Test Questions for Philosophy - 2024-2025

**Coordinated** **On meeting of CEP GED** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Duisenova S.M.** **«\_\_\_» \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_2024.** **Test questions of the state exam on the discipline «Philosophy» for 5 st-year students of specialties: \"General Medicine\", \"Pediatrics\"** **for the 2024-2025 academic year** \#1 \*!The classical definition of philosophy: \*+philosophy is the science of the most general laws of the development of nature, society, and human thinking \*philosophy is a set of spontaneous, unsystematic ideas about the world \*philosophy is a form of social consciousness, the worldview of an ancient society \*philosophy is the earliest form of spiritual culture of mankind \*philosophy is the search for answers to the main questions of existence \#2 \*!A judgment that characterizes the worldview: \*the worldview is a strict consistent system of judgments about nature \*worldview is a set of individual human experience \*+worldview is an idea of the world and a person\'s place in the world \*worldview is a person\'s practical experience \*worldview is an attitude \#3 \*!The specifics of philosophy are considered: \*+in the universality and integrity of the world \*in practical relation to the world \*in spiritual relation to the world \*in strict scientific conclusions \*in categoricity \#4 \*! Philosophy originated in ancient: \*Japan, Russia, China \*+India, China, and Greece \*Kazakhstan, Japan, Turkey \*Italy, France \*Greece, Italy, India \#5 \*!Types of philosophy distinguished by Aristotle: \*mythological, religious, mystical \*+theoretical, practical, poetic \*scientific, cultural, logical \*metaphysical, dialectical, empirical \*social, historical, spiritual \#6 \*!Types of philosophy distinguished by Epicurus: \*+Canonics, Physics, Ethics \*Medicine, Religion, History \*Aesthetics, ethics, culture \*Science, Religion, Physics \*Chemistry, Biology, Mechanics \#7 \*!The system of human ideas and knowledge about the world and a person\'s place in the world \*phenomenology \*+worldview \*art \*religion \*science \#8 \*!The question is philosophical: \*+ What is the meaning of human life? \*What is economics? \*What are the properties of a solid body? \*Questions of social dynamics and social statics \*What are the main causes of the environmental crisis? \#9 \*!The concept of «philosophy» in Greek means \*divine knowledge \*love of eloquence \*+love of wisdom \*the emergence of the world \*the ultimate truth \#10 \*!The main thing in the subject of philosophy is: \*objects \*empirical reality \*+philosophical reflection \*subjects \*thinking \#11 \*!Unlike science, philosophy is: \*based on facts \*+comprehends the world in its universal integrity \*is systematized knowledge \*relies on mystical knowledge \*based on dogmas \#12 \*!Religious worldview is based on: \*logic \*the law \*+faith \*intuition \*experience \#13 \*!The term, literally translated from Greek, means the love of wisdom. \*worldview \*+philosophy \*mythology \*cultural studies \*anthropology \#14 \*!The specifics of the philosophical worldview: \*creation of a value system; rituals \*figurative-emotional form \*empirical verifiability \*+reflexive type; theoretical, conceptual form \*formation of the spiritual world of man \#15 \*!Religion, myth, and philosophy are united by: \*reflexive type \*+setting ideological questions \*agnosticism \*accessibility for everyday consciousness \*are of an ethical nature \#16 \*!The earliest form of spiritual culture of mankind: \*+Myth \*Religion \*Morality \*Science \*Philosophy \#17 \*!Specific features of philosophical knowledge: \*belief in supernatural powers \*+rationality \*free thinking \*anthropomorphism \*dogmatism \#18 \*!A type of philosophical worldview based on the explanation of everything that exists through the domination of an inexplicable, supernatural force - God \*scientocentrism \*+theocentrism \*anthropocentrism \*anthropomorphism \*cosmocentrism \#19 \*!A set of philosophical doctrines united by some basic, ideological principles \*stages of cognition \*laws of dialectics \*the structure of matter \*+philosophical schools \*the phenomenology of religion \#20 \*!Philosophical questions are: \*Questions about natural objects \*Questions about objects created by people \*+Questions about man\'s attitude to natural and man-made objects \*Ethics issues \*Questions about religion \#21 \*!Philosophy believes that humanity can survive \*+wisely starting to approach the consumption of natural resources and jointly solving global problems \*making the development of technology the main goal \*having mastered space \*abandoning the technological civilization \*developing ethics and culture \#22 \*!Represents a set of theoretically meaningful views on man, the world, and the relationship between man and the world. \*+philosophy \*law \*religion \*art \*history \#23 \*!The epistemological function of philosophy is that philosophy: \*+accumulates, generalizes, and translates new knowledge \*helps a person to understand the meaning of his life \*predicts the general direction of the company\'s development \*promotes the introduction of a person to cultural values \*promotes human involvement in social issues \#24 \*!The earliest form of the spiritual culture of mankind \*+mythological worldview \*everyday mindset \*philosophical outlook \*religious outlook \*scientific outlook \#25 \*!A form of worldview in which the development of the world is based on belief in the supernatural \*+religious outlook \*philosophical outlook \*everyday mindset \*theoretical outlook \*scientific outlook \#26 \*!The function of philosophy, which contributes to the formation of a holistic picture of the world -\...: \*mental and theoretical \*+worldview \*methodological \*axiological \*social \#27 \*!A stable system of views on the world, faith, ideas, and beliefs of a person that determine the choice of a certain life position, and attitude to the world and other people is: \*perception of the world \*attitude \*world feeling \*outlook \*+worldview 28. \*!The judgment that most fully defines the essence of philosophy \*+philosophy is a reasonable understanding of the world \*philosophy is a God-given worldview \*philosophy is a true attitude \*philosophy is a specific perception of the world \*philosophy is a mythological phenomenon \#29 \*!In philosophy, myth is understood as: \*a worldview based on belief in the supernatural \*specific figurative syncretic worldview \*fantastic story, legend \*+the syncretic form of the worldview and the world appears in it as an undifferentiated reality and the properties of nature are transferred to man, and his qualities to nature \*basic dogma 30. \*!Hylozoism - the judgment that all objects \*+ feel and think \*the essence of animals \*the essence of life \*can be revived \*feel and wonder \#31 \*!What is the difference between philosophy and religion \*universality \*faith (including in God) \*the doctrine of the supernatural \*+rational-theoretical constructions \*the doctrine of fundamentality \#32 \*!The concept, first introduced by Pythagoras, to denote the unity of the world as opposed to chaos \*+space \*logos \*atom \*air \*water \#33 \*!Cosmocentrism, ontologism, spontaneous dialectics of thinking - the main features of philosophy \*education \*Middle Ages \*+antiquity \*new time \*revival \#34 \*!Aristotle developed the basic laws \*Philosophy \*hermeneutics \*dualism \*+logic \*dialectics \#35 \*!True philosophizing begins according to Aristotle \*from revelation \*+in wonder \*out of fear \*from learning \*with an argument \#36 \*!The question is philosophical: \*What is the structure of the universe? \*+What is the meaning of human life? \*What is economics? \*What are the properties of a solid body? \*What are the main causes of the ecological crisis? \#37 \*!Philosophical doctrine proclaiming the supreme, supernatural being as the central and determining factor of the universe: \*+theocentrism \*materialism \*agnosticism \*empiricism \*rationalism \#38 \*!The method of philosophical research is the opposite of dialectics: \*+ metaphysics \*eclecticism \*dogmatism \*sophistry \*hermeneutics \#39 \*!A method based on an arbitrary combination of disparate facts, concepts, and concepts that do not have a single creative beginning: \*materialism \*+eclecticism \*deduction \*sensualism \*hermeneutics \#40 \*!Perception of the surrounding world through the prism of absolutism: \*materialism \*idealism \*+dogmatism \*sophistry \*hermeneutics \#41 \*!An attribute of matter that characterizes the duration of existence, the sequence of changing states of material systems: \*+time \*movement \*peace \*Space \*reflection \#42 \*!The law of unity and struggle of opposites reveals in the development \*the reason \*direction \*measures \*+source \*integrity \#43 \*!Scientific assumption, of which the truth needs to be proved: \*+hypothesis \*problem \*principle \*theory \*idea \#44 \*!In the process of development, the law of unity and «struggle» of opposites reveals: \*focus \*linearity \*gradualness \*+source \*mechanism \#45 \*!The word «matter» in Greek means: \*«water» \*«earth» \*«fabric» \*«idea» \*+«substance» \#46 \*!The specifics of philosophy - \*in strict scientific conclusions \*+in the universality and integrity of the world \*in spiritual relation to the world \*in practical relation to the world \*in categoricity \#47 \*!An extra question is the subject of genuine philosophy according to Kant: \*what is a «person» ? \*what can I hope for? \*+where is the beginning of the world? \*what can I know? \*what should I do? \#48 \*!The function of philosophy, which develops the basic methods of cognition: \*worldview \*+methodological \*mental and theoretical \*social \*axiological \#49 \*!The method of philosophical thinking that explains the world in its unity, inconsistency, and dynamics is called: \*metaphysical \*axiomatic \*+dialectical \*theological \*materialistic \#50 \*!The epistemological function of philosophy is that philosophy -- a.....: \*+accumulates, generalizes, and translates new knowledge \*helps a person to understand the meaning of his life \*predicts the general direction of the company\'s development \*promotes the introduction of a person to cultural values \*helps a person to solve specific life problems \#51 \*!The main sections of philosophy: \*cultural studies, praxiology \*political science, sociology \*conflictology, ideology \*theology, sociology \*+epistemology, ontology \#52 \*!Basic methods of philosophy: \*materialism, idealism \*gnosticism, agnosticism \*dialectics, sensualism \*+dialectics, metaphysics \*rationalism, empiricism \#53 \*!The method of philosophical thinking, which considers objects and phenomena in their isolation from each other, as unchanged in their essence, given once and for all, constant: \*+metaphysical \*dialectical \*theological \*materialistic \*rationalistic \#54 \*!Philosophical discipline that studies valuesas the meaning-forming foundations of human existence: \*religion \*logics \*+axiology \*aesthetics \*metaphysics \#55 \*!Philosophical direction, which highlights when considering the ontological side of the main question of philosophy: \*pantheism \*rationalism \*+materialism \*agnosticism \*empiricism \#56 \*!Philosophical direction, distinguished when considering the ontological side of the main question of philosophy: \*pantheism \*rationalism \*agnosticism \*+idealism \*empiricism \#57 \*!The type of philosophical worldview common in medieval Europe: \*+theocentrism \*anthropocentrism \*cosmocentrism \*deism \*humanism \#58 \*!Philosophy, recommending every person in any area of life to follow positive norms of morality, performs the function of: \*worldview \*ideological \*methodological \*+educational \*cognitive \#59 \*!The philosophical direction in which consciousness is interpreted as a property of highly