Anatomy Exam Study Guide PDF

Share You said: give me a short answer to each of these topics from my anatomy exam study guide. Cell Structure of the plasmalemma Movement across the plasmalemma Cell organelles and their functions Cytoskeleton structures / functions Structure of the nucleus of a cell What are “stem” c...

Share You said: give me a short answer to each of these topics from my anatomy exam study guide. Cell Structure of the plasmalemma Movement across the plasmalemma Cell organelles and their functions Cytoskeleton structures / functions Structure of the nucleus of a cell What are “stem” cells? Epithelium Identify the functions of epithelia Define the two types of epithelia Know the cell to cell junctions we studied on the basal and lateral surfaces of epithelial cells. Define the basal lamina and its collagen Describe the types of free surface specializations of an epithelial cell What is the terminal web? Describe the different types of covering epithelia and their functions Differences between exocrine and endocrine glands Types of exocrine glands Some cells we have studied can change phenotype. What happens to them? Connective Tissue General features, components and functions of connective tissue -blast, -cyte, -clast terminology Major cell types in CT and what do they do Describe extracellular matrix What are the three types of connective tissue fibers and any unique characteristics they may have Ground substance components and examples of them we gave in class GAGs Glycoproteins Multiadhesive glycoproteins Describe the different types of connective tissues and examples of tissues with them. Be able to compare and contrast them. Adipose Adipose tissue is a connective tissue Types of adipocytes Functions of adipocytes Mobilization and storage of triglyceride Characteristics of White Adipose Characteristics of Brown Adipose Cartilage Structure and characteristics of cartilage How does cartilage develop? Types of cartilage, their characteristics, where do you find them Function of each type of cartilage Hyaline cartilage formation and repair Structure of the epiphyseal growth plate Describe the perichondrium Bone Structure of bone Describe bone matrix Compare and contrast bone and cartilage Types of bone cells and their functions Types of bone, woven vs. lamellar bone What is an osteon Endochondral vs intramembranous ossification Appositional vs interstitial growth Hormonal regulation of blood calcium levels ChatGPT said: ChatGPT Cell ​ Plasmalemma Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. ​ Movement Across Plasmalemma: Diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis. ​ Cell Organelles & Functions: Nucleus (DNA storage), mitochondria (ATP production), ER (protein/lipid synthesis), Golgi (modification/packaging), lysosomes (digestion), peroxisomes (detox). ​ Cytoskeleton Structures & Functions: Microfilaments (shape/movement), intermediate filaments (stability), microtubules (transport, mitotic spindle).  ​ Nucleus Structure: Nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus (rRNA synthesis), chromatin (DNA + proteins). ​ Stem Cells: Undifferentiated cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specialized cells. Epithelium ​ Functions: Protection, absorption, secretion, sensation. ​ Types: Covering/lining (barriers), glandular (secretion). ​ Cell Junctions: Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, hemidesmosomes. ​ **Basal Lamina 4o You said: resume ChatGPT said: ChatGPT Epithelium (Continued) ​ Basal Lamina & Collagen: Thin ECM layer with type IV collagen; supports epithelium. ​ Free Surface Specializations: Microvilli (absorption), cilia (movement), stereocilia (sensory). ​ Terminal Web: Actin-rich structure beneath microvilli. ​ Types of Covering Epithelia & Functions: Squamous (diffusion), cuboidal (secretion/absorption), columnar (absorption/secretion), transitional (stretching). ​ Exocrine vs. Endocrine Glands: Exocrine (ducts, secrete onto surfaces), endocrine (no ducts, secrete into blood). ​ Types of Exocrine Glands: Merocrine (exocytosis), apocrine (partial cell loss), holocrine (whole cell loss). ​ Phenotypic Changes in Cells: Can differentiate or revert based on signals (e.g., fibroblast to myofibroblast). Connective Tissue ​ General Features: ECM-rich, supports and connects tissues. ​ -blast, -cyte, -clast: -blast (builds ECM), -cyte (maintains), -clast (breaks down). ​ Major Cell Types: Fibroblasts (produce ECM), macrophages (phagocytosis), mast cells (inflammation), adipocytes (store fat), plasma cells (antibodies). ​ Extracellular Matrix: Fibers + ground substance. ​ CT Fibers: Collagen (strength), elastin (flexibility), reticular (support). ​ Ground Substance: GAGs (hyaluronic acid), proteoglycans, glycoproteins.  ​ GAGs: Hydrophilic, gel-like ECM components (e.g., chondroitin sulfate). ​ Glycoproteins: Adhesion molecules (e.g., fibronectin, laminin). ​ Multiadhesive Glycoproteins: Bind ECM components and cells. ​ Types of CT: Loose (areolar), dense (tendons), reticular (lymph nodes), elastic (arteries). Adipose ​ Adipose is CT: Specialized for fat storage. ​ Types of Adipocytes: White (energy storage), brown (heat production). ​ Functions: Insulation, energy storage, hormone secretion. ​ Triglyceride Storage & Mobilization: Stored in lipid droplets, released via lipolysis. ​ White Adipose: Large, single lipid droplet, energy storage. ​ Brown Adipose: Multilocular, thermogenic (uncoupling protein-1). Cartilage ​ Structure & Characteristics: Avascular, flexible ECM, chondrocytes in lacunae. ​ Development: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts. ​ Types & Locations: Hyaline (joints, ribs), elastic (ear, epiglottis), fibrocartilage (IV discs, menisci). ​ Function: Cushioning, support, flexibility. ​ Hyaline Cartilage Repair: Limited due to avascularity; forms fibrocartilage instead. ​ Epiphyseal Growth Plate: Zones of cartilage regulating bone growth. ​ Perichondrium: Dense CT layer surrounding cartilage, provides nutrients. Bone ​ Structure: Compact (dense, outer layer), spongy (trabecular, marrow-filled). ​ Bone Matrix: Collagen (type I), hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate). ​ Bone vs. Cartilage: Bone is vascular, rigid; cartilage is avascular, flexible. ​ Bone Cells: Osteoblasts (build), osteocytes (maintain), osteoclasts (resorb). ​ Woven vs. Lamellar Bone: Woven (immature, disorganized), lamellar (mature, strong). ​ Osteon: Structural unit of compact bone, with concentric lamellae. ​ Ossification Types: Endochondral (cartilage model), intramembranous (direct from mesenchyme). ​ Appositional vs. Interstitial Growth: Appositional (width), interstitial (length). ​ Hormonal Calcium Regulation: PTH increases blood Ca²⁺ (stimulates osteoclasts), calcitonin decreases it (inhibits osteoclasts).