistens and humidifies inspired air Oral cavity ★​ Allows for inhalation of air Pharynx ★​ Common path for food and air Larynx ★​ Produces sound; contains vocal cords Trachea ★​ Hollow tube that allows air to pass from the pharynx to the lungs Bronchi ★​ Main branches of the trachea Lung ★​ Major organ of respiration Heart ★​ Major organ of the cardiovascular system; pumps blood to the body tissues Ribs ★​ Protects the lung and heart Diaphragm ★​ Upon inhalation, diaphragm contracts and flattens; chest cavity enlarges. This contraction helps pull air into the lungs Flow of air in respiratory system 1.​ Air enters through nose and mouth 2.​ Air is warmed and moistened in the nasal passages and mouth 3.​ Air travels into pharynx. Glottis remains open during breathing so air enters trachea 4.​ Trachea branches into two bronchi which each connect to a lung 5.​ Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles 6.​ Alveoli comes at the end of the bronchioles that are surrounded by a network of capillaries 7.​ Gas exchange occurs between alveoli and capillaries (O2 in and CO2 out)