organized matter: \*idealism \*+materialism \*agnosticism \*dualism \*theism \#60 \*!According to which philosophical position is existence reduced to one beginning? \*pluralism \*+monism \*dualism \*solipsism \*dualism \#61 \*!What philosophical teaching casts doubt on the possibility of reliable knowledge of reality? \*scientism \*deism \*+agnosticism \*voluntarism \*pluralism \#62 \*!Philosophical direction that denies or restricts the role of reason in cognition, bringing to the fore will, feeling, intuition: \*rationalism \*+irrationalism \*pragmatism \*nominalism \*pluralism \#63 \*!A philosophical trend that recognizes reason as the basis of human cognition and behavior \*+rationalism \*pluralism \*pantheism \*irrationalism \*deism \#64 \*!The function of philosophy, which teaches conceptual thinking and theorizing \*+mental and theoretical \*worldview \*methodological \*axiological \*Social \#65 \*!The function of philosophy is realized in an extremely attentive attitude to a person \*worldview \*+humanistic \*methodological \*axiological \*social \#66 \*!The function of philosophy, which develops the basic methods of cognition \*worldview \*+methodological \*axiological \*critical \*social \#67 \*!Aristotle considers metaphysics as \*ironic banter \*form of edification \*light conversation «about nothing» \*+sublime, divine science \*communication with the interlocutor to find the truth \#68 \*!The form of public consciousness that considers the problem of «man and the world» through belief in the supernatural: \*Philosophy \*Mythology \*Ethics \*+Religion \*Aesthetics \#69 \*!The section of philosophy «axiology» studies: \*cognition \*human \* genesis \*+values \*society \#70 \*!Basic concepts of hermeneutics \*+text \*science \*absurd \*verification \*falsification \#71 \*!The main feature of medieval philosophy \*anthropocentrism \*postmodernism \*cosmocentrism \*scientocentrism \*+theocentrism \#72 \*!The reincarnation of the soul or personality in the chain of new births in Indian philosophy: \*moksha \*nirvana \*ahimsa \*+samsara \*karma \#73 \*!Ancient philosophers, representatives of the atomistic interpretation of being: \*Empedocles, Zeno \*+Democritus, Leucippus \*Heraclitus, Pythagoras \*Anaxagoras, Anaximenes \*Thales, Protagoras \#74 \*!According to the Sankhya, the whole world arises as a result of the interaction of two substances of the world: \*dharma, samsara \*+prakriti, Purusha \*varna, caste \*pangu, Purusha \*nirvana, atman \#75 \*!The Unorthodox School of Ancient Indian Philosophy \*mimansa \*+charvaka-lokayata \*nyaya \*vaisheshika \*sankhya \#76 \*!Philosophy is concerned with: \*looking for answers to life\'s questions \*regulation of public life \*+knowledge of the essence of the human relationship to the world \*by establishing dogmas and absolute truths \*addressing the global challenges of our time \#77 \*!The doctrine of the Great Tao, the Universal Law \*+Taoism \*Legalism \*Buddhism \*Confucianism \*Jainism \#78 \*!The philosophical tradition to which the principle of «wu-Wei» belongs \*Buddhism \*moism \*kinism \*charvaka-lokayatta \*+taoism \#79 \*!Lawyers in China \*moists \*Taoists \*+legists \*xiao \*virtues \#80 \*!The Law of Human Existence in Indian Philosophy \*+karma, samsara \*nirvana \*creationism \*tao and moksho \*atman and brahman \#81 \*!A term meaning the ultimate goal of all human endeavors, liberation in the Buddha\'s philosophy \*+nirvana \*meditation \*reincarnation \*samsara \*brahman \#82 \*!In Indian philosophy, the «middle way» is the main idea \*Taoism \*+Buddhism \*moism \*legists \*Jainism \#83 \*!Siddhartha Gautama - founder of religious and philosophical teaching \*charvaka-lokayata \*Nyaya \*+Buddhism \*Yoga \*Jainism \#84 \*!The concept of ancient Chinese philosophy, denoting light \*li \*+yang \*yin \*de \*qi \#85 \*!Represents a set of theoretically comprehended views on man, the world and the relationship between man and the world. \*+philosophy \*right \*religion \*art \*history \#86 \*!The main category in the philosophy of Confucius \*tao \*yin \*wu-wei \*fa \*+ren \#87 \*!Sacred Texts of ancient India \*runes \*the bible \*the Quran \*the gospel \*+Vedas \#88 \*!The definition of Buddhism is considered as \*Religion \*Philosophy \*Science \*+Voth religion and philosophy \*Art \#89 \*!The main directions of ancient Chinese philosophy \*Buddhism, Jainism \*+Taoism, Confucianism \*nominalism, realism \*Neoplatonism, humanism \*patristics, scholasticism \#90 \*!Basic Books in Indian Mythology \*dharma, samsara \*karma \*+Rigveda, Mahabharata \*varuna, sudra \*purusha \#91 \*!Yang means \*Female \*+male \*sky \*the sun \*Active \#92 \*!What is a collection of ancient Indian sources (late 2nd -- early 1st millennium BC), collections of hymns in honor of the gods? \*+vedas \*yoga sutra \*Tripitaka \*Upanishad \*samsara \#93 \*!The central concept of Buddhism and Jainism, meaning the highest state, the goal of human aspirations \*+nirvana \*karma \*asceticism \*samsara \*moksha \#94 \*! The system of human perceptions and knowledge about the world and man\'s place in the world \*phenomenology \*+outlook \*art \*religion \*science \#95 \*!The central principle of virtues in the philosophy of Confucius \*+the path of the «golden mean» \*getting rid of suffering \*for each person, their own \*the path of communion with divine entities \*satisfaction of needs \#96 \*!The essence of Taoist ethics according to the principle of «wu-Wei» (non-action) \*what you don\'t want for yourself, don\'t do to people (ren) \*+a person with higher de is inactive and performs non-action \*respect for parents and respect for older brothers (xiao) \*one who does not know the min (will of heaven) cannot be noble \*not knowing etiquette (whether) means not being able to strengthen yourself in proper behavior \#97 \*!The main quality of the «noble husband» according to Confucius \*+what you don\'t want for yourself, don\'t do to people (ren) \*a noble husband is demanding of others, but not of himself \*respectful to parents, but disrespectful to older brothers (xiao) \*a noble husband does not follow duty and the law \*one who does not know the min (will of heaven) can be noble \#98 \*!One of the noble truths of Buddhism \*it is impossible to get rid of suffering \*+earthly life is full of suffering \*suffering is living in harmony with nature \*a life without suffering \*there are no ways of liberation from nature \#99 \*!The essence of Confucius\' Ethical and Political views in Management Theory \*+virtues \*States \*legality \*violence \*societies \#100 \*!The reincarnation of the soul or personality in the chain of new births according to the law of karma in Indian philosophy \*moksha \*+samsara \*nirvana \*ahimsa \*karma \#101 \*!The essence of human life according to the Buddha \*+suffering \*communion with the truth \*labor \*communication \*life in society \#102 \*!Among the «noble truths» of the Buddha, there is no \*There is suffering \*the cause of suffering \*liberation from suffering \*The path leading to liberation from suffering \*+it is impossible to get rid of suffering \#103 \*!The leading concept in the philosophy of Lao Tzu \*the road (in the Middle Kingdom) \*meditation \*non-acquisition \*+path (tao) \*resistance to evil by force \#104 \*!In Indian philosophy, the concept meaning «wheel» of rebirth \*+samsara \*meditation \*nirvana \*reincarnation \*karma \#105 \*!Definition of God by Deism \*the absolute, the beginning, and the end of everything \*creator of nature, but not of man \*creator and creator of nature and man \*+the creator, but does not interfere in the life of society \* the creator of the world out of nothing \#106 \*!«Rectification of Names» in the philosophy of Confucius \*distortion of reality \*+correction of reality \*education of an individual \*implementation of ideological values \*translation of religious texts \#107 \*!The goal of human aspirations, the state of «liberation» from endless reincarnations in Indian philosophy \*+moksha \*samsara \*nirvana \*ahimsa \*karma \#108 \*!The central principle of virtues in the ancient Chinese philosophy of Confucius \*+ the path of the «golden mean» \*the path of communion with divine entities \*deliverance from suffering \*satisfaction of needs \*for each person, their own \#109 \*!The phrase «Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer» belongs to \*to Pythagoras \*to Heraclitus \*to Anaximander \*+ to Aristotle \*to Epicurus 110 \*!«Arche» in the teachings of the Milesian school \*Atom \*+apeiron \*metal \*tree \*wind \#111 \*!«The Greek gods have come to an end since Thales looked at\....», wrote Herzen \*land \*+water \*fire \*metal \*sky \#112 \*!Types of philosophy distinguished by Aristotle \*+theoretical, practical, poetic \*mythological, religious, scientific \*mathematical, natural science, metaphysical \*historical sciences, poetry, philosophy \*natural philosophy, practical philosophy, irrationalism \#113 \*!Plato \'s Philosophical School \*likey \*gymnasium \*+academy \*agora \*arena \#114 \*!The philosophical school of the pre - Socratic period \*+pythagoreanism \*kinism \*skepticism \*stoicism \*epicureanism \#115 \*!The author of this statement: «Man is by nature a political animal» \*+Aristotle \*Protagoras \*Hippocrates \*Pyrrhon \*Antisthenes \#116 \*!The author of the statement «Looking for a man» \*Antisthenes \*+Diogenes \*Lucretius \*Dams \*Xenophanes \#117 \*!Author of words: «I know that I know nothing» \*Aristotle \*Heraclitus \*+Socrates \*Anaximenes \*Plato \#118 \*!«You cannot enter the same river twice» the saying belongs \*+ Heraclitus \*Thales \*Pythagoras \*Plato \*Aristotle \#119 \*!An ancient philosopher who considered fire to be the origin of all things \*+Heraclitus \*Thales \*Pythagoras \*Plato \*Aristotle \#120 \*!The main idea of the Stoic school \*+ liberation from the influence of the outside world through constant self-improvement \*consciousness is determined by matter \*man has an inherently evil nature \*everything on Earth has a potency \*raising asocial freedom to the absolute \#121 \*!The historical significance of Aristotle\'s philosophy \*gave a materialistic interpretation of the origin of the world and man \*great attention is paid to the history \*justified the idea ofthe dominance of the Church \*introduced the dialogical method of finding the truth \*+ made a significant contribution to the development of logic \#122 \*!The concept of «apathy» in the philosophy of the Stoics \*moral behavior \*contempt for the foundations and norms of life \*denial of social life \*+dispassionate and fearless perception of life \*unwillingness to argue \#123 \*!Eleatic Statements: \*«everything flows, everything changes» \*«All things are like in number» \*«the earth is spinning» \*+«there is only the being, but nonbeing does not exist» \*«being and thinking are identical» \#124 \*!Pythagoras\' Statement: \*+«all things are like a number» \*«man is a wolf to man» \*«Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer» \*«I know I don\'t know anything» \*«everything flows, everything changes» \#125 \*!Skepticism is....: \*the philosophical direction in which feelings are the main source of reliable knowledge \*a philosophical direction that recognizes reason as the basis of knowledge \*+a philosophical trend that questions the possibility of cognition of objective reality \*liberation from samsara \*The doctrine of the origin of the world \#126 \*!The main provisions of the philosophy of Protogor \*critical attitude to the surrounding reality \*+what is good for a person today is good in reality \*I considered fire to be the origin of everything \*the search for physical and spiritual support in oneself \*observance of public order \#127 \*!Characteristics of the pre-Socratic period \*maintaining a pure state of spiritual psychophysical qi energy \*+search for the origin of all things \*veneration of ancestors and spirits \*spoke from atheistic positions \*completely rejected idealism and theology \#128 \*!The form of materialism in the teachings of Thales \*dialectical materialism \*subjective idealism \*anthropological materialism \*+spontaneous materialism \*objective idealism \#129 \*!The peculiarity of the philosophy of the Milesian school \*+took material elements as the primary basis of the world \*openly asserted the primacy of matter over spirit \*denied the existence of material \*formulated an atomistic concept \*considered the unit to be the smallest particle of everything \#130 \*!