Anemia & Leukemia PDF

Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia · MCHV ( < 32gcar) ·...

Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia · MCHV ( < 32gcar) · MCVY (< 80fL) key features : * covered in late O common) teardrop Anemia (must Iron Deficiency - cell Serum ↓ & iron · - RBC smaller < lymphocyte (microcytosis · Ferritin I Symptoms : Fatigue -wideCentralplo · TIBC ↑ · Pallor · Serum transferrin receptor ↑ · brittle nails Bone marrow iron stores X · pica(craving O pencil cell/ · Erythroblast Iron X non-food items elliptocytosis · To % saturation like ice - Andemic of Chronic Disorder Serum iron I · Cause ·chronic infection : · Ferritin N/M · inflammation TIBC · rheumatoid arthritis Servin transferrin receptor N/ K Bone marrow iron stores · Erythroblast iron X · Tr % saturation y ①Congenital - Sideroblastic Ancemia genetic mutation Serum iron · (iron overload) · affecting heme · Further : Marrow for iron Cause synthesis CAIAS 2 gene mutation) · Ferritin ↑ Ciron storage overload) Transferrin ↓ · ② Acquired % To saturation N/A · alcoholism TIBC N/v/ (body has too much iron) - pyrxidineleadpoisoningaficiency TfR N/ ↑ - isoniazid Chloramphenico - rugs * covered in lab Thalassemia , Abnormal - Haemoglobin · Serum iron N/1 (HbF/HbA2) - poikilocytosis -Haemoglobin Studies * covered in lab - Thalassemia minor · Ferritin N/X TIBC N · Serum iron N/A Tf R & basophalic stippling Transferrin - · N % TV Scituration N/T  Normochromic Normocytic Anemia · MCY : 80-100th ① Intrinsic · Hereditary Spherocytosis · Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria · GGPD deficiency · Pyruvate kinase deficiency * Hemolytic · Sickle cell anemia · HbC disease - ② Extrinsic reticulocyte * · Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) · Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia * · Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA) · Iron Deficiency Non-Hemolytic · Anemia of Chronic chronic Kidney disease disease N/ ↓ reticulocyte Aplastic · · anemia  Instrinsic Haemolytic Anemia A covered lab Hemoglobinopathies in · Sickle Cell · RBC stiffen > Sickle shape - Anemia · abnormal hemaglobin (B-globulin chain) (HbS Disease) target cells Symptoms : · sickle cells Frequent pain (chest , Further test : hemoglobin electrophoresis neck , back , legs sy - - , arm Swelling ↳ inflammation of joints target cell gre swelling of hands feet · · Anemia (fatigue palenes) , · jaundice (eyes skin) , Hereditary RBC membrane defect Spherocytosis Reticulocytes (5-10 %) ↑ · · microspherocytes & Special Tests microspherocytes & : Features ↑ Clinical : - Osmotic fragility 08 - Autohemolysis Fluctuating Jaundice sexcime - - conteste Splenomegaly - - · Pigment gallstone Hereditary Elliptocytosis · elliptocytes · CBC : Normal GGPD · GGPD enzyme level ↓ Fragmented cells (bite & blister cells) fragmented · Deficiency Heinz bodies (oxidized a denatured (b). cells · Clinical features : asymptomatic · Heinz bodies acule hemolytic anemic Cause prolonged3 severity of neonatal jaundice congenital Spherocytes - haemolytic anemia  MAHA & AIHA · extrinsic hemolytic anemia * covered in lab · hemolytic anemia Microangiopathic · red cells ripped apart are Cause : Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DNC) Haemolytic Anemia · Grauma).Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) CMAHA) artificial heart value busts a few red cells each time it closes z y helmet & schistocyte triangulocyte · ↑ & cell · triangulocyte (Schistocyte) * covered Autoimmune -nias. Immune haemolytic anemia Haemolytic Anemia · Spherocytes central pallor OO no (AIHA) · cells appear denser Spherocytes · McV N/W · reticulocytes (basophilic) - basophilic reticulocyte · MCHC N/X immature RBC (large , ↳ due to presence of bluish reticulocyte abundant ribosomal RNA Clinical Features : & Warm AIHA Cause autoimmune/alloimmune antibody directed against : · splenomegaly of various red cells antigens > - · methyl dopa therapy Result in extravascular/intravascular haemolysis Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (1TP) Severe AlHA : · Evans syndrome * nucleated red blood cells spherocste · Positive DAT * numerous spherocytes Og (IgG , IgA , sometimes IgM) * several reticulocy tas antibody detected at 37C ° &Cold AIHA O nucleat Chronic HA RBC · agglutinate a G · mild jound ice ↳ splenomegaly · acrocyanosis purplish in reticulocyte · agglutination RBC · Positive DAT (C3) · Serum Ab-IgM (40C)  Megaloblastic Anemia · MCV > 100f Anemia Hb : anemia Macrocytic · Male XDNA synthesis (dyseethesia , & > - nuclear delayed/incompletenuclei hypoesthesia) macro-ovalocyte maturation > - enlarge Bone biopsy : marrow Hypercellularity w basophilic reticulocytes abnormal Proliferation of maturation - hypersegmented myeloid cell lines & neutrophils -X Lab Findings : ↑ LDH ↑ indirect bilirubin ↓ haptoglobin Gave to↑ free Hb, marker of hemolysis anisocytosisevent sizes Characteristics : Lack intrinsic factor Destruction of gastric Parietel cell · neutropenia (NWBC) in severe Megaloblastic Anemia · Antigastric parretal cell autoantibodies circulatin detected is ~ O macro- thrombocytes  Blast Cells Erythroid Maturation Granulocytic & Maturation Lymphoblastic Leukimia/lymphoma Acute myeloid Leukemia · lymphoblasts have condensed · myeloblasts have delicate nuclear chromatin , small nuclear chromatin , nucleoli 3 scantgranular prominent nucleoli 3 fine azurophilic cytoplasm cytoplasmic granules  Early large erythroblast dark erythropoiesis - Proerythroblast Orthochroma se metamydocyte ) segmented neutrophilic /proerythrobst granulocyte mydoplust S metamyelocyte ~ promyelocyte myeloid/monocytic peroxidase-the : test 1-ve : Lymphoblastic  Leukemia Acute Acute : sudden onset immatue (blast) cells dominate VS Chronic : Slow Chronic · progression mature cells dominate myeloid Myeloid :. Affectgranulocyte VS (neutrophils basophils eosinophils) , , Lymphoid · Affect monocyte · Affect platelet Lymphoid : Affect lymphocyte (Bcells , T cellsNK , cells) Acute Myeloid Leukaemia · peroxidase the · large myeloblasts /immature WBC i big nuclei · Aver rods (pink rod-shaped granules , inside cytoplasm · MPO positive) stains granules inside myeloblasts. Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia a &