«Everything flows, everything changes» expresses the essence \*+dialectical thoughts of Heraclitus \*the metaphysical concept of Parmenides \*relativism of sophists \*Aristotle\'s logic \*critical position of skeptics \#131 \*!The most important tradition perceived by al-Farabi from ancient philosophy \*theocentrism \*+peripatetism \*hylozoism \*materialism \*idealism \#132 \*!Patristics and Scholasticism - the main stages of philosophy \*rebirth \*+Middle Ages \*antiquity \*enlightenment \*new time \#133 \*!The significance of Al-Kindi\'s philosophy \*put forward the idea of «emanation» \*the idea of «dual truth» was put forward \*justified the leading role of reason in cognition \*+laid the tradition of Aristotelianism in Arabic philosophy \*became the author of the dualism theory \#134 \*!The meaning of the philosophy of Al-Farabi \*+ advanced the idea of«emanation» \*the idea of«dual truth» was put forward \*substantiated the leading role of the mind in cognition \*established the tradition of Aristotelianism in Arabic philosophy \*became the author of the theory of dualism \#135 \*!The meaning of the philosophy of Ibn-Rushd \*advanced the idea of«emanation» \*+the idea of«dual truth» was put forward \*substantiated the leading role of the mind in cognition \*established the tradition of Aristotelianism in Arabic philosophy \*became the author of the theory of dualism \#136 \*!Arab philosophy arose based on \*Russian religious philosophy \*+ Islam and developed through the creative processing of Greek philosophy and science \*Ancient Indian and Ancient Chinese Philosophy \*Christian philosophy and systematized scholasticism \*Aristotelianism and Sufism \#137 \*!The significance of Ibn Sina\'s philosophy \*put forward the idea of «emanation» \* the idea of «dual truth» was put forward \*justified the leading role of reason in cognition \*laid the tradition of Aristotelianism in Arabic philosophy \*+based many philosophical ideas on the achievements of natural sciences \#138 \*!Sufism is \*adherents of Muslim scholastic theology \*+an esoteric current in Islam that preaches asceticism and increased spirituality \*supporters of radical Islam \*The reform movement in theological philosophy \*their philosophy is based on critical experience \#139 \*!Philosophical worldview characteristic of Renaissance Europe \*theocentrism \*+anthropocentrism \*cosmocentrism \*postmodernism \*scientocentrism \#140 \*!A characteristic feature of Renaissance philosophy \*scientocentrism \*theocentrism \*sociocentrism \*cosmocentrism \*+anthropocentrism \#141 \*!Renaissance philosopher, and founder of the idea of «pantheism» : \*+Nikolai Kuzansky \*Giordano Bruno \*Nicolaus Copernicus \*Tommaso Campanella \*Francesco Petrarch \#142 \*!According to Francis Bacon, empyrean is: \*+experience based on experiment \*isolated sensory perception \*the image of the thing reflected in the mind \*aesthetic attitude to reality \*experience based on reason \#143 \*!The philosophers of modern times relied on authority \*Churches \*+sciences \*Human \*States \*societies \#144 \*!The type of philosophical worldview presented by I. Fichte \*+subjective idealism \*objective idealism \*absolute idealism \*transcendental idealism \*naive idealism \#145 \*!The type of philosophical worldview presented by F. Schelling \*subjective idealism \*+objective idealism \*absolute idealism \*transcendental idealism \*naive idealism \#146 \*!The name L. Feuerbach can be associated with \*the beginning of German classical philosophy \*+the end of German classical philosophy \*the pinnacle of German classical philosophy \*oblivion of German classical philosophy \*the eternity of German classical philosophy \#147 \*!The general methodological principle underlies Hegel\'s philosophy of history \*+the principle of the «triad» \*The principle of concreteness of truth \*a primacy of material existence \*rigid determinism \*divine predestination \#148 \*!Antinomies of I. Kant \*concept \*hypothesis \*judgment \*axiom \*+contradictions \#149 \*!The teachings of L. Feuerbach \*objective idealism \*historical materialism \*dialectical materialism \*+anthropological materialism \*subjective idealism \#150 \*!Philosophical direction, the founder of which is A.Schopenhauer: \*rationalism \*pragmatism \*+irrationalism \*pluralism \*nominalism \#151 \*!The main idea of A. Schopenhauer \'s philosophy: \*The world is matter, nature \*the world is the totality of my feelings \*the basis of the world is the world spirit \*nature is a substance \*+the world as will and representation \#152 \*!Which of the above definitions characterizes hermeneutics \*philosophy of individual human existence \*+philosophy of interpretation, understanding of texts \*philosophy of the structural foundations of culture \*philosophy of the unconscious \*philosophy of linguistic reality \#153 \*!The definition of scientism is...: \*+a philosophical concept that absolutizes the role of science in the social and spiritual life of society \*the individual\'s desire to acquire scientific knowledge \*a set of statements about the benefits of studying the history of science \*affirmation of the advantages of mathematics over other sciences \*skeptical attitude to the possibilities of science and technology \#154 \*!Irrationalist philosopher, the author of the essay «The World as Will and Representation» : \*S. Kierkegaard \*F.Nietzsche \*+A.Schopenhauer \*M.Heidegger \*K.Jaspers \#155 \*!The representative of this course in philosophy is Z.Freud \*+psychoanalysis \*existentialism \*positivism \*neotomism \*hermeneutics \#156 \*!The work of Fr. Bacon \*New Atlantis \*+new organon \*a new scientific method \*the new idol of science \*a new look at the science \#157 \*!A.Kunanbayev was a: \*+ Representative of the philosophy of the Kazakh enlightenment \*Founder of Russian religious philosophy \*Follower of irrationalists \*The Great Geographer \*Z.Freud\'s student \#158 \*!Altynsarin\'s philosophical position was close to: \*rationalism \*theism \*atheism \*+deism \*sensualism \#159 \*!Finish the title of one of Shakarim \'s major philosophical books -- Three... \*instructions \*a friend \*misconceptions \*+truths \*moral laws \#160 \*!The principle proclaimed by Abai Kunanbayev in his philosophy: \*«Never give up!» \*«Knowledge is power» \*+«Be human!» \*«Everything flows!» \*«The end justifies the means» \#161 \*!Abai\'s definition of the current state of Kazakh society \*like the golden age \*he does not give an assessment \*as a reality \*as a stage on the way to a certain goal \*+critical as requiring transformations \#162 \*!The central problem of Abai\'s philosophy \*cognition \*+person \*Religion \*ontology \*Methodology \#163 \*!The main problem posed by songwriters-zhyrau XV-XVI centuries: \*+unity of the people \*land expansion \*transition to settlement \*reflection of the enemy \*class struggle \#164 \*!Which of these philosophical works of A.Kunanbayev? \*metaphysics \*+words of edification \*Kyrgyz anthology \*the science of logic \*A note on judicial reform \#165 \*!Z.Freud is the founder of: \*empiricism \*rationalism \*positivism \*+psychoanalysis \*hermeneutics \#166 \*!O.Conte is the founder of: \*empiricism \*rationalism \*+positivism \*psychoanalysis \*hermeneutics \#167 F.Bacon, R. Descartes are representatives of... philosophy \*Renaissance \*Irrationalism \*Antiquity \*+New Time \*German philosophy \#168 \*!The main factor that determined the formation of the philosophy of modern times: \*Development of Protestantism \*+development of natural sciences \*the formation of an absolute monarchy \*the rise of the revolutionary movement \*development of the humanities \#169 \*!А philosophical teaching that recognizes the individual, personal consciousness as the beginning of being: \*relative idealism \*transcendental idealism \*objective idealism \*+subjective idealism \*absolute idealism \#170 \*!A philosophical doctrine that recognizes the world consciousness as the beginning of existence: \*relative idealism \*transcendental idealism \*+objective idealism \*subjective idealism \*absolute idealism \#171 \*!A philosophical trend that believed that thinking is a physiological process. «The brain secretes thought like the liver secretes bile» \*historical materialism \*dialectical materialism \*+vulgar materialism \*mechanistic materialism \*naive materialism \#172 \*!The real, objective, eternal, stable, independent, infinite substance that includes all that exists is: \*+genesis \*society \*dialectics \*matter \*non-existence \#173 \*!An ontological category reflecting a set of properties indicating the size of a thing: \*Quality \*+quantity \*Property \*form \*Content \#174 \*!Being that includes the existence of a person in society and the existence of society itself: \*material existence \*ideal being \*human being \*+social being \*the existence of things, objects, and phenomena \#175 \*!A philosophy that professes knowledge in its utility function: \*Marxism \*neotomism \*+pragmatism \*neopositivism \*existentialism \#176 \*!The main problems of ontology: \*recognizability of the world \*Development \*space and time \*+being and non-being \*thinking and language \#177 \*!The main ontological direction in philosophy: \*+materialism \*realism \*dualism \*positivism \*existentialism \#178 \*!The method of philosophical thinking that explains the world in its unity, inconsistency, and dynamics is called \*metaphysical \*axiomatic \*+dialectical \*theological \*materialistic \#179 \*!The main ontological direction in philosophy: \*dualism \*positivism \*existentialism \*+idealism \*apologetics \#180 \*!The ability of consciousness to create something new that does not arise naturally in the material world: \*rationality \*ideality \*+creativity \*transcendence \*transcendence \#181 \*!Two factors played a crucial role in the emergence of human consciousness: \*+subject-practical activity and speech \*increased brain volume and walking upright \*the emergence of family and private property \*the emergence of politics and the state \*wars and demographic factors \#182 \*!The ontological side of the main question of philosophy: \*is the world cognizable? \*+is the matter or consciousness primary? \*How to rule the state? \*what is the meaning of life? \*What is life and death \#183 \*!The basis of the ontology of Democritus is....: \*+ the world consists of invisible, indivisible particles - atoms \*the primary element of the world is the number \*cognition of the world is impossible \*the world consists of beings, but there is no non-being \*the primary element of the world is fire \#184 \*!The basic position of dualism: \*+matter and consciousness are two opposite and interrelated sides of a single being \*The origin of being can exist only in a single form \*everything exists only in the consciousness of the cognizing subject \*Only the idea exists \*matter exists regardless of the idea \#185 \*!The philosophical direction highlighted when considering the ontological (existential) sides of the main question of philosophy: \*+materialism \*agnosticism \*rationalism \*sensualism \*empiricism \#186 \*!The main forms of idealism: \*+objective, subjective \*dialectical, metaphysical \*materialistic, idealistic \*single, multiple \*dualistic, cultural \#187 \*!The basic position of objective idealism: \*+the idea is an independent substance \*outside the consciousness of an individual, neither matter nor spirit (ideas) exists \*ideas exist in a person\'s mind \*matter and idea are two opposite substances \*matter is primary, the idea is secondary \#188 \*!The basic position of subjective idealism: \* The «world of ideas» exists independently of our consciousness \*+outside the consciousness of an individual, neither matter nor spirit (ideas) exist \*matter exists independently of consciousness \*matter and idea are two opposite substances \*matter is primary, the idea is secondary \#189 \*!Forms of the existence of material objects: \*teaching, science \*peace, movement \*elementary particles \*+time, space \*molecular compounds \#190 \*!Philosophical trends identified when considering the epistemological side of the main question of philosophy: \*objective idealism, deism \*+empiricism, rationalism \*agnosticism, skepticism \*subjective idealism, dualism \*dualism, pluralism \#191 \*!Which of the interpretations of genesis is correct: \*There is no being as such, everything is changeable \* The essence of being is not being \*The existence of nature in reality \*+ Being is all that exists \*Being is something that is not created by man \#192 \*!The central concept of ontology by Rene Descartes\' is.....: \* Monad \*Atom \*Apeiron \*+Substance \*Idea \#193 \*!According to Spinoza\'s teaching, there is only one substance- it is: \*Spirit \*Atom \*Corpuscle \*Electron \*+Nature is God \#194 \*!What is the origin of materialistic philosophical concepts? \*Consciousness \*Thinking \*Spirit \*+Matter \*Experience \#195 \*!The philosophical trend, whose representatives recognized matter as the primary principle, and consciousness as the secondary one \*positivism \*apologetics \*+materialism \*skepticism \*realism \#196 \*!The direction in philosophy opposite of materialism \*agnosticism \*rationalism \*sensualism \*+idealism \*empiricism \#197 \*!Which of the ancient philosophers considered being, as well as the property of being and the forms of being? \*+Parmenides \*Protagoras \*Gorgias \*Prodin \*Socrates \#198 \*!The basic position of materialism \*The only reality is matter and idea \*matter exists independently of consciousness \*+matter is primary, the idea is secondary \*Only the idea exists \*ideas exist in a person\'s mind \#199 \*!The main tenets of dualism is: \*+matter and consciousness are two opposite and interrelated sides of a single being \*The origin of being can exist only in a single form \*everything exists only in the consciousness of the cognizing subject \*the substance is recognized as a plurality of originals \*Only the idea exists \#200 \*!Being exists in the following forms, \.... spiritual being, human being. \*+Being of things \*Virtual being \*Imaginary being \*Meaningful being \*Being abstract \#201 \*!Definition of a dualistic judgment \*+there is both material and spiritual substance \*everything exists only in the consciousness of the cognizing subject \*the universe is based on one substance \*essence precedes existence \*several substances are equal \#202 \*!Space and time are considered forms of human contemplation from the position of \*empiriocriticism \*dialectical materialism \*+subjective idealism \*objective materialism \*creationism \#203 \*!The content of the category of Being is revealed through the following concepts, highlight them: \*subjectivity, objectivity \*+development, matter \*becoming, thought \*memory, detachment \*thought, individuality \#204 \*!The central concept of R. Descartes \' ontology is the concept of: \*monad \*iperon \*+substance \*idea \*consciousness \#205 \*!According to Spinoza\'s teaching, there is only one substance- it is: \*Matter \*Spirit \*Atom \*+Nature is God \*Cosmic Soul \#206 \*!«The doctrine of ideas» belongs to \*Descartes \*Bacon \*+Plato \*Thales \*Aristotle \#207 \*!Plato is the founder of \*+idealism \*materialism \*empiricism \*dualism \*rationalism \#208 \*!The basis of being according to Democritus \*Water \*Apeiron \*+atoms \*emptiness \*air \#209 \*!The fundamental principle of the world in the philosophy of Heraclitus is \*Water \*air \*Apeiron \*+fire \*Number \#210 \*!The word «matter» in translated from Greek means: \*«water» \*«earth» \*«fabric» \*«idea» \*+«substance» \#211 \*!The main provisions of Plato\'s idealistic teaching \*matter is eternal and infinite \*there are no «pure ideas» that are not related to the surrounding reality \*+only pure ideas exist \*development takes place according to the laws of dialectics \*cognition is the reflection of matter by matter itself \#212 \*!Which direction in philosophy completely denies the existence of an ideal reality: \*Subjective materialism \*Objective materialism \*+Vulgar materialism \*Objective idealism \*Subjective idealism \#213 \*!The objective connection between separate states of types and forms of matter in the process of its movement and development: \*induction \*randomness \*dualism \*Progress \*+causality \#214 \*!Pluralism is \*a philosophical doctrine that recognizes one beginning of the world, a single substance of all things \*+a philosophical doctrine that recognizes the existence of many (more than two) originals of being \*a philosophical doctrine that recognizes two principles as equal \*a philosophical doctrine based on the position of the existence of causality \*a philosophical term denoting an object comprehended only by the mind \#215 \*!Monism is \*+a philosophical doctrine that recognizes one beginning of the world, a single substance of all things \*a philosophical doctrine that recognizes the existence of many (more than two) originals of being \*a philosophical doctrine that recognizes two principles as equal \*a philosophical doctrine based on the position of the existence of causality \*a philosophical term denoting an object comprehended only by the mind \#216 \*!The Ontology of Democritus \*+the world consists of invisible, indivisible particles --- atoms \*the primary element of the world is the Apeiron \* thing in the world is a combination of matter and form \*the primary element of the world is the number \*cognition of the world is impossible \#217 \*!What is the origin of materialistic philosophical concepts: \*Consciousness \*Thinking \*Spirit \*+Matter \*Experience \#218 \*!Al-Farabi considers matter as \*+an independent ontological substance \*matter depends on the form \*being is an intelligible world \*being is atoms \*There are two independent substances \#219 \*!Specify the last element of the Hegel triad \*thesis \*antithesis \*fact \*+synthesis \*denial \#220 \*!In the theory of Marxism, a movement is \*+a way of being an objective reality \*Moving \*energy interaction \*body function \*birth of galaxies \#221 \*!What is the fundamental difference between the dialectics of K. Marx and G. Hegel \*+its materialism \*proximity to the philosophy of cosmism \*her idealism \*about religion \*no \#222 \*!The term «movement» in philosophy means \*transformation of a substance, expressed in a change in its chemical composition or structure \*+any change in general \*changing the human position of the body or body parts in space \*providing the possibility of active interaction of the components of the organism and the whole organism with the environment \*association and totality of collectives and collective actions created to support social change \#223 \*!According to F.Bacon, the main method of scientific knowledge \*modeling \*+inductive \*deductive \*dialectical \*metaphysical \#224 \*!The form of dialectics, which was naive and spontaneous, offers a coincidence of positions, a characteristic of the period: \*modernity \*Middle Ages \*new time \*+antiquities \*rebirth \#225 \*!The section of philosophy that studies the problem of being \*+ontology \*axiology \*dialectics \*anthropology \*epistemology \#226 \*!The category opposite to dialectics: \*consciousness \*genesis \*society \*+metaphysics \*non-existence \#227 \*!The doctrine of self-organization of matter: \*+synergetics \*metaphysics \*dialectics \*epistemology \*ontology \#228 \*!The philosophical doctrine of development \*metaphysics; \*sophistry \*dogmatism \*eclecticism \*+dialectics \#229 \*!The philosophical direction opposite of materialism: \*rationalism \*+idealism \*empiricism \*sensualism \*agnosticism \#230 \*!An attribute of matter that characterizes the extent and structurality of material systems: \*peace \*Development \*Time \*Movement \*+space \#231 \*!Definition of ontological categories: a set of sides, properties, signs, objects, phenomena, process \*Quantity \*Single \*Property \*form \*+content \#232 \*!Metaphysical judgment about space and time: \* space and time are inextricably linked with matter \*space and time exist independently of matter \*+space and time exist in unity with each other \*space and time are directly opposite to matter \*space and time have a mystical connection with the matter \#233 \*!The essence of the law of negation: \*multivariance of development \*spontaneity of social phenomena \*differentiation of the stages of cognition \*highlighting the stages of historical development \*+continuity in development 234 \*!It forms of the existence of matter -... \*energy and strength \*+space and time \*logic and truth \*Knowledge and ignorance \*reason and reason \#235 \*!Specify the universal laws of development \*The law of universal gravitation \*+the law of the negation of the negation \*The law of inertia \*The law of conservation of energy \*The law of increasing \#236 \*!The main merit of Hegel to philosophy is that he put forward and elaborated in detail: \*logic \*laws \*medicine \*+dialectics \*Mathematics \#237 \*!The position of determinism: \*the cause of everything that exists is the atom \*everything in the world happens by chance \*there is no cause or effect in nature \*+all phenomena in the world are causally determined \* the cause of everything that exists is God \#238 \*!Indeterminism is: \*recognition of causality \*recognition of the need \*+denial of causality \*denial of development \*recognition of movement \#239 \*!The position of indeterminism: \*the cause of everything that exists is the atom \* everything in the world arises by chance \*+there is no cause or effect in nature \*all phenomena in the world are causally determined \* the cause of everything that exists is God \#240 \*!The philosophical doctrine that asserts that God and nature are identical: \*monism \*realism \*deism \*dualism \*+pantheism \#241 \*!In which judgment is a more complete definition of being given? \*being is the whole material world \*being is the entire infinite universe \*being is all forms of mental activity \*+being is all that exists \*being is something that doesn\'t exist \#242 \*!The matter is a philosophical category for denoting: \* subjective reality \*virtual reality \*intuitive reality \*illusory reality \*+objective reality \#243 \*!The relation of the categories «being» and «matter»: \*+the concept of «being» is broader than «matter» \*they are equivalent \*«matter» is broader than the concept of «being» \*being and matter are not comparable \*being material \#244 \*!Two main subspecies of the matter: \*substance and field \*electrons and atoms \*matter and space \*physical and chemical \*+inanimate and alive \#245 \*!From the point of view of materialistic epistemology, reflection is: \*+an inherent property, an attribute of matter \*mirror reproduction \*human consciousness \*the psychic ability of the living \*human ability \#246 \*!Knowledge consists of two stages, highlight them: \*Emotional and sensual \*Figurative and emotional \*Observant and non-observant \*Provable and unprovable \*+Sensual and rational \#247 \*!What is meant by truth: \*This is rational knowledge \*This is all that is confirmed by experience \*+This knowledge corresponds to the subject coinciding with it \*This is what is natural \*This is what gives us the right answer \#248 \*!The principle of dual truth includes: \*The idea of God as true knowledge \*+Separation of scientific and religious truth \*The idea that any judgment can be both true and false \*Recognition of the equality of the two principles of both spirit and matter \*Separation of rational and sensory knowledge \#249 \*!The rationalistic tradition of philosophizing can be attributed to: \*philosophy of life, phenomenology \*psychoanalysis, neotomism \*existentialism, stoicism \*+positivism, postpositivism \*neotomism, postmodernism \#250 \*!The philosophical doctrine of cognition \*axiology \*+epistemology \*anthropology \*praxiology \*logic \#251 \*!From the point of view of I. Kant\'s philosophy is to know the essence of things: \* He did not consider this issue \*He doesn\'t give a specific answer \*Everything that is a «thing in itself» is knowable \*+The essence of things cannot be known \* All phenomena of the world are knowable \#252 \*!The section of philosophy that studies human cognitive activity: \*Ontology \*+Epistemology \*Ethics \*Aesthetics \*Rhetoric \#253 \*!Stages of cognition: \*empirical, dialectical \*+sensual, rational \*ethical, aesthetic \*metaphysical, religious \*irrational, sensualistic \#254 \*!Forms of sensory cognition: \*+sensation, perception, representation \*concept, conclusion, \*judgment, representation, concept \*inference, feeling, aspiration \*visibility, idea, presentation \#255 \*!A philosophical trend that recognizes sensations as a source of knowledge: \*Skepticism \*Agnosticism \*Empiricism \*+Sensualism \*Rationalism \#256 \*!The knowledge that precedes experience and is independent of it is called: \*dialectical \*+a priori \*a posteriori \*antinomic \*metaphysical \#257 \*!Agnosticism means: \*Knowledge of the world \*cognition through the mind \*reliable knowledge \*denial of reason \*+denial of the possibility of reliable cognition \#258 \*!The rationalistic tradition of philosophizing can be called: \*philosophy of life \*psychoanalysis \*existentialism \*+positivism \*phenomenology \#259 \*!The philosophical trend that denies or restricts the role of reason in cognition, bringing to the fore will, feeling, and intuition: \*rationalism \*pragmatism \*+irrationalism \*pluralism \*nominalism \#260 \*!The philosophical direction highlighted when considering the epistemological (cognitive) side of the main question of philosophy: \*materialism \*dualism \*idealism \*pantheism \*+empiricism \#261 \*!In the theory of knowledge, mutually exclusive, but provable concepts are called: \*Modes \*Categories \*The law \*Universals \*+Antinomies \#262 \*!In the cognitive process, the active creative side is: \*The Psyche \*Emotions \*+Consciousness \*Over Me \*The unconscious \#263 \*!R.Descartes is the founder of... \*empiricism \*+ rationalism \*positivism \*psychoanalysis \*hermeneutics \#264 \*!F.Bacon is the founder of... \*+empiricism \*rationalism \*positivism \*psychoanalysis \*hermeneutics \#265 \*!The absolutization of the role and significance of sensory data in philosophy is related to the direction: \*Rationalism \*Realism \*Skepticism \*Hedonism \*+Sensualism \#266 \*!Empiricism is: \*The direction in the theory of knowledge that considers thinking as a source of knowledge \*+A direction in the theory of knowledge that considers sensory experience as a source of knowledge \*The direction in the theory of knowledge that considers absolute consciousness to be the source of knowledge \*The direction in the theory of knowledge that considers intuition as a source of knowledge \*The direction in the theory of knowledge that considers innate ideas as a source of knowledge \#267 \*!Socrates in cognition suggested using the method \*metaphysics \*eclecticism \*+mayevtics \*tautologies \*sophistry \#268 \*!The historical significance of Socrates\' philosophy \* gave a materialistic interpretation of the origin of the world and man \*determined the essence of the matter \*+discovered the method of mayevtics \*defined being through categories \*made a significant contribution to the development of logic \#269 \*!Plato\'s cognition is \* logically clear, rational cognition \*+the soul\'s recollection of the ideas it saw in the other world \*knowledge based on experiment \*true cognition is impossible \*cognition through experience \#270 \*!Mayevtics is \*ironic banter \*form of edification \*easy conversation «about nothing» \*sublime, divine science \*+communication with the interlocutor to find the truth \#271 \*!What is meant by truth? \*What corresponds to our desires \*This is all that is confirmed by experience \*+This knowledge corresponds to the subject coinciding with it \*This is what is natural \*What coincides with our thoughts \#272 \*!Structural components of theoretical scientific knowledge: \*Skills, information, theory \*Comparison, method, problem \*Information, experience, law \*+Hypothesis, problem, theory \*Putting forward facts, experience, skills \#273 \*!Epistemology of F.Aquinas \*faith is the above reason \*reason is higher than faith \*+faith and reason give true knowledge \*faith does not participate in the process of cognition \*faith and knowledge are the same \#274 \*!From the point of view of I. Kant\'s philosophy is to know the essence of things: \* He did not consider this issue \*Everything that is a «thing in itself» is knowable \*+The essence of things cannot be known \*All phenomena of the world are knowable \*The essence is only thought \#275 \*!The theory of dual truth \*+denoting the doctrine of the mutual independence of the truths of philosophy and theology \*in the theory of cognition, the procedure of mental dismemberment of a phenomenon, process, object \*the intractable problem associated with the contradiction between the data of experience and their mental analysis \*creativity of defenders of the Christian doctrine \*meaning the totality of mental processes \#276 \*!The forms of rational cognition are: \*+Concept, judgment, inference \*Perception, sensation, experience \*Judgment, memory, intuition \*Representation, law, inference \*Intuition, feeling consciousness \#277 \*!In the theory of knowledge, mutually exclusive, but provable concepts are called: \*Modes \*Categories \*The law \*Universals \*+Antinomies \#278 \*!Kazakh thinker Abai noted about cognition: \*We know this world not with our minds, but only with feelings \*+Reason and knowledge are the transformations of human labor \*There is no connection between objects and phenomena of the real world, it is impossible to know the world objectively \*The most important goal of the science of studying nature \*Culture is an important element in cognition it is in a culture that the basic principles of human existence are laid down \#279 \*!The absolutization of the role and significance of sensory data in philosophy is associated with the direction: \*Realism \*Skepticism \*Hedonism \*+Sensualism \*Nominalism \#280 \*!The obstacles to knowledge generated by the use of incorrect words, common most often in markets, in public places, Bacon called: \*+idols of the square \*idols of the cave \*idols of the theater \*idols of the genus \*pluralism \#281 \*!The philosophical direction that recognizes sensations as a source of knowledge: \*+Sensualism \*Agnosticism \*Empiricism \*Skepticism \*Rationalism \#282 \*!Stages of cognition: \*empirical and irrational \*+sensual and rational \*ethical and aesthetic \*dialectical and irrational \*metaphysical and sensualistic \#283 \*!Philosophical current, limiting knowledqe only to sensory knowledge: \*Gnosticism \*empiricism \*+agnosticism \*sensualism \*rationalism \#284 \*!The philosophical trend that restricts cognition only to sensory cognition \*dogmatism \*relativism \*Gnosticism \*+sensualism \*agnosticism \#285 \*!The direction in philosophy by which true, absolutely reliable knowledge can be achieved only with the help of reason: \*irrationalism \*existentialism \*+rationalism \*sensualism \*agnosticism \#286 \*!Philosophical current, the only source of knowledge is experience: \* rationalism \*idealism \*+empiricism \*sensualism \*agnosticism \#287 \*!The teaching opposite of sensualism: \*materialism \*idealism \*+rationalism \*hermeneutics \*agnosticism \#288 \*!Section of philosophy «epistemology»: \*+cognition \*Human \*genesis \*values \*society \#289 \*!A philosophical category expressing the highest level of rational cognition: \*sensuality \*+mind \*Reason \*Beauty \*the truth \#290 \*!The criterion of truth is: \*Nature \*person \*Space \*idea \*+practice \#291 \*!The gnoseological position of pragmatism: \*truth is something that simply and economically describes the experience \*truth is the knowledge that everyone agrees with \*truth is the knowledge that leads to the goal \*+truth is an adequate reflection of reality in consciousness, independent of either man or humanity \*truth is the logically justified knowledge \#292 \*!Epistemology is: \*The doctrine of society \*The doctrine of being \*teaching about values \*The doctrine of man \*+the doctrine of cognition \#293 \*!The direction that believes that technology is evil for man and must be reduced to a zero cycle: \*neo-positivism \*+technophobia \*techno-optimism \*humanism \*existentialism \#294 \*!The direction that believes that power should belong to technology, that is, people who own this technology: \*Neopositivism \*Technophobia \*Humanism \*+Technocracy \*Existentialism \#295 \*!The direction that believes that the problems of the scientific and technological revolution should be considered from an anthropological position, the main thing in scientific and technological progress is man, not technology: \*neopositivism \*technophobia \*+humanistic \*technocracy \*existentialism \#296 \*!The direction that believes that technology is evil for man and must be reduced to a zero cycle: \*neo-positivism \*+technophobia \*techno-optimism \*humanism \*technocracy \#297 \*!Specify the main categories of I. Kant\'s philosophy \*+a priori and a posteriori knowledge \*thesis-antithesis-synthesis \*laws and categories of dialectics \*The idea of alienation \*an absolute idea 298 \*!The statement of Humanists \*«I believe because it is absurd» \*«believe to understand» \*+«a great miracle is man» \*«man is a political being» \*«I know I don\'t know anything» \#299 \*!The direction that believes that power should belong to technology, i.e. people who own this technology: \*Neopositivism \*Technophobia \*Techno-optimism \*Humanism \*+Technocracy \#300 \*!«Ghosts», and «Idols» prevent the acquisition of true knowledge according to F.Bacon: \*houses, cottages, caves \*+tribe, cave, market \*caves, mountains, lands \*earth, heaven, river \*market, work, heaven \#301 \*!According to M. Heidegger\'s definition, «Language» is: \*philosophical text \*information encoding system \*+the house of being \*world experience \*means of communication \#302 \*!Classification of sciences F.Bacon: \*+ historical sciences, poetry, philosophy \*poetry, ethics, mathematics \*environmental, aesthetic, physics \*practical, environmental, historical \*philosophy, geography, ecology \#303 \*!Exaggeration of the relativity of knowledge is called: \*+relativism \*dogmatism \*empiricism \*formalism \* fatalism \#304 \*!The knowledge that precedes experience and is independent of it is called: \*dialectical \*+a priori \*a posteriori \*antinomic \*metaphysical \#305 \*!In the development of the philosophy of technology, the most significant directions can be identified: \*instrumental-applied, dialectical \*+positivist, irrationalist \*phenomenological, metaphysical \*objectively idealistic, materialistic \*metaphysical, dialectical \#306 \*!Aristotle refers to the practical sciences: \*Aesthetics, ethics \*+Ethics, politics \*Medicine, History \*Mathematics, Philosophy \*Logic, biology \#307 \*!The main reason for the formation of the philosophy of education: \* the process of unification of economic, social, and cultural norms \*+new requirements for the education system \*The secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism \*doubt in the church\'s postulates. \*the establishment of a rationalistic worldview \#308 \*!The field of philosophical knowledge, which considers the educational process as the subject of its research \*philosophy of science \*philosophy of medicine \*+philosophy of education \*philosophy of art \*philosophy of religion \#309 \*!The basis for the emergence and formation of a totalitarian economy: \*undeveloped consciousness of the masses \*greed of the ruling elite \*alienation \*+ideological manipulation \*unity of the party ranks \#310 \*!The concepts of «personality» are related to: \*«instinct», «intuition» \*+«individual», «individuality» \*«spirit», «mind» \*«absolute», «freedom» \*«God», «religion» \#311 \*!The problem of the human soul in the philosophy of F. Aquinas \*+ the soul is a pure form without matter, it is incorporeal \*The soul is a part of the body, acting as its formative principle \*The soul consists of a special subtle matter, different from the body because it is not destroyed by the body \*The soul is a manifestation of the supra-individual spirit, therefore it is indestructible \*the soul is born from the body \#312 \*!The relationship of man and God in the medieval worldview \*The superiority of man over God \*The identity of the man and God \*Antagonism of man and God \*+Man is a creation of God \*Man is God himself \#313 \*!The central object of Shakarim\'s philosophy: \*Nature \*+person \*mountains \*the body \*land \#314 \*!Three stages of the intellectual evolution of mankind according to O. Kont, theological, metaphysical \*mythological \*religious \*rational \*ethical \*+positive \#315 \*!Specify the most accurate definition of the factor of anthroposociogenesis: \*man is a political being \*human specificity is related to the functions of natural language \*man is an individual being \*+ man is a social being \*man is a creature that produces \#316 \*!In L. Tolstoy\'s socio-political views, the central principle is considered to be \*The principle of universal communication \*The principle of consistency \*+ the principle of nonviolence \*The principle of historicism \*The principle of haphazardness \#317 \*!N.A.Berdyaev calls a person \*a mind carrier \*+an «existential center» endowed with freedom \*The ideal center of the «I» \*a symbolic being \*the center of the universe \#318 \*!The fate of man is predetermined: \*idealistic approach \*biological approach \*materialistic approach \*axiological approach \*+fatalistic approach \#319 \*!The Apollonian and Dionysian principles in man and culture spoke for the first time: \*Plato \*Aristotle \*A.Schopenhauer \*+F.Nietzsche \*F.Dostoevsky \#320 \*!The doctrine of existentialists about the problem of human choice in conditions of extreme stress is called: \*The theory of abandonment \*+teaching about the border situation \*The doctrine of abandonment \*the concept of free will \*The doctrine of the absurd \#321 \*!The modern version of the theory of geographical determinism is presented in the theory \*+ethnogenesis of L.N. Gumilyov \*the end of the history of F. Fukuyama \*cyclic civilizations by A. Toynbee \*The astral origin of man \*geopolitics \#322 \*!The concept that most accurately reflects the complexity of the process of becoming a person: \*noosphere \*+anthroposociogenesis \*anthropogenesis \*anthropomorphism \*anthropocentrism \#323 \*!The structures of communication and understanding problems are investigated, in particular: \*E. Fromm \*Engels \*hermeneutics \*anthropology \*+E.Husserl \#324 \*!A term meaning the ultimate goal of all human efforts, the essence of the purpose of human existence in the Buddha\'s philosophy: \* meditation \*karma \*atman \*samsara \*+nirvana \#325 \*!In ancient philosophy, according to the opinions of Cynics, happiness leads to: \* + apathy, autarky \*aporia, the dichotomy \*authority, wealth \*fame, power \*honesty, integrity \#326 \*!Existentialism means: \*Philosophy of death \*philosophy of cognition \*philosophy of love \*philosophy of history \*+philosophy of existence \#327 \*!«Categorical imperative» - I. Kant\'s formulation of the basic: \*natural science law \*The law of motion of bodies in the theory of I. Newton \*The law of political life \*+the highest moral requirement \*the law of the categorical structure of human thought \#328 \*!Determinism as a philosophical principle is a recognition: \*spontaneity of social processes \*discontinuities in nature and society \*will as a motivating force \*unconditionality of development \*+causal dependence \#329 \*!Philosophy, in the center of which is the solution of existential questions about the human condition: \*philosophy of religion \*+philosophy of life \*philosophy of science \*philosophy of culture \*philosophy of society \#330 \*!«To live is to enjoy» the main idea: \*materialism \*idealism \*structuralism \*+hedonism \*eudaimonism \#331 \*!The problem of meaning (life, history), according to N.A. Berdyaev is rooted in: \*human fear \*+the idea of divine wrath \*The last judgment \*the ruinousness of human passions \*man\'s discovery of the idea of a limb \#332 \*!The philosophical meaning of death is represented in such knowledge as: \*The concept of nirvana \*pathology \*+thanatology \*theory of karma \*the theory of «eternal return» \#333 \*!The destruction of nature, the violation of the dynamic balance between it and society, which assumes an irreversible character, is a crisis \*+environmental \*anthropological \*demographic \*Energy \*Spiritual \#334 \*!Teaching that studies the most general laws of moral relations: \*ideology \*logic \*axiology \*aesthetics \*+ethics \#335 \*!The main categories of morality can be distinguished: \* joy and tenderness \*benefit and justice \*+good and evil \*respect and love \*justice and randomness \#336 \*!Ethics is the science of: \*Harmony \*Education \*+morals \*Beautiful \*thinking \#337 \*!In the era of Antiquity, ethical issues were at the center of teaching: \*+stoicism, epicureanism \*Milesian school, skepticism \*The Eleatic school, atomists \*pythagoreanism, kinism \*Neoplatonism, Heraclitus \#338 \*!In their ethical concept, the Stoics put forward \*+the ideal of a wise man who dispassionately bears the blows of fate \*The ideal of a believer, meekly bearing the blows of fate in the hope of an afterlife \*The ideal of a hero who opposes the whole world \*The ideal of a «suffering god» \*The ideal of a just ruler \#339 \*!The essence of the Hippocratic Oath \*be human \*+do no harm \*be helpful \*don\'t steal \*don\'t breathe \#340 \*!What does Ethics study: \*spirituality \*Education \*+morality \*Beautiful \*thinking \#341 \*!Euthanasia is allowed in: \*+Australia and the Netherlands \*Kazakhstan and Russia \*USA and Canada \*China and Vietnam \*India and Pakistan \#342 \*!The term «Euthanasia» means: \*life after death \*+«happy death» \*clinical death \*biological death \*resuscitation \#343 \*!Freedom is a value and at the same time \*+criterion of social development \*ideology of the ruling elite \*philosophical speculations \*the habit of doing what you want \*There is no correct answer \#344 \*!In philosophy, freedom is understood as: \*freedom -- the ability of a person to do what he wants \*+freedom -- the ability and ability of a person to act following their desires and beliefs, without coercion \*freedom is the ability to subordinate everything to your will \*freedom is something that cannot be eliminated \*freedom is freedom of choice \#345 \*!Philosophy believes that humanity can survive: \*+wisely starting to approach the consumption of natural resources and jointly solving global problems \*making the development of technology the main goal \*having mastered space \*abandoning man-made civilization \* developing ethics, morality, and culture \#346 \*!N.Berdyaev, J.P.Sartre in the history of philosophy considered: \*+the concept of freedom \*problems of power \*The concept of matter \*The concept of cognition \*problems of nature \#347 \*!I. Kant argued that the ideal of goodness is an absolute moral law; the basic virtue of man is\... \*+ freedom \*law \*politics \*art \*material condition \#348 \*!Philosophy, of which is the solution to existential questions about the human condition: \*Philosophy of religion \*+Philosophy of life \*Philosophy of science \*Philosophy of culture \*Philosophy of society \#349 \*!The main types of public relations: \*+horizontal, vertical \*social, cultural \*production, economic \*material, ideological \*spiritual, pragmatic \#350 \*!The best form of the state, according to Aristotle \*tyranny \*+politics \*monarchy \*aristocracy \*ochlocracy \#351 \*!The main types of culture: \*+spiritual and material \*social and rational \*rational and sensuous \*empirical and agnostic \*positive and pragmatic \#352 \*!The main types of public relations: \*+horizontal, vertical \*production, material \*material, rational \*ideological, spiritual \*social, positive \#353 \*!The main criterion of the Marxist typology of society is: \*+the level of development of the productive forces of society \*specific legal and legislative forms \*geographical location \*the level of technical and scientific development of the society \*the level of development of spiritual culture \#354 \*!In the theory of Marxism, movement is: \*+ a way of being an objective reality \*Moving \*energy interaction \*body function \*birth of galaxies \#355 \*!A philosophical discipline that studies the problems of values \*philosophy of politics \*philosophy of science \*philosophy of history \*philosophy of life \*+axiology \#356 \*!Philosophical discipline, studies culture in its entirety: \*philosophy of history \*philosophy of politics \*+philosophy of culture \*philosophy of science \*philosophy of life \#357 \*!The society is: \*the result of divine creation \*absolutely static system \*conglomerate of autonomous personalities \*+self-developing system \*a breakaway part of nature \#358 \*!In socio-philosophical terms, when analyzing science, it is of great importance to analyze it as: \*striving to satisfy personal passions at public expense \*+direct productive force of society \*systems of research institutes \*what is responsible for the environment \*means of obtaining economic income \#359 \*!A significant place in the classical Marxist theory of social history: \*theories of classes and class struggle \*theories of social formations \*+theories of surplus value \*theories of capital \*theories of social revolution \#360 \*!K.Marx in the theory of social formations considers: \*the role of the working class \*the role of labor \*priority of bank capital \*the role of politics \*+priority of the basis over the superstructure \#361 \*!The concept reflects the process of interaction between nature and society, and emphasizes the role of science and human reason: \*technosphere \*biosphere \*sociosphere \*geosphere \*+noosphere \#362 \*!The main subject of the study of social philosophy: \*cognition \*+society \*consciousness \*genesis \*Nature \#363 \*!Values, principles, customs, norms, rules, ideals: \*ideological \*aesthetic \*Political \*+ethical \*Material 364 \*!The section of philosophy that studies society is: \*+social philosophy \*sociology \*epistemology \*ontology \*natural philosophy \#365 \*!The term «culture» is most often explained by the terms: \*act \*think \*good manners \*Education \*+till the soil \#366 \*!A person representing a social group is \*Personality \*Individual \*person \*+personality \*Subject \#367 \*!One of Popper\'s most important works is «Open Society and its» \*+enemies \*critics \*supporters \*apologists \*theorists \#368 \*!Culture in the concept of Z. Freud - \*Ego \*Id \*+Super-Ego \*Super-Id \*Libido \#369 \*!The philosophical definition of the concept of «civilization»: \*material culture of society \*+the totality of material and spiritual achievements of society in the process of its historical development \*synonymous with the culture of society \*death of culture \*the stage of human development following the period of savagery and barbarism \#370 \*!The «Eastern» and «western» paradigms of historical development are investigated \*postmodern classics \*+in the concept of comparative studies \*Modern theorists of synergetics \*everyone who can read and write \*supporters of traditional Japanese philosophy \#371 \*!What is the driving force behind the development of civilization: \*historical predestination \*activities of the creative elite \*+people\'s needs and interests \*class struggle \*technology progress \#372 \*!Civilization is the subject of study \*general philosophy \*axiology \*+social philosophy \*philosophical anthropology \*theoretical philosophy \#373 \*!What does futurology study? \*laws of nature \*The laws of society \*living organisms \*Human \*+the future \#374 \*!Averroes sees the highest moral value in the teaching, which of them \*Causes human behavior \*Forces a person to correlate his actions with the command of the Almighty \*+Educates a man to do his own good \*Forces a person to act out of fear of being punished \*Encourages, performing actions solely for remuneration \#375 \*!Which definition of a social group is more complete? \* A collective in which a person forms his behavior \*a group of people where each individual evaluates himself and everyone \*+a collection of individuals with common interests and goals \*a group in which consanguinity and life are common \*people who happen to be in a certain place \#376 \*!Which of these class-forming features is fundamental? \*The place of the class in the production system \*attitude to the means of production \*+role in the labor organization \*the amount of income received \*vertical stratification in power structures \#377 \*!Definition of K. Marx: \*+social being determines consciousness \*Consciousness determines social existence \*material existence determines consciousness \*being is a social matter \*being is a sensuous matter \#378 \*!The spiritual sphere of society includes: \*science, religion, philosophy \*+levels and forms of social consciousness \*politics, law, morality \*ethics, aesthetics \*law and ethics \#379 \*!What changes faster in the process of social production? \*productive forces \*production method \*+industrial relations \*movement of the spirit \*Equipment \#380 \*!The subject of the philosophy of politics, first of all, can be considered with good reason: \*+the nature and laws of political life \*activities of political parties \*conflicts of the ruling elite \*international political life \*The art of political leadership \#381 \*!This approach to the concept of «civilization» is now the most dominant: \*Civilization is what follows barbarism (according to Engels) \*+civilization is a set of material goods and achievements \*civilization is the material embodiment of cultures \*civilization is the end of the earthly path of mankind \*civilization - the level of the political and legal organization of society \#382 \*!The factor that allowed humanity to stand out from the natural environment: \*The development of bodily, physical «parameters» and the brain \*The last «monkey» who got down from the tree and went to the «people» \*+work and communication \*the alien experiment \*family and marriage relations \#383 \*!Ethnic structure: \*is part of the economic subsystem of the company \*+part of the spiritual sphere of society \*refers to the social subsystem of society \* it is a part of the political subsystem of society \*is not included in any of the listed subsystems of the society \#384 \*!Public consciousness is: \*moral reflection \*political reflection of social existence \*aesthetic reflection of being \*religious reflection of being \*+spiritual and mental reflection of social existence \#385 \*!What is the main reason for the division of society into classes? \*a legacy passed down to people from generation to generation \*+ownership of the means of production \*The difference between people by ability \* hard work of some people and laziness of others \*manifestation of the divine will \#386 \*!What caused the crisis of modern civilization? \*development of science \*+lack of a reasonable strategy for the development of society \*searching for individuals \*The activities of great personalities \*scientific and technological progress \#387 \*!Culture is: \*a social phenomenon opposed to civilization \*the same as civilization \*mode of operation \*evaluation criteria available in the company \*+a set of material and spiritual values \#388 \*!The philosophical definition of the concept of «civilization» is........: \*material culture of society \*+the totality of material and spiritual achievements of society in the process of its historical development \*synonymous with the culture of society \*deatestth of culture \*the stage of human development following the period of savagery and barbarism \#389 \*!The difference between culture and civilization: \*+culture is the expression and result of the self--determination of the will of a people or an individual; civilization is a set of technological achievements and associated comfort \*culture is the outer world of man; civilization is the inner world of man \*culture is the moral aspect of society; civilization is the pragmatic aspect of society \*culture -- the material fruits of human creation; civilization -- the whole universe as a whole \*culture -- the socio-psychological structure of society; civilization -- the information system of society \#390 \*!Specify one of the signs of religion: \*+holy traditions and holy scripture, presentation of the creed in written or oral form; \*lack of symbols that allow you to distinguish between supporters of different religions; \*most religions, though not all, do not honor some form of deity; \*it is impossible to explain the vision of the reasons, purpose, and way of creating the world; \*absence of life after death: in most religions, there is a teaching that a person does not continue to live in this or other dimensions; \#391 \*!He called Christianity a \"nihilistic\" religion \*+F. Nietzsche \*Z. Freud \*O. Comte \*T. Hobbes \*J. Locke \#392 \*!The author of the work \"Mind and Existence\" is: \*F. Nietzsche \*Z. Freud \*+K. Jaspers \*T. Hobbes \*J. Locke \#393 \*!The mode of existence of religious consciousness, a special mood, an experience that characterizes the inner state of a person: \*Knowledge \*Consciousness \*+faith \*Kult \*feeling \#394 \*!World Religions: \*+Buddhism, Christianity, Islam \*Judaism, Protestantism, Shamanism \*Totemism, animism, magic \*Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism \*Yoga, Hinduism, Buddhism \#395 \*!The current in Islam that preached an ascetic lifestyle: \*Peripatetism \*Mutazilism \*Shamanism \*Sunnism \*+Sufism \#396 \*!What unites religion, myth, and philosophy? \*rationalism \*reflection \*agnosticism \*accessibility to everyday consciousness \*+are historical types of worldview \#397 \*!A form of religion based on the worship of inanimate objects, which were attributed supernatural properties: \*animism \*Gnosticism \*Neo-Platonism \*totemism \*+fetishism \#398 \*!A form of religion based on the belief in blood relations between the genus and certain animals or plants and the worship of them: \*animism \*Gnosticism \*magic \*+totemism \*fetishism \#399 \*!A form of religion, which is a series of symbolic actions, rituals with spells and ceremonies: \*animism \*Gnosticism \*Neo-Platonism \*+magic \*totemism \#400 \*!Early forms of religious beliefs: \*+animism, totemism \*neopythagoreanism, pragmatism \*Gnosticism, agnosticism \*Neo-Platonism, Hinduism \* Scholasticism, patristics \#401 \*!Religious system widespread in pre-Islamic Kazakhstan: \*+Tengrism \*Taoism \*Confucianism \*Judaism \*Buddhism \#402 \*!The main directions of Buddhism: \*nirvana, karma \*+Hinayana, Mahayana \*Vedanta, Samkhya \*yoga, nya \*vaisheshika, Mimamsa \#403 \*!The main directions of medieval Christian philosophy: \*+Patristics, Scholasticism \*Zoroastrianism, shamanism \*Judaism, Sufism \*Tengrianism, monism \*Shamanism, Sufism \#404 \*!Cult is: \*part of religious consciousness; \*+a kind of religious activity \*interreligious relations \*preaching one\'s faith among atheists \*in the field of theological disciplines \#405 \*!Dogma is: \*a set of rituals \*+the main position of the dogma \*religious direction \*a variety of modern religious organizations \*form of primitive beliefs \#406 \*!\"Protestant Ethics and the spirit of Capitalism\" --- the work of \*F. Nietzsche \*Z. Freud \*K. Jaspers \*T. Hobbes \*+M. Weber \#407 \*!The verbal (verbal) appeal of a person to the object of his faith: \*sacrifices \*sunset \*+prayer \*pranayama \*ablution \#408 \*!What is polytheism? \*belief in the existence of one God \*the doctrine of the end of the world \*+belief in the existence of many gods \*denial of the real existence of God \*variety of religious organizations \#409 \*!What is monotheism? \*the doctrine of the end of the world \*war for faith \*objections to the real existence of God \*+ Belief in the existence of only one God \* missionary activity \#410 \*!Negation of the effective presence of God in the world after the creation of the world: \*+ deism \*pantheism \*atheism \*theism \*dualism \#411 \*!The meaning of the term theology \*The doctrine of space \*Doctrine of logos \*+ the doctrine of God \*monotheism \*polytheism \#412 \*!Theocentrism, creationism, theodicy, providentialism, and faith above reason - the main features of philosophy \*rebirth \*+Middle Ages \*antiquity \*enlightenment \*new time \#413 \*!The main philosophical book of Thomas Aquinas \*+theology amount \*sum of philosophy \*amount of religion \*amount of evidence \*amount of science \#414 \*!Medieval religious and mystical teaching in Islam \*Mutazilites \*Sunnism \*+ Sufism \*Shiism \*mutakallites \#415 \*!The main philosophical work of Augustine \*+About the city of God \*Confession \*About nature \*Research on the human mind \*Immortality of the human soul \#416 \*!Dogmatization of the teachings of the «fathers of the Church» \*cosmocentrism \*+patristics \*materialism \*agnosticism \*creationism \#417 \*!Philosophy in the Christian Middle Ages acts as \*«knowledge of God» \*«human reason» \*«human nature» \*«the sinfulness of man» \*+«the handmaid of theology» \#418 \*!The main feature of medieval Western philosophy \*cosmocentrism \*+creationism \*modernism \*scientocentrism \*heliocentrism \#419 \*!Pantheism is... \*+recognition of the presence of God in all nature \*recognition of the primacy of matter \*Recognition of reason as the main instrument of cognition \*recognition of the primacy of consciousness \*recognition of polytheism \#420 \*!Creationism is... \*the teaching of the holy fathers of the Christian Church \*philosophical teaching identifying the world and God \*justification, defense, defense speech in court \*a concept close to the concept of «symbol» \*+ the idea of creation based on the Christian dogma about the creation of the world by God out of nothing \#421 \*!«Patristics» means \*a philosophical direction that recognizes reason as the basis of knowledge \*+the teaching of the holy fathers of the Christian Church \*direction in scholasticism and theology of Catholicism \*philosophical science, the subject of which is morality \*creativity of defenders of the Christian doctrine \#422 \*!The idea of creation, based on the Christian dogma about the creation of the world by God out of nothing \*cosmocentrism \*patristics \*materialism \*agnosticism \*+creationism \#423 \*!Medieval Theological Philosophy \*the philosophy created by the Arabs and the peoples of the Near and Middle East \*+a direction that recognized God as the highest existing beginning \*a philosophy whose proponents completely deny the existence of God \*atheistic and materialistic philosophy \*along with philosophy, it includes economics and socio-political issues \#424 \*!The main dogma of the Christian faith \*there is no god but Allah \*God is One \*+ God, being one and only, exists in three hypostases \*God is Everything and everything is God \*God is an impersonal spiritual reality \#425 \*!God in the reasoning of F. Aquinas \*unreservedly defended the idea of a personal God \*+ recognized God as completely transcendent, unknowable \*believed that the knowledge of God is mediated by his influence on nature \*believed that God is nature \*believed that God is omnipotent \#426 \*!From the translation from the Latin «religion» means: \*+shrine \*love \*piety \*Wisdom \*fear \#427 \*!According to Christian doctrine, God exists in three persons: God the Son, God the Father, \....: \*God-Earth \*God-Sky \*God - River \*+God - Holy Spirit \*God-Angel \#428 \*!Thanks to Yassaui, this teaching, as a philosophical system, began to play a decisive role in the spiritual knowledge and worldview of the Turkic peoples: \*peripatetism \*nominalism \*+ Sufism \*realism \*Thomism \#429 \*!The order of the steps of Sufi perfection: \*+Shariah, tarikat, akiqat \*sharia, jihad, tarikat \*Sharia, akikat, maslikhat \*Shariah, Mavrihad, Tarihad \*Mavrihad, Sharia, Akikat \#430 \*!«Revealing the essence of religion» is the goal \*+philosophy of religion \*philosophy of culture \*philosophy of society \*human philosophy \*philosophy of science \#431 \*!In this work, Nietzsche explains his statement «God is dead!» and voices interesting ideas about life on Earth: \*Leviathan \*Sidhartha \*An outsider \*Transformation \*+Thus spoke Zarathustra \#432 \*!According to deism, the definition of God is....: \*the absolute, the beginning, and the end of everything \*creator of nature, but not of man \*creator and creator of nature and man \*+the creator, but does not interfere in the life of society \* the creator of the world out of nothing \#433 \*!Genesis, according to the Christian tradition, is: \*a gift from god \*Nature \* what distributes a lot of fate \*an indispensable attribute of space \*+that which belongs to a dedicated, sacred, universe \#434 \*!Which of the definitions of the law is given from the position of religion? \*the laws of nature and society are the product of people\'s creative thinking \*the laws of nature and society are agreements adopted by the scientific community \*the laws of the material world are stable, essential, and necessary connections reflected in the human consciousness that exists outside of consciousness \*laws are mutually beneficial agreements between the government and the people \*+laws are the order established by God \#435 \*!Raises the question of religious knowledge and the nature of religious faith: \*philosophy of science \*philosophy of history \*+philosophy of religion \*philosophy of art \*philosophy of culture \#436 \*!What is Medical ethics? \* A section of philosophy that studies the totality of norms and morals; \*+A set of moral norms and behavior of nurses, doctors; \*training in laws and regulations governing the behavior of medical workers in the workplace; \*Protection of human autonomy \*Maintaining the prestige of the profession of doctor and nurse; \#437 \*!Categories of medical ethics include: \*+Conscience, the meaning of life, duty, tact, dignity, honor \*Indicators of equality and inequality \*do no harm, do good \*Morality \*The law \#438 \*!Medical ethics studies: \*A set of medical services aimed at restoring the patient\'s health \*Relationships between team members and relatives of patients \*+Features of the development and dependence of the moral behavior of a medical worker on the conditions of his practical activity \*Priority of medical science over the interests of patients \*The right to conduct deviated from the norm \#439 \*!The concept of medical ethics includes: \*An idea of the optimal activity of medical workers \*+Scientific section, which includes ethical and moral aspects of the activities of health workers \*Achievements in the field of modern medicine \*The principle of priority of science \*The principle of duty fulfillment \#440 \*!The term «medical ethics» reflects: \*+The relationship between staff and patients within the norms established by morality, morality \*Medical secrecy \*Attitude towards a person with an absence of illness \*Inaction when the patient needed help \*Infection with a dangerous infection \#441 \*!Morality is: \*+A form of social consciousness, which contains ideas, ideas about the behavior of people in society \*Common and repetitive forms of human behavior \*Spiritual and moral rules of human existence \*Self-interest \*Misconduct \#442 \*!For the first time, the term ethics was used to denote science: \*Pythagoras \*Socrates \*+Aristotle \*Bentham \*Plato \#443 \*!In the Hippocratic model of the doctor-patient relationship, the basic principle is: \*+do no harm \*don\'t kill \*medical secrecy \*patient rights \*Respect \#444 \*!Which model is based on the principle of «Do good»?: \*+Paracelsus model \*the Hippocratic model \*The Socrates model \*sacred type model \*bioethics model \#445 \*!Hippocrates first showed that: \*+medicine is the sister of philosophy \*Medicine is related to feelings \*Medicine is related to biology \*Medicine is related to folk medicine \*Medicine is closely related to healing \#446 \*!The science that studies the ethics of the relationship between a doctor and a patient: \*Ontology \*Sociology \*Philosophy \*Anthropology \*+deontology \#447 \*!The philosophy of medicine develops and improves \*mythological worldview \*religious worldview \*+ dialectical thinking \*one-sidedness \*compromise \#448 \*!Philosophical culture allows doctors to overcome \*difficulty \*crisis \*regression \*progress \*+one-sidedness \#449 \*!A set of ethical standards for the performance of their professional duties by medical workers: \*Philosophy \*+deontology \*physiology \*dialectics \*mayevtic \#450 \*!The main problems of bioethics: \*Problems related to the beginning of human life and the development of technology \*Problems of death and dying \*Problems of the possibility of interference with the physical integrity of a person \*Problems of conflicts between the interests of individuals and the interests of the state in matters of health protection \*+all of the above \#451 \*!Ibn Sina wrote: \*+«Canon of Medicine» \*«Medicine» \*«State» \*«Politics» \*«Internal diseases» \#452 \*!Which of the following thoughts formed the basis of the Paracelsus model? \*+«Do good» \*«Life is suffering» \*«Do no harm» \*«Medicine is the highest art» \*«The patient needs to be treated, not the disease» \#453 \*!What types of euthanasia exist? \* Primary and secondary \*+Passive and active \*Medical and mechanistic \*Intermittent and active \*Conscious and unconscious \#454 \*!What problems does philosophy consider in medicine? \*+moral and ethical relations between a doctor and a patient \*social connections and relationships \*relations between society and the individual \*relationships in a particular group \*social and political relations \#455 \*!In which country is euthanasia allowed? \*+Switzerland \*Poland \*China \*Czech Republic \*Taiwan \#456 \*!Categories of ethics that are antipodes: \*+good and evil \*forms and contents \*necessity and randomness \*causal relationships \*time and space \#457 \*!The philosophical meaning of death is represented in such knowledge as: \*The concept of nirvana \*pathology \*+thanatology \*Theory of karma \*the theory of «eternal return» \#458 \*!Autonomy as a principle of bioethics is: \* Selfishness \* The right to be selfish \* Self-awareness \* Self-promotion \*+Self-government \#459 \*!The ethical principle of the Hippocratic oath: \*+Privacy \* Self-esteem \* Self-regulation \* Bribery \* Doctor's right \#460 \*!Fairness in ethics means: \* the patient\'s duty to society \*+resources are distributed in accordance with the principles of justice \* the patient\'s debt to the doctor \* duty to relatives \* commitment to do no harm to patients \#461 Confidentiality may be violated when: \*patient ignores the doctor \*financial restrictions \*+the patient gives permission for this \*the patient needs invasive treatment \*no correct answer \#462 \*!Deontology is: \* a science that studies the responsibility of medical workers \* + the science of proper behavior, taking into account morality, and ethics \* the science of the latest advances in medicine \* the science of healthy living \* science of the priority of medical science over the interests of patients \#463 \*!Medical ethics is: \*+ moral and ethical relationship between doctor and patient \* legal relationship between doctor and patient \* cultural and aesthetic relationship between doctor and patient \* deviant behavior \* all answers are correct \#464 \*!The main goal of the professional activity of a doctor is: \* + saving and saving human life \* social trust in the medical profession \* respect for colleagues \* material benefit \* self-realization \#465 \*!The science of moral behavior in relation to one value - life, is called: \* cybernetics \* synergy \* + bioethics \* aesthetics \* philosophy \#466 \*!The value of human life in biomedical ethics is determined by: \*age \*mental and physical fitness \*racial and national identity \*financial viability \*+ uniqueness and uniqueness of personality \#467 \*!Participation in the implementation of collective measures aimed at improving methods of disease control refers to: \* + Moral duty \* Psychological approach \* Non-verbal way \* Economic approach \* Legal debt \#468 \*!The subject of bioethics studies: \*+ moral attitude towards all living things \*doctor-patient relationship \*the attitude of medical workers to social and natural phenomena \*doctor\'s attitude to factors affecting the health of their patients \*the moral status of the patient in relation to his health and the recommendations of the doctor \#469 \*!Does the patient have the right to receive information about his disease and treatment? \*+yes \*no \*not in all cases \*sometimes \*no correct answer \#470 \*!What is the name of the relationship model between the patient and the doctor, which determines the pain and its causes? \*+paternalism \*positivist \*conservative \*traditional \*no correct answer \#471 \*!Is disclosing medical evidence to the next of kin considered a disclosure of medical confidentiality? \* +yes \* no \*not in all cases \*sometimes \*all answers are incorrect \#472 \*!Moral maximum is: \* + a statement of all available information about the course of the disease \* statement of part of the available information about the course of the disease \* presentation of only positive information about the course of the disease \* the patient does not know anything about the course of the disease \* a system practiced mainly in the developed world \#473 \*!Provision of medical care to a patient can be carried out: \* based on indications \* +based on informed consent \* based on the wishes of relatives \* on a legal basis \* on an economic basis \#474 \*!Medical secrecy complies with the principle: \*justice \*+privacy \*kindness \*rights \*priority of sciences \#475 \*!Palliative care is: \* help to newborn \* help provided in the clinic \*+ helping a dying patient \* help for pregnant women \* no correct answer \#476 \*!N.A.Nazarbayev says: - «The large-scale transformations we have begun should be accompanied by an advanced modernization of public consciousness. It will not just complement political and economic modernization -- it will act as their core.» Therefore, the first condition for the modernization of a new type is -- \* Preservation of the language \*+save your national code \*preservation of the national mentality \*preservation of the tradition

Test Questions for Philosophy - 2024-2025

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